1.指定测试标准
单元测试会用到mock和junit的内容,作者前文有详解,可移步:
1.1.测哪一层?
以当前后端标准的MVC分层来说,后端代码分为controller、service、dao三层。首先我们要先确定这三层里面去测试哪一层?单元测试的核心目的是什么:
覆盖业务代码
按标准的来说的话controller层是系统对外暴露的API,这一层级只负责做一些请求和参数的处理;service层用来编写具体的业务逻辑;dao层负责与数据库进行交互。所以我们应该测service层。
1.2.如何判断测试是否通过?
测试的输出结果和我们期望的输出结果是一致的,测试就通过了。怎么判断喃?
用Assert断言
Assert不要到处去用,在测试用例的最后用它来判断一下输出结果是不是期望值即可。
1.3.mock掉哪些内容?
mock我们主要拿来干两件事儿:
mock掉对数据库的操作,避免引起数据的改动,也就是说要mock掉dao层的方法
mock掉没办法达到的地方,比如有些地方不影响代码逻辑,但是在测试的时候不好造出来,这些不可达的地方可以mock掉。
mock我们要mock两种情况:
mock返回值
mock行为
mock返回值,比如:
Train train = new Train(); String id = UUID.randomUUID() + ""; train.setKeyId(id); when(trainDao.getDetail(any(Train.class))).thenReturn(train);
mock行为有些时候是主动的,我们想去定义实体的具体行为,有时候是被动的,比如要mock的dao方法没有返回值该,我们就只能通过去mock行为来使得它不去操作数据库,反正核心就是不让它去操作数据库。
比如以下方法:
void trainDetailDao.updateList(XXX)
用doAnswer去mock它的响应:
@Test public void modifyTrainDetails(){ TrainDetailList trainDetails = new TrainDetailList(); TrainDetail trainDetail = new TrainDetail(); trainDetail.setKeyId(UUID.randomUUID()+""); trainDetails.add(trainDetail); doAnswer(invocation -> { List<TrainDetail> trainDetailList = (List<TrainDetail>) invocation.getArguments()[0]; Assert.assertEquals(trainDetails.getItems(), trainDetailList); return trainDetails; }).when(trainDetailDao).updateList(any()); trainDetailBaseSvr.modifyTrainDetails("",trainDetails); }
2.设计测试用例
一个接口只需要一个测试用例吗?有时候是不够的。
衡量对一个接口的单元测试是不是到位了,核心指标是看它的分支覆盖率。代码种的一个方法里面有些时候会存在一些选择分支(带判断性质的语句),我们设计测试用例的时候要考虑覆盖掉所有分支。
最好的办法就是画个流程图,设计测试用例的时候要覆盖掉所有流程分支,以下以用户买猪肉为一个例子:
灰色的节点就是要mock掉的
细化成流程图,流程图的所有出口就是要覆盖的分支,有几个出口,就应该有几个用例,有几个测试方法:
3.测试集示例
以下是作者在工作中编写的一个测试集用例,演示了一个简单的对增删改查方法的覆盖。里面演示了如何覆盖有返回值的方法和没有返回值的方法。
这里有几个技巧分享一下:
首先是要mock掉dao层的话,我们就要把service里面依赖的dao换成mock出来的dao,这里需要用反射的方式强行访问到service里面的dao,然后把它替换掉。其次mock掉dao层之后直接new service就行,完全不需要用到自动注入,也就是不需要用到IOC,也就不需要用到@RunWith(XXX.class) @SpringBootTest(classes = XXX.class)之类的注解来启动SpringBoot了。这样跑测试用例的时候,省去了启动时间,会快很多。
public class ExaminationBaseSvrTest extends PropertyControllerBase { IExaminationBaseSvr examinationBaseSvr; ExaminationTargetService examinationTargetService; private ExaminationDao examinationDao; private IDataDicItemBaseMgeSvr dataDicItemBaseMgeSvr; private DataDictionaryItemDao dataDictionaryItemDao; @Before public void setUp() throws Exception{ examinationBaseSvr = new ExaminationBaseSvr(); Field field = ExaminationBaseSvr.class.getDeclaredField("examinationDao"); Field dataDicItemBaseMgeSvrField = ExaminationBaseSvr.class.getDeclaredField("dataDicItemBaseMgeSvr"); Field dataDictionaryItemDaoField = DataDicItemBaseMgeSvr.class.getDeclaredField("dataDictionaryItemDao"); field.setAccessible(true); dataDicItemBaseMgeSvrField.setAccessible(true); dataDictionaryItemDaoField.setAccessible(true); examinationDao = mock(ExaminationDao.class); dataDictionaryItemDao=mock(DataDictionaryItemDao.class); dataDicItemBaseMgeSvr=mock(DataDicItemBaseMgeSvr.class); field.set(examinationBaseSvr, examinationDao); dataDicItemBaseMgeSvrField.set(examinationBaseSvr,dataDicItemBaseMgeSvr); dataDictionaryItemDaoField.set(dataDicItemBaseMgeSvr,dataDictionaryItemDao); } @Test public void addExamination(){ when(examinationDao.insert(any())).thenReturn(1); Examination examination = new Examination(); examination.setKeyId(UUID.randomUUID()+""); Assert.assertEquals(examinationBaseSvr.addExamination("",examination),examination); } @Test public void addExcaminations(){ ExaminationList examinations = new ExaminationList(); Examination examination = new Examination(); examination.setKeyId(UUID.randomUUID()+""); examinations.add(examination); doAnswer(invocation -> { List<Examination> examinationList = (List<Examination>)invocation.getArguments()[0]; Assert.assertEquals(examinationList,examinations.getItems()); return 1; }).when(examinationDao).insertList(any()); examinationBaseSvr.addExaminations("",examinations); } @Test public void modifyExamination(){ when(examinationDao.update(any())).thenReturn(1); Examination examination = new Examination(); examination.setKeyId(UUID.randomUUID()+""); Assert.assertEquals(examinationBaseSvr.modifyExamination("",examination),examination); } @Test public void modifyExaminations(){ ExaminationList examinations = new ExaminationList(); Examination examination = new Examination(); examination.setKeyId(UUID.randomUUID()+""); examinations.add(examination); doAnswer(invocation -> { List<Examination> examinationList = (List<Examination>)invocation.getArguments()[0]; Assert.assertEquals(examinationList,examinations.getItems()); return 1; }).when(examinationDao).updateList(examinations.getItems()); examinationBaseSvr.modifyExaminations("",examinations); } @Test public void deleteExamination(){ Examination examination = new Examination(); examination.setKeyId(UUID.randomUUID()+""); when(examinationDao.update(any())).thenReturn(1); when(examinationDao.getDetail(any())).thenReturn(examination); Assert.assertEquals(examinationBaseSvr.deleteExamination("",examination.getKeyId(),false),1); } @Test public void deleteExaminations(){ ExaminationList examinations = new ExaminationList(); Examination examination = new Examination(); examination.setKeyId(UUID.randomUUID()+""); examinations.add(examination); doAnswer(invocation -> { List<Examination> examinationList = (List<Examination>)invocation.getArguments()[0]; Assert.assertEquals(examinationList,examinations.getItems()); return 1; }).when(examinationDao).updateList(any()); examinationBaseSvr.deleteExamination("",examinations,false); } }
4.跑测试集
测试类写完之后,类名旁边有一个run的图标,点击即可跑整个测试集。其中有普通的run以及带覆盖率报告的run:
选择带覆盖率的run之后会显示覆盖率:
相看类里面具体是哪些代码段被覆盖了,可以在跑完测试集后进入具体的被测试类,代码行旁边会有颜色条,绿色表示被cover的内容: