随着流式处理的发展，出现了越来越多的工具和语言，使得数据处理变得更加高效、灵活和易用。在此背景下，SLS 推出了 SPL(SLS Processing Language) 语法，以此统一查询、端上处理、数据加工等的语法，保证了数据处理的灵活性。iLogtail 作为日志、时序数据采集器，在 2.0 版本中，全面支持了 SPL 。本文对处理插件进行了梳理，介绍了如何编写 SPL 语句，从插件处理模式迁移到 2.0 版本的 SPL 处理模式，帮助用户实现更加灵活的端上数据处理。

1. SPL

iLogtail 一共支持 3 种处理模式。

原生插件模式：由 C++ 实现的原生插件，性能最强。
拓展插件模式：由 Go 实现的拓展插件，提供了丰富的生态，足够灵活。
SPL 模式：随着 iLogtail 2.0 在 C++ 处理插件中支持了 SPL 的处理能力，对数据处理能力带来了很大的提升，兼顾性能与灵活性。用户只需要编写 SPL 语句，即可以利用 SPL 的计算能力，完成对数据的处理。SPL 语法可以参考链接

	特点	开发门槛
原生插件	C++ 实现性能高，资源开销极低较完善的算子能力	C++，开发门槛中等可灵活定制
扩展插件	Golang 实现较高的性能，资源开销低较完善的算子能力	Golang，开发门槛低可灵活定制
SPL	C++ 实现性能高，资源开销低全面的算子能力灵活组合	暂未开源，但是通过语法可解决大部分问题，免去编码。

总的来说，iLogtail 2.0 + SPL 主要有以下的优势：

统一数据处理语言：对于同样一种格式的数据，用户可以在不同场景中使用同一种语言进行处理，提高了数据处理的效率
查询处理更高效：SPL 对弱结构化数据友好，同时 SPL 主要算子由 C++ 实现，接近 iLogtail 1.X 版本的原生性能
丰富的工具和函数：SPL 提供了丰富的内置函数和算子，用户可以更加灵活地进行组合
简单易学：SPL 属于一种低代码语言，用户可以快速上手，日志搜索、处理一气呵成

接下来，本文将介绍如何用灵活的 SPL 语句，实现其他两种处理模式相同的处理能力。

2. 原生插件对比

2.1 正则解析

根据正则提取提取字段。输入 Nginx 格式：

127.0.0.1 - - [07/Jul/2022:10:43:30 +0800] "POST /PutData?Category=YunOsAccountOpLog" 0.024 18204 200 37 "-" "aliyun-sdk-java"

原有插件：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths: 
      - /workspaces/ilogtal/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_parse_regex_native
    SourceKey: content
    Regex: ([\d\.]+) \S+ \S+ \[(\S+) \S+\] \"(\w+) ([^\\"]*)\" ([\d\.]+) (\d+) (\d+) (\d+|-) \"([^\\"]*)\" \"([^\\"]*)\"
    Keys:
      - ip
      - time
      - method
      - url
      - request_time
      - request_length
      - status
      - length
      - ref_url
      - browser
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | parse-regexp content, '([\d\.]+) \S+ \S+ \[(\S+) \S+\] \"(\w+) ([^\\"]*)\" ([\d\.]+) (\d+) (\d+) (\d+|-) \"([^\\"]*)\" \"([^\\"]*)\"' as ip, time, method, url, request_time, request_length, status, length, ref_url, browser
      | project-away content
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{
    "ip": "127.0.0.1",
    "time": "07/Jul/2022:10:43:30",
    "method": "POST",
    "url": "/PutData?Category=YunOsAccountOpLog",
    "request_time": "0.024",
    "request_length": "18204",
    "status": "200",
    "length": "37",
    "ref_url": "-",
    "browser": "aliyun-sdk-java",
    "__time__": "1713184059"
}

2.2 分隔符解析

根据分隔符分隔提取字段，输入：

127.0.0.1,07/Jul/2022:10:43:30 +0800,POST,PutData Category=YunOsAccountOpLog,0.024,18204,200,37,-,aliyun-sdk-java

原有插件：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_parse_delimiter_native
    SourceKey: content
    Separator: ","
    Quote: '"'
    Keys:
      - ip
      - time
      - method
      - url
      - request_time
      - request_length
      - status
      - length
      - ref_url
      - browser
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | parse-csv content as ip, time, method, url, request_time, request_length, status, length, ref_url, browser
      | project-away content
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{
    "ip": "127.0.0.1",
    "time": "07/Jul/2022:10:43:30 +0800",
    "method": "POST",
    "url": "PutData?Category=YunOsAccountOpLog",
    "request_time": "0.024",
    "request_length": "18204",
    "status": "200",
    "length": "37",
    "ref_url": "-",
    "browser": "aliyun-sdk-java",
    "__time__": "1713231487"
}

2.3 Json 解析

解析 json 格式日志，输入：

{"url": "POST /PutData?Category=YunOsAccountOpLog HTTP/1.1","ip": "10.200.98.220",
    "user-agent": "aliyun-sdk-java",
    "request": "{\"status\":\"200\",\"latency\":\"18204\"}",
    "time": "07/Jul/2022:10:30:28",
    "__time__": "1713237315"
}

原有插件：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_parse_json_native
    SourceKey: content
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | parse-json content
      | project-away content
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{    "url": "POST /PutData?Category=YunOsAccountOpLog HTTP/1.1",
    "ip": "10.200.98.220",
    "user-agent": "aliyun-sdk-java",
    "request": "{\"status\":\"200\",\"latency\":\"18204\"}",
    "time": "07/Jul/2022:10:30:28",
    "__time__": "1713237315"
}

2.4 正则解析+时间解析

根据正则表达式解析字段，并将其中的一个字段解析成日志时间，输入：

127.0.0.1,07/Jul/2022:10:43:30 +0800,POST,PutData Category=YunOsAccountOpLog,0.024,18204,200,37,-,aliyun-sdk-java

原有插件：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_parse_regex_native
    SourceKey: content
    Regex: ([\d\.]+) \S+ \S+ \[(\S+) \S+\] \"(\w+) ([^\\"]*)\" ([\d\.]+) (\d+) (\d+) (\d+|-) \"([^\\"]*)\" \"([^\\"]*)\"
    Keys:
      - ip
      - time
      - method
      - url
      - request_time
      - request_length
      - status
      - length
      - ref_url
      - browser
  - Type: processor_parse_timestamp_native
    SourceKey: time
    SourceFormat: '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S'
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      * 
      | parse-regexp content, '([\d\.]+) \S+ \S+ \[(\S+)\] \"(\w+) ([^\\"]*)\" ([\d\.]+) (\d+) (\d+) (\d+|-) \"([^\\"]*)\" \"([^\\"]*)\"' as ip, time, method, url, request_time, request_length, status, length, ref_url, browser
      | extend ts=date_parse(time, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%S')
      | extend __time__=cast(to_unixtime(ts) as INTEGER)
      | project-away ts
      | project-away content
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{
    "ip": "127.0.0.1",
    "time": "07/Jul/2022:10:43:30 +0800",
    "method": "POST",
    "url": "PutData?Category=YunOsAccountOpLog",
    "request_time": "0.024",
    "request_length": "18204",
    "status": "200",
    "length": "37",
    "ref_url": "-",
    "browser": "aliyun-sdk-java",
    "__time__": "1713231487"
}

2.5 正则解析+过滤

根据正则表达式解析字段，并根据解析后的字段值过滤日志。输入：

127.0.0.1 - - [07/Jul/2022:10:43:30 +0800] "POST /PutData?Category=YunOsAccountOpLog" 0.024 18204 200 37 "-" "aliyun-sdk-java"
127.0.0.1 - - [07/Jul/2022:10:44:30 +0800] "Get /PutData?Category=YunOsAccountOpLog" 0.024 18204 200 37 "-" "aliyun-sdk-java"

原有插件：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_parse_regex_native
    SourceKey: content
    Regex: ([\d\.]+) \S+ \S+ \[(\S+) \S+\] \"(\w+) ([^\\"]*)\" ([\d\.]+) (\d+) (\d+) (\d+|-) \"([^\\"]*)\" \"([^\\"]*)\"
    Keys:
      - ip
      - time
      - method
      - url
      - request_time
      - request_length
      - status
      - length
      - ref_url
      - browser
  - Type: processor_filter_regex_native
    FilterKey:
      - method
      - status
    FilterRegex:
      - ^(POST|PUT)$
      - ^200$
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | parse-regexp content, '([\d\.]+) \S+ \S+ \[(\S+) \S+\] \"(\w+) ([^\\"]*)\" ([\d\.]+) (\d+) (\d+) (\d+|-) \"([^\\"]*)\" \"([^\\"]*)\"' as ip, time, method, url, request_time, request_length, status, length, ref_url, browser
      | project-away content
      | where regexp_like(method, '^(POST|PUT)$') and regexp_like(status, '^200$')
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{
    "ip": "127.0.0.1",
    "time": "07/Jul/2022:10:43:30",
    "method": "POST",
    "url": "/PutData?Category=YunOsAccountOpLog",
    "request_time": "0.024",
    "request_length": "18204",
    "status": "200",
    "length": "37",
    "ref_url": "-",
    "browser": "aliyun-sdk-java",
    "__time__": "1713238839"
}

2.6 脱敏

将日志中的敏感信息脱敏。输入：

{"account":"1812213231432969","password":"04a23f38"}

原有插件：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_desensitize_native
    SourceKey: content
    Method: const
    ReplacingString: "******"
    ContentPatternBeforeReplacedString: 'password":"'
    ReplacedContentPattern: '[^"]+'
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | parse-regexp content, 'password":"(\S+)"' as password
      | extend content=replace(content, password, '******')
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{
    "content": "{\"account\":\"1812213231432969\",\"password\":\"******\"}",
    "__time__": "1713239305"
}

3. 拓展插件对比

3.1 添加字段

在输出结果中添加字段，输入：

this is a test log

原有插件：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_add_fields
    Fields:
      service: A
    IgnoreIfExist: false
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | extend service='A'
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{
    "content": "this is a test log",
    "service": "A",
    "__time__": "1713240293"
}

3.2 Json 解析+丢弃字段

解析 json 并删除解析后的指定字段。输入：

{"key1": 123456, "key2": "abcd"}

原有插件：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_parse_json_native
    SourceKey: content
  - Type: processor_drop
    DropKeys: 
      - key1
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | parse-json content
      | project-away content
      | project-away key1
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{    "key2": "abcd",
    "__time__": "1713245944"
}

3.3 Json 解析+重命名字段

解析 json 并重命名解析后的字段。输入：

{"key1": 123456, "key2": "abcd"}

原有插件：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_parse_json_native
    SourceKey: content
  - Type: processor_rename
    SourceKeys:
      - key1
    DestKeys:
      - new_key1
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | parse-json content
      | project-away content
      | project-rename new_key1=key1
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{
    "new_key1": "123456",
    "key2": "abcd",
    "__time__": "1713249130"
}

3.4 Json 解析+过滤日志

解析 json 并根据字段条件过滤日志。输入：

{"ip": "10.**.**.**", "method": "POST", "browser": "aliyun-sdk-java"}
{"ip": "10.**.**.**", "method": "POST", "browser": "chrome"}
{"ip": "192.168.**.**", "method": "POST", "browser": "aliyun-sls-ilogtail"}

原有插件：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_parse_json_native
    SourceKey: content
  - Type: processor_filter_regex
    Include:
      ip: "10\\..*"
      method: POST
    Exclude:
      browser: "aliyun.*"
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: tru

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | parse-json content
      | project-away content
      | where regexp_like(ip, '10\..*') and regexp_like(method, 'POST') and not regexp_like(browser, 'aliyun.*')
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: tru

输出：

{
    "ip": "10.**.**.**",
    "method": "POST",
    "browser": "chrome",
    "__time__": "1713246645"
}

3.5 Json 解析+字段值映射处理

解析 json 并根据字段值的不同，映射为不同的值。输入：

{"_ip_":"192.168.0.1","Index":"900000003"}
{"_ip_":"255.255.255.255","Index":"3"}

原有插件：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_parse_json_native
    SourceKey: content
  - Type: processor_dict_map
    MapDict:
      "127.0.0.1": "LocalHost-LocalHost"
      "192.168.0.1": "default login"
    SourceKey: "_ip_"
    DestKey: "_processed_ip_"
    Mode: "overwrite"
    HandleMissing": true
    Missing: "Not Detected"
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | parse-json content
      | project-away content
      | extend _processed_ip_= 
      CASE 
        WHEN _ip_ = '127.0.0.1' THEN 'LocalHost-LocalHost' 
        WHEN _ip_ = '192.168.0.1' THEN 'default login' 
        ELSE 'Not Detected'
      END
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{
    "_ip_": "192.168.0.1",
    "Index": "900000003",
    "_processed_ip_": "default login",
    "__time__": "1713259557"
}

3.6 字符串替换

替换日志中的指定字符串。输入：

hello,how old are you? nice to meet you

原有插件：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_string_replace
    SourceKey: content
    Method: const
    Match: "how old are you?"
    ReplaceString: ""
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | extend content=replace(content, 'how old are you?', '')
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{    "content": "hello, nice to meet you",
    "__time__": "1713260499"
}

3.7 数据编码与解码

Base64

对日志进行 Base64 加密。输入：

this is a test log

原有插件：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_base64_encoding
    SourceKey: content
    NewKey: content1
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | extend content1=to_base64(cast(content as varbinary))
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{    "content": "this is a test log",
    "content1": "dGhpcyBpcyBhIHRlc3QgbG9n",
    "__time__": "1713318724"
}

MD5

对日志进行 MD5 加密。输入：

hello,how old are you? nice to meet you

原有插件：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_string_replace
    SourceKey: content
    Method: const
    Match: "how old are you?"
    ReplaceString: ""
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | extend content1=lower(to_hex(md5(cast(content as varbinary))))
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{
    "content": "this is a test log",
    "content1": "4f3c93e010f366eca78e00dc1ed08984",
    "__time__": "1713319673"
}

4. 新增能力项

4.1 数学计算

输入：4。

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | extend val = cast(content as double)
      | extend power_test = power(val, 2)
      | extend round_test = round(val)
      | extend sqrt_test = sqrt(val)
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{
    "content": "4",
    "power_test": 16.0,
    "round_test": 4.0,
    "sqrt_test": 2.0,
    "val": 4.0,
    "__time__": "1713319673"
}

4.2 URL 计算

URL 编码解码

输入：

https://homenew.console.aliyun.com/home/dashboard/ProductAndService

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | extend encoded = url_encode(content)
      | extend decoded = url_decode(encoded)
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{
    "content": "https://homenew.console.aliyun.com/home/dashboard/ProductAndService",
    "decoded": "https://homenew.console.aliyun.com/home/dashboard/ProductAndService",
    "encoded": "https%3A%2F%2Fhomenew.console.aliyun.com%2Fhome%2Fdashboard%2FProductAndService",
    "__time__": "1713319673"
}

URL 提取

输入：

https://sls.console.aliyun.com:443/lognext/project/dashboard-all/logsearch/nginx-demo?accounttraceid=d6241a173f88471c91d3405cda010ff5ghdw

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | extend host = url_extract_host(content)
      | extend query = url_extract_query(content)
      | extend path = url_extract_path(content) 
      | extend protocol = url_extract_protocol(content) 
      | extend port = url_extract_port(content) 
      | extend param = url_extract_parameter(content, 'accounttraceid')
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{
    "content": "https://sls.console.aliyun.com:443/lognext/project/dashboard-all/logsearch/nginx-demo?accounttraceid=d6241a173f88471c91d3405cda010ff5ghdw",
    "host": "sls.console.aliyun.com",
    "param": "d6241a173f88471c91d3405cda010ff5ghdw",
    "path": "/lognext/project/dashboard-all/logsearch/nginx-demo",
    "port": "443",
    "protocol": "https",
    "query": "accounttraceid=d6241a173f88471c91d3405cda010ff5ghdw",
    "__time__": "1713319673"
}

4.3 比较&逻辑运算符

输入：

{"num1": 199, "num2": 10, "num3": 9}

SPL：

enable: true
inputs:
  - Type: input_file
    FilePaths:
      - /workspaces/ilogtail/debug/simple.log
processors:
  - Type: processor_spl
    Script: |
      *
      | parse-json content
      | extend compare_result = cast(num1 as double) > cast(num2 as double) AND cast(num2 as double) > cast(num3 as double)
flushers:
  - Type: flusher_stdout
    OnlyStdout: true

输出：

{    "compare_result": "true",
    "content": "{\"num1\": 199, \"num2\": 10, \"num3\": 9}",
    "num1": "199",
    "num2": "10",
    "num3": "9",
    "__time__": "1713319673"
}

5. 其他

更多能力请参考链接

欢迎大家补充更多 iLogtail SPL 实践案例！

作者：阿柄

一文教会你如何使用 iLogtail SPL 处理日志

1. SPL

2. 原生插件对比

2.1 正则解析

2.2 分隔符解析

2.3 Json 解析

2.4 正则解析+时间解析

2.5 正则解析+过滤

2.6 脱敏

3. 拓展插件对比

3.1 添加字段

3.2 Json 解析+丢弃字段

3.3 Json 解析+重命名字段

3.4 Json 解析+过滤日志

3.5 Json 解析+字段值映射处理

3.6 字符串替换

3.7 数据编码与解码

Base64

MD5

4. 新增能力项

4.1 数学计算

4.2 URL 计算

URL 编码解码

URL 提取

4.3 比较&逻辑运算符

5. 其他

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