从零开始学Pytorch（四）softmax及其实现-阿里云开发者社区

softmax的基本概念

分类问题
softmax函数主要是用于分类问题，一般在全连接层后面使用。
权重矢量

因此softmax运算不改变预测类别输出。softmax回归对样本分类的矢量计算表达式为

交叉熵损失函数

模型训练与预测

获取Fashion-MNIST训练集和读取数据

图像分类数据集中最常用的是手写数字识别数据集MNIST[1]。但大部分模型在MNIST上的分类精度都超过了95%。为了更直观地观察算法之间的差异，我们将使用一个图像内容更加复杂的数据集Fashion-MNIST[2]。

我这里我们会使用torchvision包，主要用来构建计算机视觉模型。torchvision主要由以下几部分构成：

torchvision.datasets: 一些加载数据的函数及常用的数据集接口；
torchvision.models: 包含常用的模型结构（含预训练模型），例如AlexNet、VGG、ResNet等；
torchvision.transforms: 常用的图片变换，例如裁剪、旋转等；
torchvision.utils: 其他的一些有用的方法。

%matplotlib inline
from IPython import display
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import torch
import torchvision
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
import time
import sys
sys.path.append("/home/input")
import d2lzh1981 as d2l
#获取数据
mnist_train = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(root='/home/input/FashionMNIST2065', train=True, download=True, transform=transforms.ToTensor())
mnist_test = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(root='/home/input/FashionMNIST2065', train=False, download=True, transform=transforms.ToTensor())

class torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(root, train=True, transform=None, target_transform=None, download=False)

root（string）– 数据集的根目录，其中存放processed/training.pt和processed/test.pt文件。
train（bool, 可选）– 如果设置为True，从training.pt创建数据集，否则从test.pt创建。
download（bool, 可选）– 如果设置为True，从互联网下载数据并放到root文件夹下。如果root目录下已经存在数据，不会再次下载。
transform（可被调用 , 可选）– 一种函数或变换，输入PIL图片，返回变换之后的数据。如：transforms.RandomCrop。
target_transform（可被调用 , 可选）– 一种函数或变换，输入目标，进行变换。

#显示结果
print(type(mnist_train))
print(len(mnist_train), len(mnist_test))

输出：<class 'torchvision.datasets.mnist.FashionMNIST'> 60000 10000

# 我们可以通过下标来访问任意一个样本
feature, label = mnist_train[0]
print(feature.shape, label)  # Channel x Height x Width
输出torch.Size([1, 28, 28]) 9
mnist_PIL = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(root='/home/kesci/input/FashionMNIST2065', train=True, download=True)
PIL_feature, label = mnist_PIL[0]
# 本函数已保存在d2lzh包中方便以后使用
def get_fashion_mnist_labels(labels):
    text_labels = ['t-shirt', 'trouser', 'pullover', 'dress', 'coat',
                   'sandal', 'shirt', 'sneaker', 'bag', 'ankle boot']
    return [text_labels[int(i)] for i in labels]
def show_fashion_mnist(images, labels):
    d2l.use_svg_display()
    # 这里的_表示我们忽略（不使用）的变量
    _, figs = plt.subplots(1, len(images), figsize=(12, 12))
    for f, img, lbl in zip(figs, images, labels):
        f.imshow(img.view((28, 28)).numpy())
        f.set_title(lbl)
        f.axes.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
        f.axes.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
    plt.show()
X, y = [], []
for i in range(10):
    X.append(mnist_train[i][0]) # 将第i个feature加到X中
    y.append(mnist_train[i][1]) # 将第i个label加到y中
show_fashion_mnist(X, get_fashion_mnist_labels(y))

输出：

# 读取数据
batch_size = 256
num_workers = 4
train_iter = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True, num_workers=num_workers)
test_iter = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(mnist_test, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=False, num_workers=num_workers)

softmax从零开始的实现

import torch
import torchvision
import numpy as np
import sys
sys.path.append("/home/kesci/input")
import d2lzh1981 as d2l
#获取数据
batch_size = 256
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, root='/home/input/FashionMNIST2065')
#模型参数初始化
num_inputs = 784
num_outputs = 10
W = torch.tensor(np.random.normal(0, 0.01, (num_inputs, num_outputs)), dtype=torch.float)
b = torch.zeros(num_outputs, dtype=torch.float)
W.requires_grad_(requires_grad=True)
b.requires_grad_(requires_grad=True)

输出：tensor([0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.], requires_grad=True)

对多维Tensor按维度操作

X = torch.tensor([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
print(X.sum(dim=0, keepdim=True))  # dim为0，按照相同的列求和，并在结果中保留列特征
print(X.sum(dim=1, keepdim=True))  # dim为1，按照相同的行求和，并在结果中保留行特征
print(X.sum(dim=0, keepdim=False)) # dim为0，按照相同的列求和，不在结果中保留列特征
print(X.sum(dim=1, keepdim=False)) # dim为1，按照相同的行求和，不在结果中保留行特征

输出：tensor([[5, 7, 9]]) tensor([[ 6], [15]]) tensor([5, 7, 9]) tensor([ 6, 15])

定义softmax操作

def softmax(X):
    X_exp = X.exp()
    partition = X_exp.sum(dim=1, keepdim=True)
    #print("X size is ", X_exp.size())
    #print("partition size is ", partition, partition.size())
    return X_exp / partition  # 这里应用了广播机制
X = torch.rand((2, 5))
X_prob = softmax(X)
print(X_prob, '\n', X_prob.sum(dim=1))

输出：tensor([[0.2767, 0.1386, 0.1364, 0.1738, 0.2746], [0.1855, 0.1690, 0.1513, 0.3168, 0.1774]]) tensor([1.0000, 1.0000])

softmax回归模型

def net(X):
    return softmax(torch.mm(X.view((-1, num_inputs)), W) + b)

定义损失函数

y_hat = torch.tensor([[0.1, 0.3, 0.6], [0.3, 0.2, 0.5]])
y = torch.LongTensor([0, 2])
y_hat.gather(1, y.view(-1, 1))  #1表示按行相加
def cross_entropy(y_hat, y):
    return - torch.log(y_hat.gather(1, y.view(-1, 1)))

定义准确率

def accuracy(y_hat, y):
    return (y_hat.argmax(dim=1) == y).float().mean().item() #y_hat按行取最大的值与y比较
# 本函数已保存在d2lzh_pytorch包中方便以后使用。该函数将被逐步改进：它的完整实现将在“图像增广”一节中描述
def evaluate_accuracy(data_iter, net):  #data_iter是取数据的，net是网络
    acc_sum, n = 0.0, 0
    for X, y in data_iter:
        acc_sum += (net(X).argmax(dim=1) == y).float().sum().item()
        n += y.shape[0]
    return acc_sum / n

训练模型

num_epochs, lr = 5, 0.1
# 本函数已保存在d2lzh_pytorch包中方便以后使用
def train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, batch_size,
              params=None, lr=None, optimizer=None):
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        train_l_sum, train_acc_sum, n = 0.0, 0.0, 0
        for X, y in train_iter:
            y_hat = net(X)
            l = loss(y_hat, y).sum()
            # 梯度清零
            if optimizer is not None:
                optimizer.zero_grad()
            elif params is not None and params[0].grad is not None:
                for param in params:
                    param.grad.data.zero_()
            l.backward()
            if optimizer is None:
                d2l.sgd(params, lr, batch_size)
            else:
                optimizer.step() 
            train_l_sum += l.item()
            train_acc_sum += (y_hat.argmax(dim=1) == y).sum().item()
            n += y.shape[0]
        test_acc = evaluate_accuracy(test_iter, net)
        print('epoch %d, loss %.4f, train acc %.3f, test acc %.3f'
              % (epoch + 1, train_l_sum / n, train_acc_sum / n, test_acc))
train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, cross_entropy, num_epochs, batch_size, [W, b], lr)

模型预测

X, y = iter(test_iter).next()
true_labels = d2l.get_fashion_mnist_labels(y.numpy())
pred_labels = d2l.get_fashion_mnist_labels(net(X).argmax(dim=1).numpy())
titles = [true + '\n' + pred for true, pred in zip(true_labels, pred_labels)]
d2l.show_fashion_mnist(X[0:9], titles[0:9])

softmax的简洁实现

# 加载各种包或者模块
import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.nn import init
import numpy as np
import sys
sys.path.append("/home/input")
import d2lzh1981 as d2l
#初始化
batch_size = 256
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, root='/home/input/FashionMNIST2065')
#定义网络模型
num_inputs = 784
num_outputs = 10
class LinearNet(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_inputs, num_outputs):
        super(LinearNet, self).__init__()
        self.linear = nn.Linear(num_inputs, num_outputs)
    def forward(self, x): # x 的形状: (batch, 1, 28, 28)
        y = self.linear(x.view(x.shape[0], -1))
        return y
# net = LinearNet(num_inputs, num_outputs)
class FlattenLayer(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(FlattenLayer, self).__init__()
    def forward(self, x): # x 的形状: (batch, *, *, ...)
        return x.view(x.shape[0], -1)
from collections import OrderedDict
net = nn.Sequential(
        # FlattenLayer(),
        # LinearNet(num_inputs, num_outputs) 
        OrderedDict([
           ('flatten', FlattenLayer()),
           ('linear', nn.Linear(num_inputs, num_outputs))]) # 或者写成我们自己定义的 LinearNet(num_inputs, num_outputs) 也可以
        )
#初始化模型参数
init.normal_(net.linear.weight, mean=0, std=0.01)
init.constant_(net.linear.bias, val=0)
loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() 
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.1)
num_epochs = 5
d2l.train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, batch_size, None, None, optimizer)