Android异步消息机制
2019-05-17
677
简介:
目录介绍
1.Handler的常见的使用方式
2.如何在子线程中定义Handler
3.主线程如何自动调用Looper.prepare()
4.Looper.prepare()方法源码分析
5.Looper中用什么存储消息
6.
目录介绍
- 1.Handler的常见的使用方式
- 2.如何在子线程中定义Handler
- 3.主线程如何自动调用Looper.prepare()
- 4.Looper.prepare()方法源码分析
- 5.Looper中用什么存储消息
- 6.Handler发送消息如何运作
- 7.Looper.loop()方法源码分析
- 8.runOnUiThread如何实现子线程更新UI
- 9.Handler的post方法和view的post方法
- 10.主线程中Looper的轮询死循环为何没阻塞主线程
- 11.得出部分结论
好消息
- 01.基础组件(9篇)
- 02.IPC机制(0篇)
- 03.View原理(7篇)
- 04.动画机制(2篇)
- 05.View事件(9篇)
- 06.消息机制(6篇)
- 07.多媒体(9篇)
- 08.View事件(4篇)
- 09.多线程(4篇)
- 10.Window(11篇)
- 11.WebView(4篇)
- 12.网络相关(7篇)
- 13.注解(14篇)
- 14.音视频(13篇)
- 15.优化相关(8篇)
- 16.设计模式(4篇)
- 20.零碎笔记(12篇)
- 21.kotlin学习(1篇)
- 22.源码分析(11篇)
- 23.架构技术(13篇)
- 25.RecyclerView(21篇)
- 博客笔记大汇总【16年3月到至今】,包括Java基础及深入知识点,Android技术博客,Python学习笔记等等,还包括平时开发中遇到的bug汇总,当然也在工作之余收集了大量的面试题,长期更新维护并且修正,持续完善……开源的文件是markdown格式的!同时也开源了生活博客,从12年起,积累共计N篇[近100万字,陆续搬到网上],转载请注明出处,谢谢!
- 链接地址:https://github.com/yangchong211/YCBlogs
- 如果觉得好,可以star一下,谢谢!当然也欢迎提出建议,万事起于忽微,量变引起质变!
1.Handler的常见的使用方式
-
handler机制大家都比较熟悉呢。在子线程中发送消息,主线程接受到消息并且处理逻辑。如下所示
- 一般handler的使用方式都是在主线程中定义Handler,然后在子线程中调用mHandler.sendXx()方法,这里有一个疑问可以在子线程中定义Handler吗?
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private TextView tv ;
/**
* 在主线程中定义Handler,并实现对应的handleMessage方法
*/
public static Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.what == 101) {
Log.i("MainActivity", "接收到handler消息...");
}
}
};
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
tv = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tv);
tv.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
new Thread() {
@Override
public void run() {
// 在子线程中发送异步消息
mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(1);
}
}.start();
}
});
}
}
2.如何在子线程中定义Handler
-
直接在子线程中创建handler,看看会出现什么情况?
- 运行后可以得出在子线程中定义Handler对象出错,难道Handler对象的定义或者是初始化只能在主线程中?其实不是这样的,错误信息中提示的已经很明显了,在初始化Handler对象之前需要调用Looper.prepare()方法
tv.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
new Thread() {
@Override
public void run() {
Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.what == 1) {
Log.i(TAG, "在子线程中定义Handler,接收并处理消息");
}
}
};
}
}.start();
}
});
tv.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
new Thread() {
@Override
public void run() {
Looper.prepare();
Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.what == 1) {
Log.i(TAG, "在子线程中定义Handler,接收并处理消息");
}
}
};
Looper.loop();
}
}.start();
}
});
3.主线程如何自动调用Looper.prepare()
-
首先直接可以看在App初始化的时候会执行ActivityThread的main方法中的代码,如下所示
- 可以看到Looper.prepare()方法在这里调用,所以在主线程中可以直接初始化Handler了。
public static void main(String[] args) {
//省略部分代码
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
thread.attach(false);
if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
}
if (false) {
Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
}
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
Looper.loop();
throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}
-
并且可以看到还调用了:Looper.loop()方法,可以知道一个Handler的标准写法其实是这样的
Looper.prepare();
Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.what == 101) {
Log.i(TAG, "在子线程中定义Handler,并接收到消息");
}
}
};
Looper.loop();
4.Looper.prepare()方法源码分析
-
源码如下所示
- 可以看到Looper中有一个ThreadLocal成员变量,熟悉JDK的同学应该知道,当使用ThreadLocal维护变量时,ThreadLocal为每个使用该变量的线程提供独立的变量副本,所以每一个线程都可以独立地改变自己的副本,而不会影响其它线程所对应的副本。
public static void prepare() {
prepare(true);
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
-
思考:Looper.prepare()能否调用两次或者多次
- 如果运行,则会报错,并提示prepare中的Excetion信息。由此可以得出在每个线程中Looper.prepare()能且只能调用一次
//这里Looper.prepare()方法调用了两次
Looper.prepare();
Looper.prepare();
Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.what == 1) {
Log.i(TAG, "在子线程中定义Handler,并接收到消息。。。");
}
}
};
Looper.loop();
5.Looper中用什么存储消息
6.Handler发送消息如何运作
-
首先看看构造方法
- 可以看出在Handler的构造方法中,主要初始化了一下变量,并判断Handler对象的初始化不应再内部类,静态类,匿名类中,并且保存了当前线程中的Looper对象。
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
-
看handler.sendMessage(msg)方法
- 关于下面得源码,是步步追踪,看enqueueMessage这个方法,原来msg.target就是Handler对象本身;而这里的queue对象就是我们的Handler内部维护的Looper对象关联的MessageQueue对象。
handler.sendMessage(message);
//追踪到这一步
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg){
return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
-
看MessageQueue对象的enqueueMessage方法
- 看到这里MessageQueue并没有使用列表将所有的Message保存起来,而是使用Message.next保存下一个Message,从而按照时间将所有的Message排序
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
if (msg.target == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
}
if (msg.isInUse()) {
throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
}
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuitting) {
IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
msg.recycle();
return false;
}
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
// Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake
// up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
// and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
Message prev;
for (;;) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
return true;
}
7.Looper.loop()方法源码分析
-
看看里面得源码,如下所示
- 看到Looper.loop()方法里起了一个死循环,不断的判断MessageQueue中的消息是否为空,如果为空则直接return掉,然后执行queue.next()方法
public static void loop() {
final Looper me = myLooper();
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
// This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
if (logging != null) {
logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
}
final long slowDispatchThresholdMs = me.mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;
final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
}
final long start = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
final long end;
try {
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
} finally {
if (traceTag != 0) {
Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
}
}
if (slowDispatchThresholdMs > 0) {
final long time = end - start;
if (time > slowDispatchThresholdMs) {
Slog.w(TAG, "Dispatch took " + time + "ms on "
+ Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", h=" +
msg.target + " cb=" + msg.callback + " msg=" + msg.what);
}
}
if (logging != null) {
logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
}
// Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
// identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
if (ident != newIdent) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
+ msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
+ msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
}
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
-
看queue.next()方法源码
- 大概的实现逻辑就是Message的出栈操作,里面可能对线程,并发控制做了一些限制等。获取到栈顶的Message对象之后开始执行:msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)
Message next() {
// Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
// This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
// which is not supported.
final long ptr = mPtr;
if (ptr == 0) {
return null;
}
int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
for (;;) {
if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
Binder.flushPendingCommands();
}
nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
synchronized (this) {
// Try to retrieve the next message. Return if found.
final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
Message prevMsg = null;
Message msg = mMessages;
if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
// Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
do {
prevMsg = msg;
msg = msg.next;
} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
}
if (msg != null) {
if (now < msg.when) {
// Next message is not ready. Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
} else {
// Got a message.
mBlocked = false;
if (prevMsg != null) {
prevMsg.next = msg.next;
} else {
mMessages = msg.next;
}
msg.next = null;
if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
msg.markInUse();
return msg;
}
} else {
// No more messages.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
}
// Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
if (mQuitting) {
dispose();
return null;
}
// If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
// Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
// in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
&& (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
}
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
// No idle handlers to run. Loop and wait some more.
mBlocked = true;
continue;
}
if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
}
mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
}
// Run the idle handlers.
// We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler
boolean keep = false;
try {
keep = idler.queueIdle();
} catch (Throwable t) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
}
if (!keep) {
synchronized (this) {
mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
}
}
}
// Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;
// While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
// so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
}
}
-
那么msg.target是什么呢?通过追踪可以知道就是定义的Handler对象,然后查看一下Handler类的dispatchMessage方法:
- 可以看到,如果我们设置了callback(Runnable对象)的话,则会直接调用handleCallback方法
- 在初始化Handler的时候设置了callback(Runnable)对象,则直接调用run方法。
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
message.callback.run();
}
8.runOnUiThread如何实现子线程更新UI
9.Handler的post方法和view的post方法
-
Handler的post方法实现很简单,如下所示
mHandler.post(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
}
});
public final boolean post(Runnable r){
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
-
view的post方法也很简单,如下所示
- 可以发现其调用的就是activity中默认保存的handler对象的post方法
public boolean post(Runnable action) {
final AttachInfo attachInfo = mAttachInfo;
if (attachInfo != null) {
return attachInfo.mHandler.post(action);
}
ViewRootImpl.getRunQueue().post(action);
return true;
}
public void post(Runnable action) {
postDelayed(action, 0);
}
public void postDelayed(Runnable action, long delayMillis) {
final HandlerAction handlerAction = new HandlerAction(action, delayMillis);
synchronized (this) {
if (mActions == null) {
mActions = new HandlerAction[4];
}
mActions = GrowingArrayUtils.append(mActions, mCount, handlerAction);
mCount++;
}
}
10.主线程中Looper的轮询死循环为何没阻塞主线程
-
造成ANR的原因
-
造成ANR的原因一般有两种:
- 当前的事件没有机会得到处理(即主线程正在处理前一个事件,没有及时的完成或者looper被某种原因阻塞住了)
- 当前的事件正在处理,但没有及时完成
- 为了避免ANR异常,android使用了Handler消息处理机制。让耗时操作在子线程运行。
-
问题描述
- 在处理消息的时候使用了Looper.loop()方法,并且在该方法中进入了一个死循环,同时Looper.loop()方法是在主线程中调用的,那么为什么没有造成阻塞呢?
-
ActivityThread中main方法
- ActivityThread类的注释上可以知道这个类管理着我们平常所说的主线程(UI线程)
- 首先 ActivityThread 并不是一个 Thread,就只是一个 final 类而已。我们常说的主线程就是从这个类的 main 方法开始,main 方法很简短
public static final void main(String[] args) {
...
//创建Looper和MessageQueue
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
...
//轮询器开始轮询
Looper.loop();
...
}
-
Looper.loop()方法无限循环
- 看看Looper.loop()方法无限循环部分的代码
while (true) {
//取出消息队列的消息,可能会阻塞
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
...
//解析消息,分发消息
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
...
}
-
为什么这个死循环不会造成ANR异常呢?
- 因为Android 的是由事件驱动的,looper.loop() 不断地接收事件、处理事件,每一个点击触摸或者说Activity的生命周期都是运行在 Looper.loop() 的控制之下,如果它停止了,应用也就停止了。只能是某一个消息或者说对消息的处理阻塞了 Looper.loop(),而不是 Looper.loop() 阻塞它。
-
处理消息handleMessage方法
- 如下所示
- 可以看见Activity的生命周期都是依靠主线程的Looper.loop,当收到不同Message时则采用相应措施。
- 如果某个消息处理时间过长,比如你在onCreate(),onResume()里面处理耗时操作,那么下一次的消息比如用户的点击事件不能处理了,整个循环就会产生卡顿,时间一长就成了ANR。
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
if (DEBUG_MESSAGES) Slog.v(TAG, ">>> handling: " + codeToString(msg.what));
switch (msg.what) {
case LAUNCH_ACTIVITY: {
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityStart");
final ActivityClientRecord r = (ActivityClientRecord) msg.obj;
r.packageInfo = getPackageInfoNoCheck(r.activityInfo.applicationInfo, r.compatInfo);
handleLaunchActivity(r, null);
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
}
break;
case RELAUNCH_ACTIVITY: {
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityRestart");
ActivityClientRecord r = (ActivityClientRecord) msg.obj;
handleRelaunchActivity(r);
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
}
break;
case PAUSE_ACTIVITY:
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityPause");
handlePauseActivity((IBinder) msg.obj, false, (msg.arg1 & 1) != 0, msg.arg2, (msg.arg1 & 2) != 0);
maybeSnapshot();
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
break;
case PAUSE_ACTIVITY_FINISHING:
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityPause");
handlePauseActivity((IBinder) msg.obj, true, (msg.arg1 & 1) != 0, msg.arg2, (msg.arg1 & 1) != 0);
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
break;
...........
}
}
-
loop的循环消耗性能吗?
- 主线程Looper从消息队列读取消息,当读完所有消息时,主线程阻塞。子线程往消息队列发送消息,并且往管道文件写数据,主线程即被唤醒,从管道文件读取数据,主线程被唤醒只是为了读取消息,当消息读取完毕,再次睡眠。因此loop的循环并不会对CPU性能有过多的消耗。
-
得出结论
- 简单的来说:ActivityThread的main方法主要就是做消息循环,一旦退出消息循环,那么你的程序也就可以退出了。
11.得出部分结论
-
得出得结论如下所示
- 1.主线程中定义Handler对象,ActivityThread的main方法中会自动创建一个looper,并且与其绑定。如果是子线程中直接创建handler对象,则需要手动创建looper。不过手动创建不太友好,需要手动调用quit方法结束looper。这个后面再说
- 2.一个线程中只存在一个Looper对象,只存在一个MessageQueue对象,可以存在N个Handler对象,Handler对象内部关联了本线程中唯一的Looper对象,Looper对象内部关联着唯一的一个MessageQueue对象。
- 3.MessageQueue消息队列不是通过列表保存消息(Message)列表的,而是通过Message对象的next属性关联下一个Message从而实现列表的功能,同时所有的消息都是按时间排序的。
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