基于RPM包构建的软件更新机制。
自动解决软件包安装依赖关系
所有软件包由集中的Yum软件提供
软件仓库提供的方式：
本地：file://
FTP或HTTP：ftp://或http://
Yum配置文件解析：
基本设置：/etc/yum.conf
仓库设置：/etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo
日志文件：/var/log/yum.log
Yum缓存目录：
存放下载的软件包，仓库记录等文件
/var/cache/yum/$baserach/$releaserver
Yum的*.repo文件解析：
[base] # 定义名称，具有唯一性。
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base # 软件源描述字符串
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os&infra=$infra # Yum源地址
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
enabled # 是否使用该频道
gpgcheck=1 # 是否验证待安装的RPM包文件
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 # 用于RPM软件包检验的密钥
检查*.repo文件：
[root@node0 ~]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
dvd_ added from: file:///dvd/ 6,575
repolist: 6,575
查看软件信息：
yum list 软件名称
[root@node0 ~]# yum list lrzsz
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
dvd_ | 4.0 kB 00:00 ...
Installed Packages
lrzsz.x86_64 0.12.20-27.1.el6 @dvd_
检索软件信息：
yum search 软件名称
[root@node0 ~]# yum search lynx
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
============================== N/S Matched: lynx ============================
lynx.x86_64 : A text-based Web browser
Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
yum info 软件名称
[root@node0 ~]# yum info lynx
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Packages
Name : lynx
Arch : x86_64
Version : 2.8.6
Release : 27.el6
Size : 1.3 M
Repo : dvd_
Summary : A text-based Web browser
URL : http://lynx.isc.org/
License : GPLv2
Description : Lynx is a text-based Web browser. Lynx does not display any images,
: but it does support frames, tables, and most other HTML tags. One
: advantage Lynx has over graphical browsers is speed; Lynx starts and
: exits quickly and swiftly displays web pages.
yum provides 命令绝对路径
[root@node0 ~]# yum provides /bin/ls
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
coreutils-8.4-37.el6.x86_64 : A set of basic GNU tools commonly used in shell scripts
Repo : dvd_
Matched from:
Filename : /bin/ls
coreutils-8.4-37.el6.x86_64 : A set of basic GNU tools commonly used in shell scripts
Repo : installed
Matched from:
Other : Provides-match: /bin/ls
安装卸载软件：
yum 选项 软件名称
install：安装
update：升级指定软件
remove：卸载指定软件
清空Yum缓存：一般用于Yum是否有效
[root@node0 ~]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Cleaning repos: dvd_
Cleaning up Everything
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
************************************************************************************************
安装软件的时候使用yum进行安装，卸载软件的时候使用rpm命令进行卸载，因为使用yum卸载有可能会卸载其他软件导致系统运行不稳定。
************************************************************************************************
查询安装卸载软件包组：
yum 选项 软件包组名
grouplist：查看软件组列表
groupinfo：查看软件组的说明信息
groupinstall：安装指定软件组
groupupdate：升级指定软件组
groupremove：卸载指定软件组
源码编译安装：
源码释放到/src目录，安装到/app目录。
检查gcc和make是否安装：
[root@node0 lnmp_soft]# rpm -qa make gcc
make-3.81-20.el6.x86_64
gcc-4.4.7-16.el6.x86_64
创建源码和安装目录：
[root@node0 lnmp_soft]# mkdir /src /app
[root@node0 lnmp_soft]# ll /src /app/
/app/:
total 0
/src:
total 0
解压文件：
[root@node0 lnmp_soft]# tar -zxvf ./nginx-1.8.0.tar.gz -C /src
nginx-1.8.0/
nginx-1.8.0/auto/
nginx-1.8.0/conf/
nginx-1.8.0/contrib/
nginx-1.8.0/src/
nginx-1.8.0/configure
nginx-1.8.0/LICENSE
nginx-1.8.0/README
nginx-1.8.0/html/
nginx-1.8.0/man/
nginx-1.8.0/CHANGES.ru
nginx-1.8.0/CHANGES
nginx-1.8.0/man/nginx.8
nginx-1.8.0/html/50x.html
nginx-1.8.0/html/index.html
nginx-1.8.0/src/core/
nginx-1.8.0/src/event/
nginx-1.8.0/src/http/
nginx-1.8.0/src/mail/
nginx-1.8.0/src/misc/
nginx-1.8.0/src/os/
nginx-1.8.0/src/os/unix/
nginx-1.8.0/src/os/unix/ngx_aio_read_chain.c
nginx-1.8.0/src/os/unix/ngx_aio_read.c
......
进入源码目录：
[root@node0 lnmp_soft]# cd /src/nginx-1.8.0/
[root@node0 nginx-1.8.0]# ll
total 652K
drwxr-xr-x. 6 1001 1001 4.0K Nov 19 17:43 auto
-rw-r--r--. 1 1001 1001 244K Apr 21 2015 CHANGES
-rw-r--r--. 1 1001 1001 371K Apr 21 2015 CHANGES.ru
drwxr-xr-x. 2 1001 1001 4.0K Nov 19 17:43 conf
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 1001 1001 2.5K Apr 21 2015 configure
drwxr-xr-x. 4 1001 1001 4.0K Nov 19 17:43 contrib
drwxr-xr-x. 2 1001 1001 4.0K Nov 19 17:43 html
-rw-r--r--. 1 1001 1001 1.4K Apr 21 2015 LICENSE
drwxr-xr-x. 2 1001 1001 4.0K Nov 19 17:43 man
-rw-r--r--. 1 1001 1001 49 Apr 21 2015 README
drwxr-xr-x. 8 1001 1001 4.0K Nov 19 17:43 src
使用./configure --help获取编译参数帮助：
[root@node0 nginx-1.8.0]# ./configure --help
--help print this message
--prefix=PATH set installation prefix
--sbin-path=PATH set nginx binary pathname
--conf-path=PATH set nginx.conf pathname
--error-log-path=PATH set error log pathname
--pid-path=PATH set nginx.pid pathname
--lock-path=PATH set nginx.lock pathname
--user=USER set non-privileged user for
worker processes
--group=GROUP set non-privileged group for
worker processes
--build=NAME set build name
--builddir=DIR set build directory
--with-rtsig_module enable rtsig module
--with-select_module enable select module
--without-select_module disable select module
--with-poll_module enable poll module
--without-poll_module disable poll module
--with-threads enable thread pool support
--with-file-aio enable file AIO support
--with-ipv6 enable IPv6 support
--with-http_ssl_module enable ngx_http_ssl_module
--with-http_spdy_module enable ngx_http_spdy_module
--with-http_realip_module enable ngx_http_realip_module
--with-http_addition_module enable ngx_http_addition_module
--with-http_xslt_module enable ngx_http_xslt_module
--with-http_image_filter_module enable ngx_http_image_filter_module
--with-http_geoip_module enable ngx_http_geoip_module
--with-http_sub_module enable ngx_http_sub_module
--with-http_dav_module enable ngx_http_dav_module
--with-http_flv_module enable ngx_http_flv_module
--with-http_mp4_module enable ngx_http_mp4_module
--with-http_gunzip_module enable ngx_http_gunzip_module
--with-http_gzip_static_module enable ngx_http_gzip_static_module
--with-http_auth_request_module enable ngx_http_auth_request_module
--with-http_random_index_module enable ngx_http_random_index_module
--with-http_secure_link_module enable ngx_http_secure_link_module
--with-http_degradation_module enable ngx_http_degradation_module
--with-http_stub_status_module enable ngx_http_stub_status_module
--without-http_charset_module disable ngx_http_charset_module
--without-http_gzip_module disable ngx_http_gzip_module
--without-http_ssi_module disable ngx_http_ssi_module
--without-http_userid_module disable ngx_http_userid_module
--without-http_access_module disable ngx_http_access_module
--without-http_auth_basic_module disable ngx_http_auth_basic_module
--without-http_autoindex_module disable ngx_http_autoindex_module
--without-http_geo_module disable ngx_http_geo_module
--without-http_map_module disable ngx_http_map_module
--without-http_split_clients_module disable ngx_http_split_clients_module
--without-http_referer_module disable ngx_http_referer_module
--without-http_rewrite_module disable ngx_http_rewrite_module
--without-http_proxy_module disable ngx_http_proxy_module
--without-http_fastcgi_module disable ngx_http_fastcgi_module
--without-http_uwsgi_module disable ngx_http_uwsgi_module
--without-http_scgi_module disable ngx_http_scgi_module
--without-http_memcached_module disable ngx_http_memcached_module
--without-http_limit_conn_module disable ngx_http_limit_conn_module
--without-http_limit_req_module disable ngx_http_limit_req_module
--without-http_empty_gif_module disable ngx_http_empty_gif_module
--without-http_browser_module disable ngx_http_browser_module
--without-http_upstream_hash_module
disable ngx_http_upstream_hash_module
--without-http_upstream_ip_hash_module
disable ngx_http_upstream_ip_hash_module
--without-http_upstream_least_conn_module
disable ngx_http_upstream_least_conn_module
--without-http_upstream_keepalive_module
disable ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_module
--with-http_perl_module enable ngx_http_perl_module
--with-perl_modules_path=PATH set Perl modules path
--with-perl=PATH set perl binary pathname
--http-log-path=PATH set http access log pathname
--http-client-body-temp-path=PATH set path to store
http client request body temporary files
--http-proxy-temp-path=PATH set path to store
http proxy temporary files
--http-fastcgi-temp-path=PATH set path to store
http fastcgi temporary files
--http-uwsgi-temp-path=PATH set path to store
http uwsgi temporary files
--http-scgi-temp-path=PATH set path to store
http scgi temporary files
--without-http disable HTTP server
--without-http-cache disable HTTP cache
--with-mail enable POP3/IMAP4/SMTP proxy module
--with-mail_ssl_module enable ngx_mail_ssl_module
--without-mail_pop3_module disable ngx_mail_pop3_module
--without-mail_imap_module disable ngx_mail_imap_module
--without-mail_smtp_module disable ngx_mail_smtp_module
--with-google_perftools_module enable ngx_google_perftools_module
--with-cpp_test_module enable ngx_cpp_test_module
--add-module=PATH enable an external module
--with-cc=PATH set C compiler pathname
--with-cpp=PATH set C preprocessor pathname
--with-cc-opt=OPTIONS set additional C compiler options
--with-ld-opt=OPTIONS set additional linker options
--with-cpu-opt=CPU build for the specified CPU, valid values:
pentium, pentiumpro, pentium3, pentium4,
athlon, opteron, sparc32, sparc64, ppc64
--without-pcre disable PCRE library usage
--with-pcre force PCRE library usage
--with-pcre=DIR set path to PCRE library sources
--with-pcre-opt=OPTIONS set additional build options for PCRE
--with-pcre-jit build PCRE with JIT compilation support
--with-md5=DIR set path to md5 library sources
--with-md5-opt=OPTIONS set additional build options for md5
--with-md5-asm use md5 assembler sources
--with-sha1=DIR set path to sha1 library sources
--with-sha1-opt=OPTIONS set additional build options for sha1
--with-sha1-asm use sha1 assembler sources
--with-zlib=DIR set path to zlib library sources
--with-zlib-opt=OPTIONS set additional build options for zlib
--with-zlib-asm=CPU use zlib assembler sources optimized
for the specified CPU, valid values:
pentium, pentiumpro
--with-libatomic force libatomic_ops library usage
--with-libatomic=DIR set path to libatomic_ops library sources
--with-openssl=DIR set path to OpenSSL library sources
--with-openssl-opt=OPTIONS set additional build options for OpenSSL
--with-debug enable debug logging
指定编译参数，进行安装：
[root@node0 nginx-1.8.0]# ./configure --prefix=/app/nginx-1.8.0 --with-http_ssl_module
......
checking for PCRE library in /usr/local/ ... not found
checking for PCRE library in /usr/include/pcre/ ... not found
checking for PCRE library in /usr/pkg/ ... not found
checking for PCRE library in /opt/local/ ... not found
# 导致编译检查不通过报错，由于缺少pcer和pcre-devel导致
./configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library.
You can either disable the module by using --without-http_rewrite_module
option, or install the PCRE library into the system, or build the PCRE library
statically from the source with nginx by using --with-pcre=<path> option.
......
checking for zlib library ... found
creating objs/Makefile # 表示安装完成
Configuration summary
+ using system PCRE library
+ using system OpenSSL library
+ md5: using OpenSSL library
+ sha1: using OpenSSL library
+ using system zlib library
nginx path prefix: "/app/nginx-1.8.0"
nginx binary file: "/app/nginx-1.8.0/sbin/nginx"
nginx configuration prefix: "/app/nginx-1.8.0/conf"
nginx configuration file: "/app/nginx-1.8.0/conf/nginx.conf"
nginx pid file: "/app/nginx-1.8.0/logs/nginx.pid"
nginx error log file: "/app/nginx-1.8.0/logs/error.log"
nginx http access log file: "/app/nginx-1.8.0/logs/access.log"
nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp"
nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp"
nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp"
nginx http uwsgi temporary files: "uwsgi_temp"
nginx http scgi temporary files: "scgi_temp"
[root@node0 nginx-1.8.0]# make && make install # 编译安装开始
......
cp conf/scgi_params '/app/nginx-1.8.0/conf/scgi_params.default'
test -f '/app/nginx-1.8.0/conf/nginx.conf' || cp conf/nginx.conf '/app/nginx-1.8.0/conf/nginx.conf'
cp conf/nginx.conf '/app/nginx-1.8.0/conf/nginx.conf.default'
test -d '/app/nginx-1.8.0/logs' || mkdir -p '/app/nginx-1.8.0/logs'
test -d '/app/nginx-1.8.0/logs' || mkdir -p '/app/nginx-1.8.0/logs'
test -d '/app/nginx-1.8.0/html' || cp -R html '/app/nginx-1.8.0'
test -d '/app/nginx-1.8.0/logs' || mkdir -p '/app/nginx-1.8.0/logs'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/src/nginx-1.8.0' # 安装完成
[root@node0 nginx-1.8.0]# ll /app/nginx-1.8.0/
total 16K
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Nov 19 17:50 conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Nov 19 17:50 html
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Nov 19 17:50 logs
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Nov 19 17:50 sbin
自动配置yum源：
使用yum-config-manager --add yum源地址
yum仓库的定义：
安装createrepo软件包
将软件集中到某个目录，使用createrepo 文件路径 定义仓库数据
[root@node0 test]# mkdir myrpm # 上传文件
[root@node0 test]# cd myrpm/ # 进入目录
[root@node0 myrpm]# rz # 上传RPM包文件
rz waiting to receive.
Starting zmodem transfer. Press Ctrl+C to cancel.
Transferring bash-completion-2.1-6.el7.noarch.rpm...
100% 85 KB 85 KB/sec 00:00:01 0 Errors
Transferring cmatrix-1.2a-1.i386.rpm...
100% 31 KB 31 KB/sec 00:00:01 0 Errors
Transferring convmv-1.15-2.el6.noarch.rpm...
100% 30 KB 30 KB/sec 00:00:01 0 Errors
Transferring elasticsearch-2.3.4.rpm...
100% 26794 KB 8931 KB/sec 00:00:03 0 Errors
Transferring ntfs-3g-2015.3.14-2.el6.x86_64.rpm...
100% 262 KB 262 KB/sec 00:00:01 0 Errors
Transferring xsnow-1.42-10.i386.rpm...
100% 32 KB 32 KB/sec 00:00:01 0 Errors
[root@node0 myrpm]# yum install createrepo -y # 安装软件
[root@node0 myrpm]# createrepo /test/myrpm/ # 生成仓库数据库文件
Spawning worker 0 with 6 pkgs
Workers Finished
Gathering worker results
Saving Primary metadata
Saving file lists metadata
Saving other metadata
Generating sqlite DBs
Sqlite DBs complete
[root@node0 test]# ll /test/myrpm/repodata/ # 查看数据文件
total 36K
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6.0K Nov 19 20:47 03a154d48fdf298f64be9dd325edd7fc1c9c5ca89b2a3f84cd75ef969ca0c3f6-primary.sqlite.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.2K Nov 19 20:47 14b81f2c0f3f34e2e795772ae781dbde2f99764ed240f0129cf23283b16ac713-filelists.xml.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.3K Nov 19 20:47 88d559663d31ee880bcbb7125ba44570bedbdf1f616d106bdc1383c6eba69ced-other.xml.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.6K Nov 19 20:47 a6089e2ae8fdd4e0b1a90cb17b32c2134b7390ebb494e9b2952e43fa4abe9470-other.sqlite.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.2K Nov 19 20:47 bf4ec4b1841845ba5946099ebc4ae322ff0c1b035d57d9ecab26a89d3bed29fe-primary.xml.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4.1K Nov 19 20:47 da67962a6c9f96f8dff0a4dcb1da49da6c8ea8334b295c7db845d0682dc04dc8-filelists.sqlite.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.0K Nov 19 20:47 repomd.xml
[root@node0 test]# yum-config-manager --add file:///test/myrpm/ # 建立Yum源
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
adding repo from: file:///test/myrpm/
[test_myrpm_]
name=added from: file:///test/myrpm/
baseurl=file:///test/myrpm/
enabled=1
repodata 目录：
filelist.xml.gz 更新文件的集中列表
other.xml.gz 其他更新包的列表
primary.xml.gz 主要更新包的列表
repomd.xml 提供.xml.gz 下载和校验信息
************************************************************************************************
执行一个命令的时候没有找到可能的原因：
[root@node0 test]# mycommand
-bash: mycommand: command not found
1.这个命令对应的软件包没有安装。
2.这个软件对应的命令名称不同。
3.这个命令的路径没有在环境变量中设置。
4.这个命令所在的磁盘没有挂载或者是所在磁盘损坏。
5.这个命令所在位置是LVM分区，启动时LVM失败或者是LVM损坏。
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本文转自 棋帅小七 51CTO博客，原文链接:http://blog.51cto.com/xvjunjie/2044313
