【学习资料】快速入门PostgreSQL应用开发与管理 - 7 函数、存储过程和触发器

本章大纲

一、运算符与函数

1 逻辑运算

2 比较运算

3 算数

4 字符串

5 bytea

6 bit

7 规则表达式

8 日期、数字、字符串格式化输出

9 时间

10 枚举

11 几何

12 网络地址

13 全文检索

14 XML

15 JSON、JSONB

16 序列

17 条件表达式

18 数组

19 范围

20 聚合

21 窗口

22 子查询表达式

23 行与数组表达式

24 返回集合的函数

25 系统信息函数

26 系统管理函数

二、过程语言

1 语法

2 plpgsql函数内部结构

3 控制结构

4 游标

5 异常消息处理

6 plpgsql触发器函数

三、解析一个存储过程

1 检查存储过程(函数)内容

2 调试plpgsql存储过程，输出每一次调用的QUERY详细执行计划

3 调试plpgsql函数

四、SQL 函数

五、触发器

1 触发器函数

2 事件触发器函数

六、类型转换

第五章：函数、存储过程和触发器

https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.6/static/functions.html

1. 运算符与函数

逻辑运算

and, or, not
a b a AND b a OR b
TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
TRUE NULL NULL TRUE
FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
FALSE NULL FALSE NULL
NULL NULL NULL NULL
a NOT a
TRUE FALSE
FALSE TRUE
NULL NULL
比较运算

a BETWEEN x AND y
a >= x AND a <= y

a NOT BETWEEN x AND y
a < x OR a > y
比较操作符

Operator Description
< less than
| greater than
<=| less than or equal to
=| greater than or equal to
=| equal
<> or !=| not equal
断言语法

Predicate Description
a BETWEEN x AND y between
a NOT BETWEEN x AND y not between
a BETWEEN SYMMETRIC x AND y between, after sorting the comparison values
a NOT BETWEEN SYMMETRIC x AND y not between, after sorting the comparison values
a IS DISTINCT FROM b not equal, treating null like an ordinary value
a IS NOT DISTINCT FROM b equal, treating null like an ordinary value
expression IS NULL is null
expression IS NOT NULL is not null
expression ISNULL is null (nonstandard syntax)
expression NOTNULL is not null (nonstandard syntax)
boolean_expression IS TRUE is true
boolean_expression IS NOT TRUE is false or unknown
boolean_expression IS FALSE is false
boolean_expression IS NOT FALSE is true or unknown
boolean_expression IS UNKNOWN is unknown
boolean_expression IS NOT UNKNOWN is true or false
计算空值或非空个数

Function Description Example Example Result
num_nonnulls(VARIADIC "any") returns the number of non-null arguments num_nonnulls(1, NULL, 2) 2
num_nulls(VARIADIC "any") returns the number of null arguments num_nulls(1, NULL, 2) 1
算数

运算符

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函数

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随机值函数

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三角函数

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字符串

常用字符串操作符与函数

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字符串处理函数

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编码转换函数

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格式化函数

常用于构建动态SQL

format(formatstr text [, formatarg "any" [, ...] ])
嵌入格式

%position[width]type

type:

s formats the argument value as a simple string. A null value is treated as an empty string.

I treats the argument value as an SQL identifier, double-quoting it if necessary. It is an error for the value to be null (equivalent to quote_ident).

L quotes the argument value as an SQL literal. A null value is displayed as the string NULL, without quotes (equivalent to quote_nullable).
例子

SELECT format('Hello %s', 'World');
Result: Hello World

SELECT format('Testing %s, %s, %s, %%', 'one', 'two', 'three');
Result: Testing one, two, three, %

SELECT format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L)', 'Foo bar', E'O\'Reilly');
Result: INSERT INTO "Foo bar" VALUES('O''Reilly')

SELECT format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L)', 'locations', E'C:\Program Files');
Result: INSERT INTO locations VALUES(E'C:\Program Files')
bytea

函数和操作符

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bit

操作符

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INT与BIT的转换 , 例子

44::bit(10) 0000101100
44::bit(3) 100
cast(-44 as bit(12)) 111111010100
'1110'::bit(4)::integer 14
规则表达式

正则操作符

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例子

'abc' ~ 'abc' true
'abc' ~ '^a' true
'abc' ~ '(b|d)' true
'abc' ~ '^(b|c)' false
转义字符

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快捷字符

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例子, 提取匹配字符

SELECT SUBSTRING('XY1234Z', 'Y*([0-9]{1,3})');
Result: 123
例子, 行列变换

一个或多个空格隔开
SELECT foo FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', E'\s+') AS foo;

foo

the
quick
brown
fox
jumps
over
the
lazy
dog
(9 rows)

0个或多个空格隔开
SELECT foo FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox', E'\s*') AS foo;

foo

t
h
e
q
u
i
c
k
b
r
o
w
n
f
o
x
(16 rows)
例子, 行转数组

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', E'\s+');

          regexp_split_to_array               

---

{the,quick,brown,fox,jumps,over,the,lazy,dog}
(1 row)
日期、数字、字符串格式化输出

格式化函数

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时间、日期格式化样式

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时间日期格式化前缀

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数字格式化样式

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数字格式化前缀

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to_char例子

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时间

操作符

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函数

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时区转换函数

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例子

SELECT TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40' AT TIME ZONE 'MST';
Result: 2001-02-16 19:38:40-08

SELECT TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '2001-02-16 20:38:40-05' AT TIME ZONE 'MST';
Result: 2001-02-16 18:38:40
获取事务、语句调用时的时间

事务时间
transaction_timestamp()
now()

语句时间
statement_timestamp()
clock_timestamp()
timeofday()
获取当前事务时间或日期

CURRENT_DATE

带时区
CURRENT_TIME
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
CURRENT_TIME(precision)
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(precision)

不带时区
LOCALTIME
LOCALTIMESTAMP
LOCALTIME(precision)
LOCALTIMESTAMP(precision)
睡眠函数

pg_sleep(seconds)
pg_sleep_for(interval)
pg_sleep_until(timestamp with time zone)
例子

SELECT pg_sleep(1.5);
SELECT pg_sleep_for('5 minutes');
SELECT pg_sleep_until('tomorrow 03:00');
枚举

枚举类型函数

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例子

CREATE TYPE rainbow AS ENUM ('red', 'orange', 'yellow', 'green', 'blue', 'purple');
几何

操作符

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函数

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类型转换函数

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网络地址

操作符

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函数

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全文检索

操作符

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函数

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调试函数

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XML

https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.6/static/functions-xml.html

JSON、JSONB

json\jsonb 通用操作符

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jsonb 操作符

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构建JSON值的函数

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JSON值处理函数

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序列

函数

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例子

SELECT setval('foo', 42); Next nextval will return 43
SELECT setval('foo', 42, true); Same as above
SELECT setval('foo', 42, false); Next nextval will return 42
条件表达式

CASE表达式 1

CASE WHEN condition THEN result

 [WHEN ...]  
 [ELSE result]  

END
例子

SELECT * FROM test;

a

1
2
3

SELECT a,

   CASE WHEN a=1 THEN 'one'  
        WHEN a=2 THEN 'two'  
        ELSE 'other'  
   END  
FROM test;  

a	case
1	one
2	two
3	other

CASE表达式 2

CASE expression

WHEN value THEN result  
[WHEN ...]  
[ELSE result]  

END
例子

SELECT a,

   CASE a WHEN 1 THEN 'one'  
          WHEN 2 THEN 'two'  
          ELSE 'other'  
   END  
FROM test;  

a	case
1	one
2	two
3	other

SELECT ... WHERE CASE WHEN x <> 0 THEN y/x > 1.5 ELSE false END; -- 不符合条件的then不会被执行，所以这里不会报除以0的错误
COALESCE表达式

输出第一个不为空的参数，都为空则输出空

COALESCE(value [, ...])
例子

SELECT COALESCE(description, short_description, '(none)') ...
NULLIF表达式

v1,v2相等时返回NULL, 否则返回v1。

NULLIF(value1, value2)
GREATEST and LEAST表达式

忽略NULL，仅仅当所有值都为NULL时返回NULL。

返回最大值
GREATEST(value [, ...])

返回最小值
LEAST(value [, ...])
数组

操作符

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函数

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范围

操作符

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函数

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聚合

参考章节 - 高级SQL

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窗口

参考章节 - 高级SQL

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子查询表达式

exists表达式

EXISTS (subquery)
例子

SELECT col1
FROM tab1
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM tab2 WHERE col2 = tab1.col2);
in表达式

expression IN (subquery)

row_constructor IN (subquery)
not in表达式

expression NOT IN (subquery)

row_constructor NOT IN (subquery)
any, some表达式(一个意思)

expression operator ANY (subquery)
expression operator SOME (subquery)

row_constructor operator ANY (subquery)
row_constructor operator SOME (subquery)
all表达式

expression operator ALL (subquery)

row_constructor operator ALL (subquery)
OP单行子查询表达式

row_constructor operator (subquery)
行与数组表达式

in表达式

expression IN (value [, ...])

等同于

expression = value1
OR
expression = value2
OR
...
not in表达式

expression NOT IN (value [, ...])

等同于

expression <> value1
AND
expression <> value2
AND
...
any, some(array)表达式

expression operator ANY (array expression)
expression operator SOME (array expression)
all(array)表达式

expression operator ALL (array expression)
行与行构造器的比较操作表达式

row_constructor operator row_constructor

operator is =, <>, <, <=, > or >=

row_constructor IS DISTINCT FROM row_constructor

row_constructor IS NOT DISTINCT FROM row_constructor
复合类型比较表达式

record operator record
返回集合的函数

返回多行（集合）的函数，常用于构造测试数据

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例子

SELECT * FROM generate_series(2,4);

generate_series

           2  
           3  
           4  

(3 rows)

SELECT * FROM generate_series('2008-03-01 00:00'::timestamp,

                          '2008-03-04 12:00', '10 hours');  

generate_series

2008-03-01 00:00:00
2008-03-01 10:00:00
2008-03-01 20:00:00
2008-03-02 06:00:00
2008-03-02 16:00:00
2008-03-03 02:00:00
2008-03-03 12:00:00
2008-03-03 22:00:00
2008-03-04 08:00:00
(9 rows)

-- basic usage
SELECT generate_subscripts('{NULL,1,NULL,2}'::int[], 1) AS s;

s

1
2
3
4
(4 rows)

-- set returning function WITH ORDINALITY
SELECT * FROM pg_ls_dir('.') WITH ORDINALITY AS t(ls,n);

   ls        | n  

pg_serial	1
pg_twophase	2
postmaster.opts	3
pg_notify	4
postgresql.conf	5
pg_tblspc	6
logfile	7
base	8
postmaster.pid	9
pg_ident.conf	10
global	11
pg_clog	12
pg_snapshots	13
pg_multixact	14
PG_VERSION	15
pg_xlog	16
pg_hba.conf	17
pg_stat_tmp	18
pg_subtrans	19

(19 rows)
系统信息函数

系统信息函数，可以帮助用户了解数据库的运行情况，配置情况等。

很多系统信息查看函数返回的是record类型，关于返回的结构解释，请参考

https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.6/static/functions-info.html

会话信息函数

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检查是否有访问指定对象的权限

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检查资源是否可见

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查看系统表相关的信息

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获得数据库对象的信息或address等信息

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获得对象的注释信息

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获得数据库当前的事务快照信息

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已提交事务的时间戳等信息

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数据库的控制信息

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系统管理函数

读取、设置参数值

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信号相关函数（cancel query,杀死会话,reload配置文件,切换log文件）

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物理备份、备份控制、redo文件 相关函数
物理备份、备份控制、redo文件 相关函数

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物理、流式recovery信息读取、恢复控制 相关函数

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快照导出函数（生成一致性快照）

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流复制相关函数(创建slot, decode等)

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获取数据库对象的空间占用情况的函数

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获得对象物理存储位置（文件名）函数

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索引维护函数

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服务端文件操作函数

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用户AD lock函数

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1. 过程语言

PostgreSQL支持多种过程语言，包括plpgsql, sql, c, python, perl, java等等。

其中plpgsql是使用较多的过程语言，与Oracle的PL/SQL功能类似。

语法

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION

name ( [ [ argmode ] [ argname ] argtype [ { DEFAULT | = } default_expr ] [, ...] ] )  
[ RETURNS rettype  
  | RETURNS TABLE ( column_name column_type [, ...] ) ]  

{ LANGUAGE lang_name

| TRANSFORM { FOR TYPE type_name } [, ... ]  
| WINDOW  
| IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE | [ NOT ] LEAKPROOF  
| CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT  
| [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER  
| PARALLEL { UNSAFE | RESTRICTED | SAFE }  
| COST execution_cost  
| ROWS result_rows  
| SET configuration_parameter { TO value | = value | FROM CURRENT }  
| AS 'definition'  
| AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol'  

} ...

[ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]  

plpgsql支持任意参数、任意返回值、返回多行、返回数组、复合类型等。

plpgsql函数内部结构

[ <> ]
[ DECLARE

declarations ]  

BEGIN

statements  

END [ label ];
例子1

CREATE FUNCTION somefunc() RETURNS integer AS $$
<< outerblock >>
DECLARE

quantity integer := 30;  

BEGIN

RAISE NOTICE 'Quantity here is %', quantity;  -- Prints 30  
quantity := 50;  
--  
-- Create a subblock  
--  
DECLARE  
    quantity integer := 80;  
BEGIN  
    RAISE NOTICE 'Quantity here is %', quantity;  -- Prints 80  
    RAISE NOTICE 'Outer quantity here is %', outerblock.quantity;  -- Prints 50  
END;  

RAISE NOTICE 'Quantity here is %', quantity;  -- Prints 50  

RETURN quantity;  

END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
变量声明语法

name [ CONSTANT ] type [ COLLATE collation_name ] [ NOT NULL ] [ { DEFAULT | := | = } expression ];
例子

DECLARE

user_id integer;
quantity numeric(5);
url varchar;
myrow tablename%ROWTYPE;
myfield tablename.columnname%TYPE;
arow RECORD;

quantity integer DEFAULT 32;
url varchar := 'http://mysite.com';
user_id CONSTANT integer := 10;
参数使用的例子，可以使用位置参数，或者别名。

CREATE FUNCTION instr(varchar, integer) RETURNS integer AS $$
DECLARE

v_string ALIAS FOR $1;  
index ALIAS FOR $2;  

BEGIN

-- some computations using v_string and index here  

END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

CREATE FUNCTION concat_selected_fields(in_t sometablename) RETURNS text AS $$
BEGIN

RETURN in_t.f1 || in_t.f3 || in_t.f5 || in_t.f7;  

END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
基本表达式

赋值

variable { := | = } expression;
执行无结果调用

PERFORM query;
通常被用来判断是否有记录，例如

PERFORM 1 from tbl where xxx limit 1;
if found then
xxx
else
xxx
end if;
执行返回单行的表达式或QUERY，并将结果存入变量。

SELECT select_expressions INTO [STRICT] target FROM ...;
INSERT ... RETURNING expressions INTO [STRICT] target;
UPDATE ... RETURNING expressions INTO [STRICT] target;
DELETE ... RETURNING expressions INTO [STRICT] target;
将结果存入变量时，如果没有结果被存入，或者存入的结果超过1条，可以这样来判断

If STRICT is not specified in the INTO clause, then target will be set to the first row returned by the query, or to nulls if the query returned no rows.

SELECT * INTO myrec FROM emp WHERE empname = myname;
IF NOT FOUND THEN

RAISE EXCEPTION 'employee % not found', myname;  

END IF;
If the STRICT option is specified, the query must return exactly one row or a run-time error will be reported,

either NO_DATA_FOUND (no rows) or TOO_MANY_ROWS (more than one row).

BEGIN

SELECT * INTO STRICT myrec FROM emp WHERE empname = myname;  
EXCEPTION  
    WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN  
        RAISE EXCEPTION 'employee % not found', myname;  
    WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN  
        RAISE EXCEPTION 'employee % not unique', myname;  

END;
执行动态SQL

EXECUTE command-string [ INTO [STRICT] target ] [ USING expression [, ... ] ];
例子

EXECUTE 'SELECT count(*) FROM mytable WHERE inserted_by = $1 AND inserted <= $2'
INTO c
USING checked_user, checked_date;

EXECUTE 'SELECT count(*) FROM '

|| quote_ident(tabname)  
|| ' WHERE inserted_by = $1 AND inserted <= $2'  

INTO c
USING checked_user, checked_date;

EXECUTE format('SELECT count(*) FROM %I '
'WHERE inserted_by = $1 AND inserted <= $2', tabname)
INTO c
USING checked_user, checked_date;

EXECUTE format('UPDATE tbl SET %I = %L '
'WHERE key = %L', colname, newvalue, keyvalue);
获取上一条SQL的执行状态

GET [ CURRENT ] DIAGNOSTICS variable { = | := } item [ , ... ];

例子

GET DIAGNOSTICS integer_var = ROW_COUNT;
支持的变量如下

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FOUND变量取值原理

A SELECT INTO statement sets FOUND true if a row is assigned, false if no row is returned.

A PERFORM statement sets FOUND true if it produces (and discards) one or more rows, false if no row is produced.

UPDATE, INSERT, and DELETE statements set FOUND true if at least one row is affected, false if no row is affected.

A FETCH statement sets FOUND true if it returns a row, false if no row is returned.

A MOVE statement sets FOUND true if it successfully repositions the cursor, false otherwise.

A FOR or FOREACH statement sets FOUND true if it iterates one or more times, else false.
FOUND is set this way when the loop exits; inside the execution of the loop, FOUND is not modified by the loop statement,
although it might be changed by the execution of other statements within the loop body.

RETURN QUERY and RETURN QUERY EXECUTE statements set FOUND true if the query returns at least one row, false if no row is returned.

Other PL/pgSQL statements do not change the state of FOUND.
Note in particular that EXECUTE changes the output of GET DIAGNOSTICS, but does not change FOUND.

FOUND is a local variable within each PL/pgSQL function; any changes to it affect only the current function.
NULL; 忽略执行，什么也不干

BEGIN

y := x / 0;  

EXCEPTION

WHEN division_by_zero THEN  
    NULL;  -- ignore the error  

END;

BEGIN

y := x / 0;  

EXCEPTION

WHEN division_by_zero THEN  -- ignore the error  

END;
控制结构

返回单行

RETURN expression;

例子

-- functions returning a scalar type
RETURN 1 + 2;
RETURN scalar_var;

-- functions returning a composite type
RETURN composite_type_var;
RETURN (1, 2, 'three'::text); -- must cast columns to correct types
返回多行(returns setof)

RETURN NEXT expression;
RETURN QUERY query;
RETURN QUERY EXECUTE command-string [ USING expression [, ... ] ];

例子

CREATE TABLE foo (fooid INT, foosubid INT, fooname TEXT);
INSERT INTO foo VALUES (1, 2, 'three');
INSERT INTO foo VALUES (4, 5, 'six');

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_all_foo() RETURNS SETOF foo AS
$BODY$
DECLARE

r foo%rowtype;  

BEGIN

FOR r IN  
    SELECT * FROM foo WHERE fooid > 0  
LOOP  
    -- can do some processing here  
    RETURN NEXT r; -- return current row of SELECT  
END LOOP;  
RETURN;  

END
$BODY$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;

SELECT * FROM get_all_foo();
条件控制

IF and CASE statements let you execute alternative commands based on certain conditions. PL/pgSQL has three forms of IF:

IF ... THEN ... END IF

IF ... THEN ... ELSE ... END IF

IF ... THEN ... ELSIF ... THEN ... ELSE ... END IF

and two forms of CASE:

CASE ... WHEN ... THEN ... ELSE ... END CASE

CASE WHEN ... THEN ... ELSE ... END CASE
循环

[ <> ]
LOOP

statements  

END LOOP [ label ];
EXIT [ label ] [ WHEN boolean-expression ];
例子

LOOP

-- some computations  
IF count > 0 THEN  
    EXIT;  -- exit loop  
END IF;  

END LOOP;

LOOP

-- some computations  
EXIT WHEN count > 0;  -- same result as previous example  

END LOOP;

<>
BEGIN

-- some computations  
IF stocks > 100000 THEN  
    EXIT ablock;  -- causes exit from the BEGIN block  
END IF;  
-- computations here will be skipped when stocks > 100000  

END;
for 循环

[ <> ]
FOR target IN EXECUTE text_expression [ USING expression [, ... ] ] LOOP

statements  

END LOOP [ label ];
数组循环

[ <> ]
FOREACH target [ SLICE number ] IN ARRAY expression LOOP

statements  

END LOOP [ label ];
例子

CREATE FUNCTION sum(int[]) RETURNS int8 AS $$
DECLARE
s int8 := 0;
x int;
BEGIN
FOREACH x IN ARRAY $1
LOOP

s := s + x;  

END LOOP;
RETURN s;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
异常捕获

[ <> ]
[ DECLARE

declarations ]  

BEGIN

statements  

EXCEPTION

WHEN condition [ OR condition ... ] THEN  
    handler_statements  
[ WHEN condition [ OR condition ... ] THEN  
      handler_statements  
  ... ]  

END;
例子

WHEN division_by_zero THEN ...
WHEN SQLSTATE '22012' THEN ...
INSERT INTO mytab(firstname, lastname) VALUES('Tom', 'Jones');
BEGIN

UPDATE mytab SET firstname = 'Joe' WHERE lastname = 'Jones';  
x := x + 1;  
y := x / 0;  

EXCEPTION

WHEN division_by_zero THEN  
    RAISE NOTICE 'caught division_by_zero';  
    RETURN x;  

END;

CREATE TABLE db (a INT PRIMARY KEY, b TEXT);

CREATE FUNCTION merge_db(key INT, data TEXT) RETURNS VOID AS

$$ BEGIN LOOP -- first try to update the key UPDATE db SET b = data WHERE a = key; IF found THEN RETURN; END IF; -- not there, so try to insert the key -- if someone else inserts the same key concurrently, -- we could get a unique-key failure BEGIN INSERT INTO db(a,b) VALUES (key, data); RETURN; EXCEPTION WHEN unique_violation THEN -- Do nothing, and loop to try the UPDATE again. END; END LOOP; END; $$

LANGUAGE plpgsql;

SELECT merge_db(1, 'david');
SELECT merge_db(1, 'dennis');
捕获异常，输出异常结构指定属性

GET STACKED DIAGNOSTICS variable { = | := } item [ , ... ];
异常结构变量如下

pic

例子

DECLARE
text_var1 text;
text_var2 text;
text_var3 text;
BEGIN
-- some processing which might cause an exception
...
EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
GET STACKED DIAGNOSTICS text_var1 = MESSAGE_TEXT,

                      text_var2 = PG_EXCEPTION_DETAIL,  
                      text_var3 = PG_EXCEPTION_HINT;  

END;
输出异常位置(PG_CONTEXT)

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION outer_func() RETURNS integer AS $$
BEGIN
RETURN inner_func();
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION inner_func() RETURNS integer AS $$
DECLARE
stack text;
BEGIN
GET DIAGNOSTICS stack = PG_CONTEXT;
RAISE NOTICE E'--- Call Stack ---\n%', stack;
RETURN 1;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

SELECT outer_func();

NOTICE: --- Call Stack ---
PL/pgSQL function inner_func() line 5 at GET DIAGNOSTICS
PL/pgSQL function outer_func() line 3 at RETURN
CONTEXT: PL/pgSQL function outer_func() line 3 at RETURN

outer_func

       1  

(1 row)
游标

声明游标变量

name [ [ NO ] SCROLL ] CURSOR [ ( arguments ) ] FOR query;
例子

DECLARE

curs1 refcursor;  
curs2 CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM tenk1;  
curs3 CURSOR (key integer) FOR SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 = key;  

打开游标例子1, 普通QUERY

OPEN unbound_cursorvar [ [ NO ] SCROLL ] FOR query;

OPEN curs1 FOR SELECT * FROM foo WHERE key = mykey;
打开游标例子2, 动态QUERY

OPEN unbound_cursorvar [ [ NO ] SCROLL ] FOR EXECUTE query_string

                                 [ USING expression [, ... ] ];  

OPEN curs1 FOR EXECUTE format('SELECT * FROM %I WHERE col1 = $1',tabname) USING keyvalue;
打开bound游标

OPEN bound_cursorvar [ ( [ argument_name := ] argument_value [, ...] ) ];

例子

OPEN curs2;
OPEN curs3(42);
OPEN curs3(key := 42);

DECLARE

key integer;  
curs4 CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 = key;  

BEGIN

key := 42;  
OPEN curs4;  

使用游标

获取数据

FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor INTO target;

例子

FETCH curs1 INTO rowvar;
FETCH curs2 INTO foo, bar, baz;
FETCH LAST FROM curs3 INTO x, y;
FETCH RELATIVE -2 FROM curs4 INTO x;
移动游标位置

MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor;

例子

MOVE curs1;
MOVE LAST FROM curs3;
MOVE RELATIVE -2 FROM curs4;
MOVE FORWARD 2 FROM curs4;
更新、删除游标当前记录

UPDATE table SET ... WHERE CURRENT OF cursor;
DELETE FROM table WHERE CURRENT OF cursor;

例子

UPDATE foo SET dataval = myval WHERE CURRENT OF curs1;
关闭游标

CLOSE cursor;

例子

CLOSE curs1;
返回游标

CREATE TABLE test (col text);
INSERT INTO test VALUES ('123');

CREATE FUNCTION reffunc(refcursor) RETURNS refcursor AS '
BEGIN

OPEN $1 FOR SELECT col FROM test;  
RETURN $1;  

END;
' LANGUAGE plpgsql;

BEGIN;
SELECT reffunc('funccursor');
FETCH ALL IN funccursor;
COMMIT;

CREATE FUNCTION reffunc2() RETURNS refcursor AS '
DECLARE

ref refcursor;  

BEGIN

OPEN ref FOR SELECT col FROM test;  
RETURN ref;  

END;
' LANGUAGE plpgsql;

-- need to be in a transaction to use cursors.
BEGIN;
SELECT reffunc2();

  reffunc2  

---

(1 row)

FETCH ALL IN "";
COMMIT;

CREATE FUNCTION myfunc(refcursor, refcursor) RETURNS SETOF refcursor AS $$
BEGIN

OPEN $1 FOR SELECT * FROM table_1;  
RETURN NEXT $1;  
OPEN $2 FOR SELECT * FROM table_2;  
RETURN NEXT $2;  

END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

-- need to be in a transaction to use cursors.
BEGIN;

SELECT * FROM myfunc('a', 'b');

FETCH ALL FROM a;
FETCH ALL FROM b;
COMMIT;
for游标循环

[ <> ]
FOR recordvar IN bound_cursorvar [ ( [ argument_name := ] argument_value [, ...] ) ] LOOP

statements  

END LOOP [ label ];
异常消息处理

抛出异常

RAISE [ level ] 'format' [, expression [, ... ]] [ USING option = expression [, ... ] ];
RAISE [ level ] condition_name [ USING option = expression [, ... ] ];
RAISE [ level ] SQLSTATE 'sqlstate' [ USING option = expression [, ... ] ];
RAISE [ level ] USING option = expression [, ... ];
RAISE ;
option取值范围

MESSAGE

Sets the error message text.   
This option can't be used in the form of RAISE that includes a format string before USING.  

DETAIL

Supplies an error detail message.  

HINT

Supplies a hint message.  

ERRCODE

Specifies the error code (SQLSTATE) to report, either by condition name, as shown in Appendix A,   
or directly as a five-character SQLSTATE code.  

COLUMN
CONSTRAINT
DATATYPE
TABLE
SCHEMA

Supplies the name of a related object.  

例子

RAISE EXCEPTION 'Nonexistent ID --> %', user_id

  USING HINT = 'Please check your user ID';  

RAISE 'Duplicate user ID: %', user_id USING ERRCODE = 'unique_violation';
RAISE 'Duplicate user ID: %', user_id USING ERRCODE = '23505';

RAISE division_by_zero;
RAISE SQLSTATE '22012';

RAISE unique_violation USING MESSAGE = 'Duplicate user ID: ' || user_id;
断言

ASSERT condition [ , message ];
plpgsql触发器函数

参考触发器部分

1. 解析一个存储过程

检查存储过程(函数)内容

postgres=# create or replace function f() returns void as $$
declare
begin
raise notice 'this is a test';
end;
$$ language plpgsql;
CREATE FUNCTION

postgres=# select * from pg_get_functiondef('f'::regproc);

      pg_get_functiondef             

---

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.f()+
RETURNS void +
LANGUAGE plpgsql +
AS $function$ +
declare +
begin +
raise notice 'this is a test'; +
end; +
$function$ +

(1 row)
调试plpgsql存储过程，输出每一次调用的QUERY详细执行计划

1. LOAD 'auto_explain' ;

只在当前SESSION生效，不需要重启数据库, 需要超级用户权限。

普通用户不允许加载auto_explain模块. (普通用户只允许加载$libdir/plugins目录下的模块,但是auto_explain即使拷贝到这个目录也不行)

load 'auto_explain';
set client_min_messages='log';
set auto_explain.log_min_duration = 0;
set auto_explain.log_analyze = true;
set auto_explain.log_verbose = true;
set auto_explain.log_buffers = true;
set auto_explain.log_nested_statements = true;

输出函数内的所有被调用的QUERY的执行计划。

postgres=# do language plpgsql $$
declare
begin
perform 1 from pg_class where oid=1;
end;
$$;

LOG: duration: 0.008 ms plan:
Query Text: SELECT 1 from pg_class where oid=1
Index Only Scan using pg_class_oid_index on pg_catalog.pg_class (cost=0.27..1.29 rows=1 width=4) (actual time=0.006..0.006 rows=0 loops=1)
Output: 1
Index Cond: (pg_class.oid = '1'::oid)
Heap Fetches: 0
Buffers: shared hit=2
DO
调试plpgsql函数

安装plugin_debugger

https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=pldebugger.git;a=summary

配置postgresql.conf

shared_preload_libraries = '$libdir/plugin_debugger'
重启数据库

创建extension

CREATE EXTENSION pldbgapi;
调试函数

pic

pic

1. SQL 函数

sql函数支持的语法较少

例子

postgres=# create or replace function f1(int,int) returns int as $$
select $1+$2;
$$ language sql strict;
CREATE FUNCTION
postgres=# select f1(1,2);

f1

3
(1 row)

1. 触发器

触发器函数

PostgreSQL 触发器支持行级、语句级触发器。支持insert,update,delete,truncate触发。

语法

postgres=# \h create trigger
Command: CREATE TRIGGER
Description: define a new trigger
Syntax:
CREATE [ CONSTRAINT ] TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF } { event [ OR ... ] }

ON table_name  
[ FROM referenced_table_name ]  
[ NOT DEFERRABLE | [ DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY IMMEDIATE | INITIALLY DEFERRED ] ]  
[ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ]  
[ WHEN ( condition ) ]  
EXECUTE PROCEDURE function_name ( arguments )  

where event can be one of:

INSERT  
UPDATE [ OF column_name [, ... ] ]  
DELETE  
TRUNCATE  

触发器分类

When Event Row-level Statement-level
BEFORE INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE Tables Tables and views
TRUNCATE — Tables -
AFTER INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE Tables Tables and views
TRUNCATE — Tables -
INSTEAD OF INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE Views
TRUNCATE — —
同一个表或视图上可以创建多个触发器, 调用的顺序和触发器的类型有关.

表上各种触发器的调用先后顺序如下 :

1. before for each statement
2. before for each row
3. after for each row
4. after for each statement

视图上各种触发器的调用先后顺序如下 :

1. before for each statement
2. instead for each row
3. after for each statement

同类触发器如果有多个, 调用顺序则和触发器的名字有关, 按照名字的排序进行调用.

首先需要编写触发器函数，支持plpgsql, plpython, C等函数编写的触发器函数。然后创建触发器。

plpgsql支持的触发器函数变量

NEW
Data type RECORD; variable holding the new database row for INSERT/UPDATE operations in row-level triggers.
This variable is NULL in statement-level triggers and for DELETE operations.

OLD
Data type RECORD; variable holding the old database row for UPDATE/DELETE operations in row-level triggers.
This variable is NULL in statement-level triggers and for INSERT operations.

TG_NAME
Data type name; variable that contains the name of the trigger actually fired.

TG_WHEN
Data type text; a string of BEFORE, AFTER, or INSTEAD OF, depending on the trigger's definition.

TG_LEVEL
Data type text; a string of either ROW or STATEMENT depending on the trigger's definition.

TG_OP
Data type text; a string of INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, or TRUNCATE telling for which operation the trigger was fired.

TG_RELID
Data type oid; the object ID of the table that caused the trigger invocation.

TG_RELNAME
Data type name; the name of the table that caused the trigger invocation.
This is now deprecated, and could disappear in a future release. Use TG_TABLE_NAME instead.

TG_TABLE_NAME
Data type name; the name of the table that caused the trigger invocation.

TG_TABLE_SCHEMA
Data type name; the name of the schema of the table that caused the trigger invocation.

TG_NARGS
Data type integer; the number of arguments given to the trigger procedure in the CREATE TRIGGER statement.

TG_ARGV[]
Data type array of text; the arguments from the CREATE TRIGGER statement.
The index counts from 0. Invalid indexes (less than 0 or greater than or equal to tg_nargs) result in a null value.

A trigger function must return either NULL or a record/row value having exactly the structure of the table the trigger was fired for.
以plpgsql为例，触发器函数范例。

使用hstore 和触发器跟踪敏感数据的DML。

创建需要被跟踪的测试表

CREATE TABLE test (id int primary key, info text, crt_time timestamp(0));
创建hstore extension;

CREATE EXTENSION hstore;
创建通用的存储跟踪记录的记录表

CREATE TABLE table_change_rec (
id serial8 primary key,
relid oid,
table_schema text,
table_name text,
when_tg text,
level text,
op text,
old_rec hstore,
new_rec hstore,
crt_time timestamp without time zone DEFAULT now(),
username text,
client_addr inet,
client_port int
);
创建通用的触发器函数

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dml_trace()
RETURNS trigger
LANGUAGE plpgsql
AS $BODY$
DECLARE
v_new_rec hstore;
v_old_rec hstore;
v_username text := session_user;
v_client_addr inet := inet_client_addr();
v_client_port int := inet_client_port();
BEGIN
case TG_OP
when 'DELETE' then
v_old_rec := hstore(OLD.*);
insert into table_change_rec (relid, table_schema, table_name, when_tg, level, op, old_rec, username, client_addr, client_port)

values (tg_relid, tg_table_schema, tg_table_name, tg_when, tg_level, tg_op, v_old_rec, v_username, v_client_addr, v_client_port);  

when 'INSERT' then
v_new_rec := hstore(NEW.*);
insert into table_change_rec (relid, table_schema, table_name, when_tg, level, op, new_rec, username, client_addr, client_port)

values (tg_relid, tg_table_schema, tg_table_name, tg_when, tg_level, tg_op, v_new_rec, v_username, v_client_addr, v_client_port);  

when 'UPDATE' then
v_old_rec := hstore(OLD.*);
v_new_rec := hstore(NEW.*);
insert into table_change_rec (relid, table_schema, table_name, when_tg, level, op, old_rec, new_rec, username, client_addr, client_port)

values (tg_relid, tg_table_schema, tg_table_name, tg_when, tg_level, tg_op, v_old_rec, v_new_rec, v_username, v_client_addr, v_client_port);  

else
return null;
end case;
RETURN null;
END;
$BODY$ strict;
在测试表上分别创建插入, 更新, 删除的三个触发器.

CREATE TRIGGER tg AFTER DELETE or INSERT or UPDATE ON test FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE dml_trace();
测试插入, 删除, 更新操作是否被跟踪.

(已更新dml_trace, 以下例子未包含client_addr和client_port)

postgres=# insert into test values (1, 'digoal', now());
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# select * from test;

id	info	crt_time
1	digoal	2012-06-25 10:54:43

(1 row)

postgres=# select * from table_change_rec;
id | relid | table_schema | table_name | when_tg | level | op | old_rec | new_rec

      |          crt_time          | username   

4	23731	public	test	AFTER	ROW	INSERT		"id"=>"1", "info"=>"digoal", "crt_time"=>"2012-06-25
10:54:43"	2012-06-25 10:54:42.839553	postgres

(1 row)

postgres=# update test set info='DIGOAL' where id=1;
UPDATE 1
postgres=# select * from test;

id	info	crt_time
1	DIGOAL	2012-06-25 10:54:43

(1 row)

postgres=# select * from table_change_rec;
id | relid | table_schema | table_name | when_tg | level | op | old_rec

new_rec	crt_time	username
4	23731	public	test	AFTER	ROW	INSERT
"id"=>"1", "info"=>"digoal", "crt_time"=>"2012-06-25 10:54:43"	2012-06-25 10:54:42.839553	postgres
5	23731	public	test	AFTER	ROW	UPDATE	"id"=>"1", "info"=>"digoal", "crt_time"=>"2012-06-25 10:54:43"
"id"=>"1", "info"=>"DIGOAL", "crt_time"=>"2012-06-25 10:54:43"	2012-06-25 10:55:41.006069	postgres

(2 rows)

postgres=# delete from test where id=1;
DELETE 1
postgres=# select * from test;

(0 rows)

postgres=# select * from table_change_rec;
id | relid | table_schema | table_name | when_tg | level | op | old_rec

new_rec	crt_time	username
4	23731	public	test	AFTER	ROW	INSERT
"id"=>"1", "info"=>"digoal", "crt_time"=>"2012-06-25 10:54:43"	2012-06-25 10:54:42.839553	postgres
5	23731	public	test	AFTER	ROW	UPDATE	"id"=>"1", "info"=>"digoal", "crt_time"=>"2012-06-25 10:54:43"
"id"=>"1", "info"=>"DIGOAL", "crt_time"=>"2012-06-25 10:54:43"	2012-06-25 10:55:41.006069	postgres
6	23731	public	test	AFTER	ROW	DELETE	"id"=>"1", "info"=>"DIGOAL", "crt_time"=>"2012-06-25 10:54:43"
	2012-06-25 10:56:00.862319	postgres

(3 rows)
使用each函数分解显示hstore存储的信息.

postgres=# select id,(each(old_rec)).* from table_change_rec;

id	key	value
5	id	1
5	info	digoal
5	crt_time	2012-06-25 10:54:43
6	id	1
6	info	DIGOAL
6	crt_time	2012-06-25 10:54:43

(6 rows)

postgres=# select id,(each(new_rec)).* from table_change_rec;

id	key	value
4	id	1
4	info	digoal
4	crt_time	2012-06-25 10:54:43
5	id	1
5	info	DIGOAL
5	crt_time	2012-06-25 10:54:43

(6 rows)
事件触发器函数

事件触发器，当数据库中发生某些DDL或DCL事件（ddl_command_start，ddl_command_end，sql_drop，table_rewrite）时，可以被捕获，并触发调用用户定义的事件触发器函数。

语法

postgres=# \h create event
Command: CREATE EVENT TRIGGER
Description: define a new event trigger
Syntax:
CREATE EVENT TRIGGER name

ON event  
[ WHEN filter_variable IN (filter_value [, ... ]) [ AND ... ] ]  
EXECUTE PROCEDURE function_name()  

目前事件触发器，支持的command tag如下

pic

pic

pic

首先要创建返回event_trigger的函数，然后创建事件触发器。

例子1，禁止postgres用户在数据库digoal中执行CREATE TABLE和DROP TABLE命令.

创建触发器函数 :

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION abort()
RETURNS event_trigger
LANGUAGE plpgsql
AS $$
BEGIN
if current_user = 'postgres' then

RAISE EXCEPTION 'event:%, command:%', tg_event, tg_tag;    

end if;
END;
$$;
创建事件触发器 :

digoal=# create event trigger a on ddl_command_start when TAG IN ('CREATE TABLE', 'DROP TABLE') execute procedure abort();
CREATE EVENT TRIGGER
digoal=# select * from pg_event_trigger ;

evtname	evtevent	evtowner	evtfoid	evtenabled	evttags
a	ddl_command_start	10	16683	O	{"CREATE TABLE","DROP TABLE"}

(1 row)
测试postgres用户是否可以使用create table和drop table .

digoal=# \c digoal postgres
You are now connected to database "digoal" as user "postgres".
无法新建表了

digoal=# create table new(id int);
ERROR: event:ddl_command_start, command:CREATE TABLE
digoal=# \d new
Did not find any relation named "new".
digoal=# \dt

      List of relations    

Schema	Name	Type	Owner
public	digoal	table	postgres
public	digoal1	table	postgres
public	test	table	postgres

(3 rows)
无法删表了

digoal=# drop table digoal;
ERROR: event:ddl_command_start, command:DROP TABLE
digoal=# \d digoal

Table "public.digoal"    

Column	Type	Modifiers
id	integer

测试其他用户是否会有影响 (未受到影响)

digoal=# \c digoal digoal
You are now connected to database "digoal" as user "digoal".
digoal=> create table tbl(id int);
CREATE TABLE
digoal=> drop table tbl;
DROP TABLE
例子2，用事件触发器来实现recycle bin
我们创建一个schema来存放重命名的对象。

用一个表来记录重命名的前后关系。

postgres=# create schema recyclebin;
postgres=# create table recyclebin.trace(id serial8 primary key,type_name text,nsp_name text,obj_name text,tg_tag text,new_nsp_name text,new_obj_name text,crt_time timestamp);
CREATE TABLE
创建一个事件触发器函数进行测试：

在遇到sql_drops事件时被触发，执行rename的动作，而不是真实的DROP TABLE。从而实现recycle bin的功能。

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION test_event_trigger_for_drops()

    RETURNS event_trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$    

DECLARE

obj record;    
v_type_name text[] := '{}'::text[];    
v_nsp_name text[] := '{}'::text[];    
v_obj_name text[] := '{}'::text[];    
v_tg_tag text := TG_TAG;    
v_crt_time timestamp := now();    
i int := 1;    
v_new_nsp_name text := 'recyclebin';    
v_new_obj_name text;    
have_table boolean := false;    
x text;    
tt text := '';    
v_sql text[];    
v_sqlend text := '';    
v_cname text;    

BEGIN

FOR obj IN SELECT * FROM pg_event_trigger_dropped_objects()    
LOOP    
    RAISE NOTICE '% dropped object: % %.% %',    
                 v_tg_tag,    
                 obj.object_type,    
                 obj.schema_name,    
                 obj.object_name,    
                 obj.object_identity;    
    v_type_name := array_append(v_type_name, obj.object_type);    
    v_nsp_name := array_append(v_nsp_name, obj.schema_name);    
    v_obj_name := array_append(v_obj_name, obj.object_name);    
    if (obj.object_type = 'table') then    
      have_table := true;    
    end if;    
END LOOP;    
if ( have_table = true ) then    
  RAISE NOTICE 'Move table to recycle bin';    
  RAISE exception 'Found table in drop list.';    
end if;    
    
EXCEPTION WHEN others then    
  raise notice 'begin: ';    
  raise notice '-----------------------------------------------------------';    
  FOREACH x in ARRAY v_obj_name LOOP    
    if v_type_name[i] = 'table' then    
      v_new_obj_name := 'md5'||md5(random()::text||clock_timestamp()::text);    
      v_sql[1] := 'alter table '||v_nsp_name[i]||'.'||x||' set schema '||v_new_nsp_name||';';    
      v_sql[2] := 'alter table '||v_new_nsp_name||'.'||x||' rename to '||v_new_obj_name||';';              
      v_sql[3] := 'insert into recyclebin.trace(type_name,nsp_name,obj_name,tg_tag,new_nsp_name,new_obj_name,crt_time)     
        values ('||quote_nullable(v_type_name[i])||','||quote_nullable(v_nsp_name[i])||','||quote_nullable(v_obj_name[i])||','||quote_nullable(v_tg_tag)||','||quote_nullable(v_new_nsp_name)||','||quote_nullable(v_new_obj_name)||','||quote_nullable(v_crt_time)||');';    
      v_sqlend := v_sqlend||v_sql[1]||v_sql[2]||v_sql[3];    
    end if;    
    i := i+1;    
  END LOOP;    

      v_cname := 'myconn';    
      if (dblink_get_connections() @> array[v_cname] is not true) then    
        perform dblink_connect(v_cname, 'dbname='||current_database());    
      else    
        perform dblink_disconnect(v_cname);    
        perform dblink_connect(v_cname, 'dbname='||current_database());    
      end if;    
      perform dblink_send_query(v_cname, v_sqlend);    
      perform dblink_disconnect(v_cname);    

  raise notice 'BEGIN; % COMMIT;', v_sqlend;    
  raise notice '-----------------------------------------------------------';    
  raise exception 'Good Luck.';    

END;
$$;
创建事件触发器：

CREATE EVENT TRIGGER test_event_trigger_for_drops
ON sql_drop
EXECUTE PROCEDURE test_event_trigger_for_drops();
测试：

postgres=# create table test(id int);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=# create table test1(id int) inherits(test);
NOTICE: merging column "id" with inherited definition
CREATE TABLE
postgres=# create table test2(id int) inherits(test);
NOTICE: merging column "id" with inherited definition
CREATE TABLE
postgres=# create table test3(id int) inherits(test);
NOTICE: merging column "id" with inherited definition
CREATE TABLE
删除

postgres=# drop table test cascade;
NOTICE: drop cascades to 3 other objects
DETAIL: drop cascades to table test1
drop cascades to table test2
drop cascades to table test3
NOTICE: DROP TABLE dropped object: table public.test public.test
NOTICE: DROP TABLE dropped object: type public.test public.test
NOTICE: DROP TABLE dropped object: type public._test public.test[]
NOTICE: DROP TABLE dropped object: table public.test1 public.test1
NOTICE: DROP TABLE dropped object: type public.test1 public.test1
NOTICE: DROP TABLE dropped object: type public._test1 public.test1[]
NOTICE: DROP TABLE dropped object: table public.test2 public.test2
NOTICE: DROP TABLE dropped object: type public.test2 public.test2
NOTICE: DROP TABLE dropped object: type public._test2 public.test2[]
NOTICE: DROP TABLE dropped object: table public.test3 public.test3
NOTICE: DROP TABLE dropped object: type public.test3 public.test3
NOTICE: DROP TABLE dropped object: type public._test3 public.test3[]
NOTICE: Move table to recycle bin
NOTICE: begin:
NOTICE: -----------------------------------------------------------
NOTICE: BEGIN; alter table public.test set schema recyclebin;alter table recyclebin.test rename to md584b8a4bd192773d3bfe554016b4f4b46;insert into recyclebin.trace(type_name,nsp_name,obj_name,tg_tag,new_nsp_name,new_obj_name,crt_time)

values ('table','public','test','DROP TABLE','recyclebin','md584b8a4bd192773d3bfe554016b4f4b46','2016-12-24 11:58:23.497347');alter table public.test1 set schema recyclebin;alter table recyclebin.test1 rename to md59e63afc3c45a334f054e1a04711c1b9b;insert into recyclebin.trace(type_name,nsp_name,obj_name,tg_tag,new_nsp_name,new_obj_name,crt_time)     
values ('table','public','test1','DROP TABLE','recyclebin','md59e63afc3c45a334f054e1a04711c1b9b','2016-12-24 11:58:23.497347');alter table public.test2 set schema recyclebin;alter table recyclebin.test2 rename to md599fc68c328a54d5a4ded5cb98b5468eb;insert into recyclebin.trace(type_name,nsp_name,obj_name,tg_tag,new_nsp_name,new_obj_name,crt_time)     
values ('table','public','test2','DROP TABLE','recyclebin','md599fc68c328a54d5a4ded5cb98b5468eb','2016-12-24 11:58:23.497347');alter table public.test3 set schema recyclebin;alter table recyclebin.test3 rename to md5de3d73b4c8d0afe47cbcd61ba9a8f7e1;insert into recyclebin.trace(type_name,nsp_name,obj_name,tg_tag,new_nsp_name,new_obj_name,crt_time)     
values ('table','public','test3','DROP TABLE','recyclebin','md5de3d73b4c8d0afe47cbcd61ba9a8f7e1','2016-12-24 11:58:23.497347'); COMMIT;    

NOTICE: -----------------------------------------------------------
ERROR: Good Luck.
CONTEXT: PL/pgSQL function test_event_trigger_for_drops() line 66 at RAISE
表已经被转移到recyclebin了。

postgres=# \dt
No relations found.

postgres=# select * from recyclebin.trace;

id	type_name	nsp_name	obj_name	tg_tag	new_nsp_name	new_obj_name	crt_time
1	table	public	test	DROP TABLE	recyclebin	md56015e0b40b55526be0bc35591f749438	2016-12-24 11:12:39.535339
2	table	public	test	DROP TABLE	recyclebin	md5697b9f6a4ddca7c5d3a5e555bc13524e	2016-12-24 11:17:56.478331
3	table	public	test	DROP TABLE	recyclebin	md56e003aa8d4580d773dfb9ed218095350	2016-12-24 11:18:26.072341
4	table	public	test	DROP TABLE	recyclebin	md5987a31420a41c0335096e13bf3104bee	2016-12-24 11:24:28.805337
7	table	public	test	DROP TABLE	recyclebin	md5ab75b9adad19028dc139c9594c1ad283	2016-12-24 11:30:57.128355
9	table	recyclebin	test	DROP TABLE	recyclebin	md556dc1d9f932e19958780ec9088015531	2016-12-24 11:42:34.987422
10	table	public	test	DROP TABLE	recyclebin	md5dfe0ecb69b7f0c559b5512ac2cc3ac5f	2016-12-24 11:43:00.849329
11	table	public	test	DROP TABLE	recyclebin	md5be413eefcb0a06359a813ea235aec991	2016-12-24 11:51:46.498338
12	table	public	test1	DROP TABLE	recyclebin	md5c703b51dfd054b08b092df4e4ad24074	2016-12-24 11:51:46.498338
13	table	public	test2	DROP TABLE	recyclebin	md50b59927a9a61e0324d4434a246da79b6	2016-12-24 11:51:46.498338
14	table	public	test	DROP TABLE	recyclebin	md584b8a4bd192773d3bfe554016b4f4b46	2016-12-24 11:58:23.497347
15	table	public	test1	DROP TABLE	recyclebin	md59e63afc3c45a334f054e1a04711c1b9b	2016-12-24 11:58:23.497347
16	table	public	test2	DROP TABLE	recyclebin	md599fc68c328a54d5a4ded5cb98b5468eb	2016-12-24 11:58:23.497347
17	table	public	test3	DROP TABLE	recyclebin	md5de3d73b4c8d0afe47cbcd61ba9a8f7e1	2016-12-24 11:58:23.497347

(14 rows)
查看当前数据库中存在的事件触发器

digoal=# select * from pg_event_trigger ;

1. 类型转换

例如要从一个类型转换为另一个类型。

语法

CAST ( expression AS type )
expression::type
例子

postgres=# select cast('2017-01-01' as date);

date      

---

2017-01-01
(1 row)

postgres=# select '2017-01-01'::date;

date      

---

2017-01-01
(1 row)
自定义转换函数

语法

postgres=# \h create cast
Command: CREATE CAST
Description: define a new cast
Syntax:
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)

WITH FUNCTION function_name (argument_type [, ...])  
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]  

CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)

WITHOUT FUNCTION  
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]  

CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)

WITH INOUT  
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]  

例子

postgres=# select '12.1a.1'::text::numeric;
ERROR: invalid input syntax for type numeric: "12.1a.1"

postgres=# create or replace function text_to_numeric(text) returns numeric as $$
select to_number($1,'9999999999999999999999999.99999999999999');
$$ language sql strict;
CREATE FUNCTION
postgres=# select text_to_numeric('12.1a.1');

text_to_numeric

       12.11  

(1 row)

postgres=# create cast (text as numeric) with function text_to_numeric(text) ;
CREATE CAST

postgres=# select '12.1a.1'::text::numeric;

numeric

12.11
(1 row)