17. head
head [选项] [文件]
作用：用来显示档案的开头至标准输出中，默认head命令打印其相应文件的开头10行
-n<行数> 显示的行数
//原本myfile.txt文件中有一百行，head默认显示前十行 [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 900 Nov 17 23:25 myfile.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# head myfile.txt hello 0 hello 1 hello 2 hello 3 hello 4 hello 5 hello 6 hello 7 hello 8 hello 9 [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 900 Nov 17 23:25 myfile.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# head -n3 myfile.txt hello 0 hello 1 hello 2 [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]#
18. tail
tail [必要选项] [选择选项] [文件]
作用： 用于显示指定文件末尾内容，不指定文件时，作为输入信息进行处理。常用查看日志文件
-f : 循环读取
-n<行数> 显示行数
//myfile.txt文件中有100行hello [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 900 Nov 17 23:25 myfile.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# tail myfile.txt hello 91 hello 92 hello 93 hello 94 hello 95 hello 96 hello 97 hello 98 hello 99 hello 100 //默认是文本最后十行
补充：| : 此符号表示命令行管道
root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# clear [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 900 Nov 17 23:25 myfile.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat myfile.txt | wc -l 101 [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]#
怎么理解管道呢？
//管道用途：显示大文本中的中间内容或任意想提取的内容 [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 900 Nov 17 23:25 myfile.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# wc -l myfile.txt 101 myfile.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat myfile.txt | head -n50 | tail -n10 hello 40 hello 41 hello 42 hello 43 hello 44 hello 45 hello 46 hello 47 hello 48 hello 49 [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]#
19. date
data [选项] [+format]
作用：显示时间
- %H : 小时
- %M : 分钟
- %S : 秒
- %X : 相当于 %H:%M:%S
- %d : 日
- %m : 月份
- %Y : 完整年份
- %F :相当于%Y-%m-%d
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# date +%F/%X 2022-11-18/12:00:31 AM
补充：时间戳
时间->时间戳：date +%s
时间戳->时间：date -d@时间戳
[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# date +%s 1668781140 [root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# date -d@1668781140 Fri Nov 18 22:19:00 CST 2022 [root@VM-12-12-centos ~]#
20. cal
cal [参数] [月份] [年份]
作用：用于查看日历等时间信息
-y 显示当前年份的日历
-j 显示当年中的第几天（一年日期按天算，从1月1号算起，默认显示当前月在一年中的天数）
[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# cal -y 2019 2019 January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April May June Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 28 29 30 26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July August September Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 30 October November December Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 29 30 31 [root@VM-12-12-centos ~]#
21. sort
sort [选项] 文件名
作用：按照每行的第一个字母依次向后对齐比较ASCII码值（类似strcmp函数），默认升序
-r 按照降序排序
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 0 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 18 22:26 test.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# nano test.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat test.txt 1111 111 2222 22222 3333 4444 7777 9999 [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# sort test.txt 111 1111 2222 22222 3333 4444 7777 9999 [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]#
22. uniq
作用：相邻内容去重
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 40 Nov 18 22:29 test.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# nano test.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 61 Nov 18 22:32 test.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# clear [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 61 Nov 18 22:32 test.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat test.txt 1111 111 2222 22222 3333 4444 7777 9999 9999 0000 0000 1111 [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# uniq test.txt 1111 111 2222 22222 3333 4444 7777 9999 0000 1111 [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# sort test.txt | uniq 0000 111 1111 2222 22222 3333 4444 7777 9999 [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]#
23. find
find pathname -options filename
作用：用于在文件树中查看文件
-name 按照文件名查找文件
[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# tree . `-- study_2022_11_11 |-- instruction1 | `-- test.txt `-- README.txt 2 directories, 2 files [root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# cd study_2022_11_11/instruction1/ [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# pwd /root/study_2022_11_11/instruction1 [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# find ~ -name test.txt /root/study_2022_11_11/instruction1/test.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]#
24. which
作用：搜索指令路径
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# which ls alias ls='ls --color=auto' /usr/bin/ls [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# which man /usr/bin/man [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# which touch /usr/bin/touch [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# which echo /usr/bin/echo [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]#
25. whereis
作用：查找文件
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# whereis test test: /usr/bin/test /usr/share/man/man1/test.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1p/test.1p.gz [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# whereis ls ls: /usr/bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1p/ls.1p.gz
26. alias
作用：给特定命令起别名
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# alias myls='ls -a -l -i -n' [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# myls total 12 656403 drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Nov 18 22:45 . 656417 drwxr-xr-x 3 0 0 4096 Nov 16 21:29 .. 656463 -rw-r--r-- 1 0 0 61 Nov 18 22:32 test.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# which myls alias myls='ls -a -l -i -n' /usr/bin/ls [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]#
27. grep
grep [选项] 搜寻字符串 文件
作用：在文件中搜索字符串，将找到的行打印出来
-n 输出行号
-v 反向选择
-i 忽略大小写
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 61 Nov 18 22:32 test.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat test.txt 1111 111 2222 22222 3333 4444 7777 9999 9999 0000 0000 1111 [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# grep '11' test.txt 1111 111 1111 [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# grep -v '11' test.txt 2222 22222 3333 4444 7777 9999 9999 0000 0000 [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]#
28. zip/unzip
zip 压缩文件.zip 目录或文件
作用：将目录或文件压缩成zip格式
-r 递 归处理，将指定目录下的所有文件和子目录一并处理
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 4 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 18 23:02 test [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# zip test.zip . zip error: Nothing to do! (test.zip) //err operation [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# zip test.zip test adding: test/ (stored 0%) [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 8 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 18 23:02 test -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 160 Nov 18 23:03 test.zip [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# tree . |-- test | `-- test.txt `-- test.zip 1 directory, 2 files [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# //打包目录需要递归打包
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 4 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 18 23:06 test [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# zip -r test.zip test adding: test/ (stored 0%) adding: test/test.txt (deflated 23%) [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 8 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 18 23:06 test -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 341 Nov 18 23:10 test.zip [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# tree . |-- test | `-- test.txt `-- test.zip 1 directory, 2 files [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 8 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 18 23:06 test -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 341 Nov 18 23:10 test.zip [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# mkdir myfile [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 12 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 18 23:11 myfile drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 18 23:06 test -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 341 Nov 18 23:10 test.zip [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# mv test.zip myfile [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll total 8 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 18 23:11 myfile drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 18 23:06 test [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# tree . |-- myfile | `-- test.zip `-- test `-- test.txt 2 directories, 2 files [root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cd myfile/ [root@VM-12-12-centos myfile]# ll total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 341 Nov 18 23:10 test.zip [root@VM-12-12-centos myfile]# unzip test.zip Archive: test.zip creating: test/ inflating: test/test.txt [root@VM-12-12-centos myfile]# ll total 8 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 18 23:06 test -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 341 Nov 18 23:10 test.zip [root@VM-12-12-centos myfile]# tree . |-- test | `-- test.txt `-- test.zip 1 directory, 2 files [root@VM-12-12-centos myfile]# //递归处理后就拿到了目录中的文件
补充：
解压到tmp目录：unzip test2.zip -d /tmp
29. tar
tar [-cxtzjvf] 文件与目录
-c : 创建一个压缩文件
-x : 解开一个压缩文件
-t : 查看tarfile里面文件
-z : 是否同时具有gzip的属性以及是否同时需要用gzip压缩
-f : 使用档名，在f之后立即接档名（建立f选项放在所有选项后）
-v : 压缩的过程中显示文件
-C : 解压到指定目录(和zip中的-d选项一样作用)
[yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$ ll total 4 drwxrwxr-x 3 yinhan yinhan 4096 Nov 23 10:51 tar [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$ tar -czf tar.tgz tar [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$ ll= total 8 drwxrwxr-x 3 yinhan yinhan 4096 Nov 23 10:51 tar -rw-rw-r-- 1 yinhan yinhan 183 Nov 23 10:52 tar.tgz [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$ tree . |-- tar | |-- file.txt | |-- test.c | `-- tmp `-- tar.tgz 2 directories, 3 files [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$ rm -rf tar [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$ ll total 4 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yinhan yinhan 183 Nov 23 10:52 tar.tgz [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$ tar -xzf tar.tgz [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$ ll total 8 drwxrwxr-x 3 yinhan yinhan 4096 Nov 23 10:51 tar -rw-rw-r-- 1 yinhan yinhan 183 Nov 23 10:52 tar.tgz [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$ tre -bash: tre: command not found [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$ tree . |-- tar | |-- file.txt | |-- test.c | `-- tmp `-- tar.tgz 2 directories, 3 files [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$
固定格式就是这样压缩用-czf，解压用-xzf
//查看压缩包内容操作 [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos ~]$ ll total 8 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yinhan yinhan 50 Nov 23 00:26 README.txt drwxrwxr-x 3 yinhan yinhan 4096 Nov 23 10:53 trunk [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos ~]$ tree . |-- README.txt `-- trunk |-- tar | |-- file.txt | |-- test.c | `-- tmp `-- tar.tgz 3 directories, 4 files [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos ~]$ cd trunk/ [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$ ll total 8 drwxrwxr-x 3 yinhan yinhan 4096 Nov 23 10:51 tar -rw-rw-r-- 1 yinhan yinhan 183 Nov 23 10:52 tar.tgz [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$ tar -tf tar.tgz tar/ tar/test.c tar/file.txt tar/tmp/ [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$ tar -tzvf tar.tgz drwxrwxr-x yinhan/yinhan 0 2022-11-23 10:51 tar/ -rw-rw-r-- yinhan/yinhan 0 2022-11-23 10:51 tar/test.c -rw-rw-r-- yinhan/yinhan 0 2022-11-23 10:51 tar/file.txt drwxrwxr-x yinhan/yinhan 0 2022-11-23 10:51 tar/tmp/
30. bc
作用：进行运算
[yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$ echo "1+3+8" | bc 12
31. uname -r
uname [选项]
作用：uname用来获取电脑和操作系统的相关信息
-a或–all 详细输出所有信息，依次为内核名称，主机名，内核版本号，内核版本，硬件名，处理器类
型，硬件平台类型，操作系统名称
[yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$ uname -a Linux VM-12-12-centos 3.10.0-1160.71.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Jun 28 15:37:28 UTC 2022 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux [yinhan@VM-12-12-centos trunk]$
32. 热键
ctrl + c : 强制终止非正常输入
tab : 补全文件或指令
ctrl + d : 退出的意思
向上或向下键：用来查阅上次或下次的指令
ctrl + insert : 复制
shift + insert : 粘贴
ctrl + r : 在历史指令中搜索
history : 列出所有历史指令
33. 创建私人用户
adduser + 用户 : 添加用户到home目录
passwd + 用户 ： 设置密码 (这里设置密码是没有回显的)
userdel -r + 用户 ： 删除用户
