为了演示不同类型的 ElasticSearch 的查询，我们将使用书文档信息的集合（有以下字段：title（标题）, authors（作者）, summary（摘要）, publish_date（发布日期）和 num_reviews（浏览数））。
在这之前，首先我们应该先创建一个新的索引（index），并批量导入一些文档：
创建索引：
PUT /bookdb_index { "settings": { "number_of_shards": 1 }}
批量上传文档：
POST /bookdb_index/book/_bulk { "index": { "_id": 1 }} { "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide", "authors": ["clinton gormley", "zachary tong"], "summary" : "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine", "publish_date" : "2015-02-07", "num_reviews": 20, "publisher": "oreilly" } { "index": { "_id": 2 }} { "title": "Taming Text: How to Find, Organize, and Manipulate It", "authors": ["grant ingersoll", "thomas morton", "drew farris"], "summary" : "organize text using approaches such as full-text search, proper name recognition, clustering, tagging, information extraction, and summarization", "publish_date" : "2013-01-24", "num_reviews": 12, "publisher": "manning" } { "index": { "_id": 3 }} { "title": "Elasticsearch in Action", "authors": ["radu gheorge", "matthew lee hinman", "roy russo"], "summary" : "build scalable search applications using Elasticsearch without having to do complex low-level programming or understand advanced data science algorithms", "publish_date" : "2015-12-03", "num_reviews": 18, "publisher": "manning" } { "index": { "_id": 4 }} { "title": "Solr in Action", "authors": ["trey grainger", "timothy potter"], "summary" : "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr", "publish_date" : "2014-04-05", "num_reviews": 23, "publisher": "manning" }复制代码
例子：
1. 基本的匹配（Query）查询
有两种方式来执行一个全文匹配查询：
- 使用 Search Lite API，它从
url中读取所有的查询参数 - 使用完整 JSON 作为请求体，这样你可以使用完整的 Elasticsearch DSL
下面是一个基本的匹配查询，查询任一字段包含 Guide 的记录
GET /bookdb_index/book/_search?q=guide [Results] "hits": [ { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "1", "_score": 0.28168046, "_source": { "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide", "authors": ["clinton gormley", "zachary tong"], "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine", "publish_date": "2015-02-07", "num_reviews": 20, "publisher": "manning" } }, { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "4", "_score": 0.24144039, "_source": { "title": "Solr in Action", "authors": ["trey grainger", "timothy potter"], "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr", "publish_date": "2014-04-05", "num_reviews": 23, "publisher": "manning" } } ]
下面是完整 Body 版本的查询，生成相同的内容：
{ "query": { "multi_match" : { "query" : "guide", "fields" : ["_all"] } } }
multi_match 是 match 的作为在多个字段运行相同操作的一个速记法。fields 属性用来指定查询针对的字段，在这个例子中，我们想要对文档的所有字段进行匹配。两个 API 都允许你指定要查询的字段。例如，查询 title 字段中包含 in Action 的书：
GET /bookdb_index/book/_search?q=title:in action [Results] "hits": [ { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "4", "_score": 0.6259885, "_source": { "title": "Solr in Action", "authors": [ "trey grainger", "timothy potter" ], "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr", "publish_date": "2014-04-05", "num_reviews": 23, "publisher": "manning" } }, { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "3", "_score": 0.5975345, "_source": { "title": "Elasticsearch in Action", "authors": [ "radu gheorge", "matthew lee hinman", "roy russo" ], "summary": "build scalable search applications using Elasticsearch without having to do complex low-level programming or understand advanced data science algorithms", "publish_date": "2015-12-03", "num_reviews": 18, "publisher": "manning" } } ]
然而， 完整的 DSL 给予你灵活创建更复杂查询和指定返回结果的能力（后面，我们会一一阐述）。在下面例子中，我们指定 size限定返回的结果条数，from 指定起始位子，_source 指定要返回的字段，以及语法高亮
POST /bookdb_index/book/_search { "query": { "match" : { "title" : "in action" } }, "size": 2, "from": 0, "_source": [ "title", "summary", "publish_date" ], "highlight": { "fields" : { "title" : {} } } } [Results] "hits": { "total": 2, "max_score": 0.9105287, "hits": [ { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "3", "_score": 0.9105287, "_source": { "summary": "build scalable search applications using Elasticsearch without having to do complex low-level programming or understand advanced data science algorithms", "title": "Elasticsearch in Action", "publish_date": "2015-12-03" }, "highlight": { "title": [ "Elasticsearch <em>in</em> <em>Action</em>" ] } }, { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "4", "_score": 0.9105287, "_source": { "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr", "title": "Solr in Action", "publish_date": "2014-04-05" }, "highlight": { "title": [ "Solr <em>in</em> <em>Action</em>" ] } } ] }
注意：对于多个词查询，match 允许指定是否使用 and 操作符来取代默认的 or 操作符。你还可以指定 mininum_should_match 选项来调整返回结果的相关程度。具体看后面的例子。
2. 多字段（Multi-filed）查询
正如我们已经看到来的，为了根据多个字段检索（e.g. 在 title 和 summary 字段都是相同的查询字符串的结果），你可以使用 multi_match 语句
POST /bookdb_index/book/_search { "query": { "multi_match" : { "query" : "elasticsearch guide", "fields": ["title", "summary"] } } } [Results] "hits": { "total": 3, "max_score": 0.9448582, "hits": [ { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "1", "_score": 0.9448582, "_source": { "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide", "authors": [ "clinton gormley", "zachary tong" ], "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine", "publish_date": "2015-02-07", "num_reviews": 20, "publisher": "manning" } }, { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "3", "_score": 0.17312013, "_source": { "title": "Elasticsearch in Action", "authors": [ "radu gheorge", "matthew lee hinman", "roy russo" ], "summary": "build scalable search applications using Elasticsearch without having to do complex low-level programming or understand advanced data science algorithms", "publish_date": "2015-12-03", "num_reviews": 18, "publisher": "manning" } }, { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "4", "_score": 0.14965448, "_source": { "title": "Solr in Action", "authors": [ "trey grainger", "timothy potter" ], "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr", "publish_date": "2014-04-05", "num_reviews": 23, "publisher": "manning" } } ] }
注：第三条被匹配，因为 guide 在 summary 字段中被找到。
3. Boosting
由于我们是多个字段查询，我们可能需要提高某一个字段的分值。在下面的例子中，我们把 summary 字段的分数提高三倍，为了提升 summary 字段的重要度；因此，我们把文档 4 的相关度提高了。
POST /bookdb_index/book/_search { "query": { "multi_match" : { "query" : "elasticsearch guide", "fields": ["title", "summary^3"] } }, "_source": ["title", "summary", "publish_date"] } [Results] "hits": [ { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "1", "_score": 0.31495273, "_source": { "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine", "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide", "publish_date": "2015-02-07" } }, { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "4", "_score": 0.14965448, "_source": { "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr", "title": "Solr in Action", "publish_date": "2014-04-05" } }, { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "3", "_score": 0.13094766, "_source": { "summary": "build scalable search applications using Elasticsearch without having to do complex low-level programming or understand advanced data science algorithms", "title": "Elasticsearch in Action", "publish_date": "2015-12-03" } } ]
注：提升不是简简单单通过提升因子把计算分数加成。实际的 boost 值通过归一化和一些内部优化给出的。相关信息请见 Elasticsearch guide
4. Bool 查询
为了提供更相关或者特定的结果，AND/OR/NOT 操作符可以用来调整我们的查询。它是以 布尔查询 的方式来实现的。布尔查询 接受如下参数：
must等同于ANDmust_not等同于NOTshould等同于OR
打比方，如果我想要查询这样类型的书：书名包含 ElasticSearch 或者（OR） Solr，并且（AND）它的作者是 Clinton Gormley不是（NOT）Radu Gheorge
POST /bookdb_index/book/_search { "query": { "bool": { "must": { "bool" : { "should": [ { "match": { "title": "Elasticsearch" }}, { "match": { "title": "Solr" }} ] } }, "must": { "match": { "authors": "clinton gormely" }}, "must_not": { "match": {"authors": "radu gheorge" }} } } } [Results] "hits": [ { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "1", "_score": 0.3672021, "_source": { "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide", "authors": [ "clinton gormley", "zachary tong" ], "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine", "publish_date": "2015-02-07", "num_reviews": 20, "publisher": "oreilly" } } ]
注：正如你所看到的，布尔查询 可以包装任何其他查询类型，包括其他布尔查询，以创建任意复杂或深度嵌套的查询。
5. 模糊（Fuzzy）查询
在进行匹配和多项匹配时，可以启用模糊匹配来捕捉拼写错误，模糊度是基于原始单词的编辑距离来指定的。
POST /bookdb_index/book/_search { "query": { "multi_match" : { "query" : "comprihensiv guide", "fields": ["title", "summary"], "fuzziness": "AUTO" } }, "_source": ["title", "summary", "publish_date"], "size": 1 } [Results] "hits": [ { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "4", "_score": 0.5961596, "_source": { "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr", "title": "Solr in Action", "publish_date": "2014-04-05" } } ]
注：当术语长度大于 5 个字符时，AUTO 的模糊值等同于指定值 “2”。但是，80％ 拼写错误的编辑距离为 1，所以，将模糊值设置为 1可能会提高您的整体搜索性能。更多详细信息，请参阅Elasticsearch指南中的“排版和拼写错误”（Typos and Misspellings）。
6. 通配符（Wildcard）查询
通配符查询 允许你指定匹配的模式，而不是整个术语。
？匹配任何字符*匹配零个或多个字符。
例如，要查找名称以字母’t’开头的所有作者的记录：
POST /bookdb_index/book/_search { "query": { "wildcard" : { "authors" : "t*" } }, "_source": ["title", "authors"], "highlight": { "fields" : { "authors" : {} } } } [Results] "hits": [ { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "1", "_score": 1, "_source": { "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide", "authors": [ "clinton gormley", "zachary tong" ] }, "highlight": { "authors": [ "zachary <em>tong</em>" ] } }, { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "2", "_score": 1, "_source": { "title": "Taming Text: How to Find, Organize, and Manipulate It", "authors": [ "grant ingersoll", "thomas morton", "drew farris" ] }, "highlight": { "authors": [ "<em>thomas</em> morton" ] } }, { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "4", "_score": 1, "_source": { "title": "Solr in Action", "authors": [ "trey grainger", "timothy potter" ] }, "highlight": { "authors": [ "<em>trey</em> grainger", "<em>timothy</em> potter" ] } } ]
7. 正则（Regexp）查询
正则查询 让你可以使用比 通配符查询 更复杂的模式进行查询：
POST /bookdb_index/book/_search { "query": { "regexp" : { "authors" : "t[a-z]*y" } }, "_source": ["title", "authors"], "highlight": { "fields" : { "authors" : {} } } } [Results] "hits": [ { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "4", "_score": 1, "_source": { "title": "Solr in Action", "authors": [ "trey grainger", "timothy potter" ] }, "highlight": { "authors": [ "<em>trey</em> grainger", "<em>timothy</em> potter" ] } } ]
8. 短语匹配(Match Phrase)查询
短语匹配查询 要求在请求字符串中的所有查询项必须都在文档中存在，文中顺序也得和请求字符串一致，且彼此相连。默认情况下，查询项之间必须紧密相连，但可以设置 slop 值来指定查询项之间可以分隔多远的距离，结果仍将被当作一次成功的匹配。
POST /bookdb_index/book/_search { "query": { "multi_match" : { "query": "search engine", "fields": ["title", "summary"], "type": "phrase", "slop": 3 } }, "_source": [ "title", "summary", "publish_date" ] } [Results] "hits": [ { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "4", "_score": 0.22327082, "_source": { "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr", "title": "Solr in Action", "publish_date": "2014-04-05" } }, { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "1", "_score": 0.16113183, "_source": { "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine", "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide", "publish_date": "2015-02-07" } } ]
注：在上述例子中，对于非整句类型的查询，_id 为 1 的文档一般会比 _id 为 4 的文档得分高，结果位置也更靠前，因为它的字段长度较短，但是对于 短语匹配类型 查询，由于查询项之间的接近程度是一个计算因素，因此 _id 为 4 的文档得分更高。
9. 短语前缀（Match Phrase Prefix）查询
短语前缀式查询 能够进行 即时搜索（search-as-you-type） 类型的匹配，或者说提供一个查询时的初级自动补全功能，无需以任何方式准备你的数据。和 match_phrase 查询类似，它接收slop 参数（用来调整单词顺序和不太严格的相对位置）和 max_expansions参数（用来限制查询项的数量，降低对资源需求的强度）。
POST /bookdb_index/book/_search { "query": { "match_phrase_prefix" : { "summary": { "query": "search en", "slop": 3, "max_expansions": 10 } } }, "_source": [ "title", "summary", "publish_date" ] } [Results] "hits": [ { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "4", "_score": 0.5161346, "_source": { "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr", "title": "Solr in Action", "publish_date": "2014-04-05" } }, { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "1", "_score": 0.37248808, "_source": { "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine", "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide", "publish_date": "2015-02-07" } }
注：采用 查询时即时搜索 具有较大的性能成本。更好的解决方案是采用 索引时即时搜索。更多信息，请查看 自动补齐接口（Completion Suggester API） 或 边缘分词器（Edge-Ngram filters）的用法。
10. 查询字符串（Query String）
查询字符串 类型（query_string）的查询提供了一个方法，用简洁的简写语法来执行 多匹配查询、 布尔查询 、 提权查询、 模糊查询、 通配符查询、 正则查询 和范围查询。下面的例子中，我们在那些作者是 “grant ingersoll” 或 “tom morton” 的某本书当中，使用查询项 “search algorithm” 进行一次模糊查询，搜索全部字段，但给 summary 的权重提升 2 倍。
POST /bookdb_index/book/_search { "query": { "query_string" : { "query": "(saerch~1 algorithm~1) AND (grant ingersoll) OR (tom morton)", "fields": ["_all", "summary^2"] } }, "_source": [ "title", "summary", "authors" ], "highlight": { "fields" : { "summary" : {} } } } [Results] "hits": [ { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "2", "_score": 0.14558059, "_source": { "summary": "organize text using approaches such as full-text search, proper name recognition, clustering, tagging, information extraction, and summarization", "title": "Taming Text: How to Find, Organize, and Manipulate It", "authors": [ "grant ingersoll", "thomas morton", "drew farris" ] }, "highlight": { "summary": [ "organize text using approaches such as full-text <em>search</em>, proper name recognition, clustering, tagging, information extraction, and summarization" ] } }
11. 简单查询字符串（Simple Query String）
简单请求字符串 类型（simple_query_string）的查询是请求字符串类型（query_string）查询的一个版本，它更适合那种仅暴露给用户一个简单搜索框的场景；因为它用 +/\|/- 分别替换了 AND/OR/NOT，并且自动丢弃了请求中无效的部分，不会在用户出错时，抛出异常。
POST /bookdb_index/book/_search { "query": { "simple_query_string" : { "query": "(saerch~1 algorithm~1) + (grant ingersoll) | (tom morton)", "fields": ["_all", "summary^2"] } }, "_source": [ "title", "summary", "authors" ], "highlight": { "fields" : { "summary" : {} } } }
12. 词条（Term）/多词条（Terms）查询
以上例子均为 full-text(全文检索) 的示例。有时我们对结构化查询更感兴趣，希望得到更准确的匹配并返回结果，词条查询 和 多词条查询 可帮我们实现。在下面的例子中，我们要在索引中找到所有由 Manning 出版的图书。
POST /bookdb_index/book/_search { "query": { "term" : { "publisher": "manning" } }, "_source" : ["title","publish_date","publisher"] } [Results] "hits": [ { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "2", "_score": 1.2231436, "_source": { "publisher": "manning", "title": "Taming Text: How to Find, Organize, and Manipulate It", "publish_date": "2013-01-24" } }, { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "3", "_score": 1.2231436, "_source": { "publisher": "manning", "title": "Elasticsearch in Action", "publish_date": "2015-12-03" } }, { "_index": "bookdb_index", "_type": "book", "_id": "4", "_score": 1.2231436, "_source": { "publisher": "manning", "title": "Solr in Action", "publish_date": "2014-04-05" } }
可使用词条关键字来指定多个词条，将搜索项用数组传入。
{ "query": { "terms" : { "publisher": ["oreilly", "packt"] } }
