传统情况下在java代码里访问restful服务,一般使用Apache的HttpClient。不过此种方法使用起来太过繁琐。Spring提供了一种简单便捷的模板类来进行操作,这就是RestTemplate。
内置发送get post delete等请求的方法,在SpringBoot中只要导入spring-boot-starter-web的依赖可以直接使用。
为什么说是简单便捷呢?我们来看以下两种实现方式:
/**
* @param url
* @param param
* @param headers
* @param connectTimeout milliseconds
* @param readTimeout milliseconds
* @return
*/
public static String get(String url, String param, Map<String, String> headers, int connectTimeout, int readTimeout) {
BufferedReader in = null;
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
try {
String urlNameString = url;
if (param != null) {
urlNameString += "?" + param;
}
URL realUrl = new URL(urlNameString);
// 打开和URL之间的连接
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection)realUrl.openConnection();
// 设置通用的请求属性
conn.setRequestProperty("accept", "*/*");
conn.setRequestProperty("connection", "Keep-Alive");
conn.setRequestProperty("user-agent", USER_AGENT);
if (connectTimeout > 0) {
conn.setConnectTimeout(connectTimeout);
}
if (readTimeout > 0) {
conn.setReadTimeout(readTimeout);
}
if (headers != null) {
for (Entry<String, String> entry: headers.entrySet()) {
conn.setRequestProperty(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
}
}
conn.connect();
if (conn.getResponseCode() == HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
// 定义 BufferedReader输入流来读取URL的响应
in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
conn.getInputStream(), DEFAULT_CHARSET));
String line;
while ((line = in.readLine()) != null) {
builder.append(line).append("\n");
}
}
} catch (Exception e) {
LOGGER.error("HttpUtil.get error.", e);
}
// 使用finally块来关闭输入流
finally {
try {
if (in != null) {
in.close();
}
} catch (Exception e2) {
LOGGER.error("HttpUtil.get finally error.", e2);
}
}
return builder.toString();
}
- 使用RestTempalte
String result = restTemplate.getForObject(url,String.class);
快速开始
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
第一步:配置RestTemplate
/**
* RestTemplate配置
*/
@Configuration
public class RestTemplateConfig {
@Bean
public RestTemplate restTemplate(ClientHttpRequestFactory factory) {
return new RestTemplate(factory);
}
@Bean
public ClientHttpRequestFactory simpleClientHttpRequestFactory() {
SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory factory = new SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory();
//超时设置
factory.setReadTimeout(6000);
factory.setConnectTimeout(10000);
return factory;
}
}
第二步:使用RestTemplate的Api发送请求
/**
* 测试get请求
*/
@Test
public void test1(){
/**
* getForObject
*
* 参数1 要请求的地址的url 必填项
* 参数2 响应数据的类型 是String 还是 Map等 必填项
* 参数3 请求携带参数 选填
*
* getForObject 方法的返回值就是 被调用接口响应的数据
*/
String result = restTemplate.getForObject("http://apis.juhe.cn/mobile/get?phone=13429667914&key=1cca71876dc0669109ed3f9501a85e8a",String.class);
System.out.println(result);
}
Get请求的API
getForObject API:参数1 url地址,参数2 响应数据类型 参数3 请求携带参数 返回值类型为String。
getForEntity API:参数1 url地址,参数2 响应数据类型 参数3 请求携带参数 返回值类型为ResponseEntity。
Get请求传递参数可以是以占位符的方式,或者是通过map传参。
/**
* 测试get请求
*/
@Test
public void test2(){
String result = restTemplate.getForObject("http://apis.juhe.cn/mobile/get?phone=13429667914&key=1cca71876dc0669109ed3f9501a85e8a", String.class);
System.out.println("getForObject返回值:"+result);
ResponseEntity<String> responseEntity = restTemplate.getForEntity("http://apis.juhe.cn/mobile/get?phone=13429667914&key=1cca71876dc0669109ed3f9501a85e8a", String.class);
System.out.println("通过ResponseEntity获取的响应状态码:"+responseEntity.getStatusCode());
System.out.println("通过ResponseEntity获取的响应数据:"+responseEntity.getBody());
/**
* 通过Map传参
*/
Map map= new HashMap();
map.put("phone","13429667914");
map.put("key","1cca71876dc0669109ed3f9501a85e8a");
String resultId = restTemplate.getForObject("http://apis.juhe.cn/mobile/get?phone={phone}&key={key}",
String.class,map);
System.out.println("map传参" + resultId);
}
可以看到如下效果:
getForObject返回值:{"resultcode":"200","reason":"Return Successd!","result":{"province":"浙江","city":"杭州","areacode":"0571","zip":"310000","company":"移动","card":""},"error_code":0}
通过ResponseEntity获取的响应状态码:200 OK
通过ResponseEntity获取的响应数据:{"resultcode":"200","reason":"Return Successd!","result":{"province":"浙江","city":"杭州","areacode":"0571","zip":"310000","company":"移动","card":""},"error_code":0}
map传参{"resultcode":"200","reason":"Return Successd!","result":{"province":"浙江","city":"杭州","areacode":"0571","zip":"310000","company":"移动","card":""},"error_code":0}
Post请求的API
postForObject API:
参数1 url地址
参数2 通过LinkedMultiValueMap对象封装请求参数
参数3 响应数据类型返回值类型为String
postForLocation API:
参数1 url地址
参数2 通过LinkedMultiValueMap对象封装请求参数
响应值:获取返回的URI
postForLocation使用场景:在登录或注册完成,跳转到别的页面时,并获取要跳转的URI。
注意:postForLocation方法返回的URI实际上是指响应头的Location字段,所以,请求的接口的响应头必须要有Location字段(即请求的接口实际上是一个重定向的接口),否则返回值为null。
package com.example.restdemo.controller;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/test")
public class HelloController {
/**
* 测试 postForLocation
*/
@PostMapping("/postLocation")
public String testPostForLocation(String username,String password){
System.out.println(username);
return "redirect:/index.html";
}
}
测试Post请求
/**
* 测试Post请求
*/
@Test
public void test3(){
LinkedMultiValueMap<String, String> request = new LinkedMultiValueMap<>();
request.set("key","9363eb48d9bd745e7627322e2ae78099");
request.set("date","2021-10-22");
String result = restTemplate.postForObject("http://v.juhe.cn/laohuangli/d",request,String.class);
System.out.println("通过LinkedMultiValueMap对象封装请求参数");
System.out.println(result);
Map map = new HashMap();
map.put("key","9363eb48d9bd745e7627322e2ae78099");
map.put("date","2021-10-22");
String result2 = restTemplate.postForObject("http://v.juhe.cn/laohuangli/d?key={key}&date={date}",request,
String.class,map);
System.out.println("通过参数拼接的方式:");
System.out.println(result2);
LinkedMultiValueMap<String, String> req = new LinkedMultiValueMap<>();
req.set("username","小明");
req.set("password","decs3465523");
URI uri = restTemplate.postForLocation("http://localhost:8085/test/postLocation", req);
System.out.println("postForLocation请求到的地址为:"+uri);
}
执行效果如下:
通过LinkedMultiValueMap对象封装请求参数
{"reason":"successed","result":{"id":"4190","yangli":"2021-10-22","yinli":"辛丑(牛)年九月十七","wuxing":"杨柳木 收执位","chongsha":"冲牛(丁丑)煞西","baiji":"癸不词讼理弱敌强 未不服药毒气入肠","jishen":"天恩 母仓 四相 不将 玉宇","yi":"祭祀 作灶 纳财 捕捉 畋猎 馀事勿取","xiongshen":"河魁 月刑 五虚 朱雀 触水龙","ji":"动土 破土 开市 安葬"},"error_code":0}
通过参数拼接的方式:
{"reason":"successed","result":{"id":"4190","yangli":"2021-10-22","yinli":"辛丑(牛)年九月十七","wuxing":"杨柳木 收执位","chongsha":"冲牛(丁丑)煞西","baiji":"癸不词讼理弱敌强 未不服药毒气入肠","jishen":"天恩 母仓 四相 不将 玉宇","yi":"祭祀 作灶 纳财 捕捉 畋猎 馀事勿取","xiongshen":"河魁 月刑 五虚 朱雀 触水龙","ji":"动土 破土 开市 安葬"},"error_code":0}
postForLocation请求到的地址为:http://localhost:8085/index.html
总结
本文主要向大家介绍了 RestTemplate 这样一个 HTTP 请求工具类的常见用法,并没有涉及到源码,其实内部源码很多很深,包括和解析url模板,绑定参数的UriBuilderFactory UriTemplateHandler等等,建议跟踪源码跑一遍会更加理解restTemplate。这里就简单提下。