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在之前的一篇文章中，从概念上学习了Andoird系统的启动过程，Android系统启动过程学习
而在这篇文章中，我们将从代码角度仔细学习Android系统的启动过程，同时，学习Android启动过程中的初始化脚本语言，即init.rc中的语言语法。在这里，不在详细介绍Linux内核的启动过程，主要学习从Linux内核启动之后，init初始化是如何工作的，他是如何启动Android系统的第一个进程–Zygote进程。并且还会继续了解后面其他的进程是如何通过Zygote进程启动的。话不多说，我们现在就来气Android系统启动之路。
## Android系统启动流程图
我们都知道，Android系统内核是基于Linux内核，所以在Android系统启动过程中，首先启动Linux内核，Bootloader加载并启动Linux内核，内核启动完成之后，内核开始启动Android系统的init进程，然后init进程通过init.rc启动脚本语言的执行，来启动Zygote进程，作为Android其他进程的父进程，Zygote进程做完初始化工作之后，启动SystemServer来启动其他系统服务。
下面我们从init进程的启动开始学习。
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
if (!strcmp(basename(argv[0]), "ueventd")) {
return ueventd_main(argc, argv);
}
if (!strcmp(basename(argv[0]), "watchdogd")) {
return watchdogd_main(argc, argv);
}
// Clear the umask.
umask(0);
add_environment("PATH", _PATH_DEFPATH);
bool is_first_stage = (argc == 1) || (strcmp(argv[1], "--second-stage") != 0);
// Get the basic filesystem setup we need put together in the initramdisk
// on / and then we'll let the rc file figure out the rest.
if (is_first_stage) {
mount("tmpfs", "/dev", "tmpfs", MS_NOSUID, "mode=0755");
mkdir("/dev/pts", 0755);
mkdir("/dev/socket", 0755);
mount("devpts", "/dev/pts", "devpts", 0, NULL);
mount("proc", "/proc", "proc", 0, NULL);
mount("sysfs", "/sys", "sysfs", 0, NULL);
}
// We must have some place other than / to create the device nodes for
// kmsg and null, otherwise we won't be able to remount / read-only
// later on. Now that tmpfs is mounted on /dev, we can actually talk
// to the outside world.
open_devnull_stdio();
klog_init();
klog_set_level(KLOG_NOTICE_LEVEL);
NOTICE("init%s started!\n", is_first_stage ? "" : " second stage");
if (!is_first_stage) {
// Indicate that booting is in progress to background fw loaders, etc.
close(open("/dev/.booting", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_CLOEXEC, 0000));
property_init();
// If arguments are passed both on the command line and in DT,
// properties set in DT always have priority over the command-line ones.
process_kernel_dt();
process_kernel_cmdline();
// Propogate the kernel variables to internal variables
// used by init as well as the current required properties.
export_kernel_boot_props();
}
// Set up SELinux, including loading the SELinux policy if we're in the kernel domain.
selinux_initialize(is_first_stage);
// If we're in the kernel domain, re-exec init to transition to the init domain now
// that the SELinux policy has been loaded.
if (is_first_stage) {
if (restorecon("/init") == -1) {
ERROR("restorecon failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
security_failure();
}
char* path = argv[0];
char* args[] = { path, const_cast<char*>("--second-stage"), nullptr };
if (execv(path, args) == -1) {
ERROR("execv(\"%s\") failed: %s\n", path, strerror(errno));
security_failure();
}
}
// These directories were necessarily created before initial policy load
// and therefore need their security context restored to the proper value.
// This must happen before /dev is populated by ueventd.
INFO("Running restorecon...\n");
restorecon("/dev");
restorecon("/dev/socket");
restorecon("/dev/__properties__");
restorecon_recursive("/sys");
epoll_fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC);
if (epoll_fd == -1) {
ERROR("epoll_create1 failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
exit(1);
}
signal_handler_init();
property_load_boot_defaults();
start_property_service();
init_parse_config_file("/init.rc");
action_for_each_trigger("early-init", action_add_queue_tail);
// Queue an action that waits for coldboot done so we know ueventd has set up all of /dev...
queue_builtin_action(wait_for_coldboot_done_action, "wait_for_coldboot_done");
// ... so that we can start queuing up actions that require stuff from /dev.
queue_builtin_action(mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng_action, "mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng");
queue_builtin_action(keychord_init_action, "keychord_init");
queue_builtin_action(console_init_action, "console_init");
// Trigger all the boot actions to get us started.
action_for_each_trigger("init", action_add_queue_tail);
// Repeat mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng in case /dev/hw_random or /dev/random
// wasn't ready immediately after wait_for_coldboot_done
queue_builtin_action(mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng_action, "mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng");
// Don't mount filesystems or start core system services in charger mode.
char bootmode[PROP_VALUE_MAX];
if (property_get("ro.bootmode", bootmode) > 0 && strcmp(bootmode, "charger") == 0) {
action_for_each_trigger("charger", action_add_queue_tail);
} else {
action_for_each_trigger("late-init", action_add_queue_tail);
}
// Run all property triggers based on current state of the properties.
queue_builtin_action(queue_property_triggers_action, "queue_property_triggers");
while (true) {
if (!waiting_for_exec) {
execute_one_command();
restart_processes();
}
int timeout = -1;
if (process_needs_restart) {
timeout = (process_needs_restart - gettime()) * 1000;
if (timeout < 0)
timeout = 0;
}
if (!action_queue_empty() || cur_action) {
timeout = 0;
}
bootchart_sample(&timeout);
epoll_event ev;
int nr = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(epoll_wait(epoll_fd, &ev, 1, timeout));
if (nr == -1) {
ERROR("epoll_wait failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
} else if (nr == 1) {
((void (*)()) ev.data.ptr)();
}
}
return 0;
}
该文件位于system/core/init/init.cpp中，我们来看看init进程都做了哪些工作。
首先，init进程添加环境变量，并且挂载相应的目录。在主目录/之外为kmsg和null创建设备节点。初始化selinux，由于我们这里并不研究selinux的运行机制，所以其初始化细节也不在详究。根据起注释可以知道，如果当前系统处于内核域中，重新执行init来转换到init域中，因为SELinux策略已经被加载了。下面接着通过restorecon命令来将在selinux启动之前创建的目录的安全上下文恢复到正确的属性。
接着，便是信号处理机制的初始化工作，加载启动属性，并启动属性服务器。下面，便进入至关重要的一个函数，也是init进程的主要工作，便是执行init_parse_config_file("/init.rc")函数，该函数的主要作用就是解析init.rc文件，并执行init初始化进程语言。下面我们来看一下这个函数：
int init_parse_config_file(const char* path) {
INFO("Parsing %s...\n", path);
Timer t;
std::string data;
if (!read_file(path, &data)) {
return -1;
}
data.push_back('\n'); // TODO: fix parse_config.
parse_config(path, data);
dump_parser_state();
NOTICE("(Parsing %s took %.2fs.)\n", path, t.duration());
return 0;
}该代码位于system/core/init/init_parser.cpp中，该函数读取init.rc文件，并将数据传入到parse_config(path, data)函数中。
我们来看一下parse_config函数：
static void parse_config(const char *fn, const std::string& data)
{
struct listnode import_list;
struct listnode *node;
char *args[INIT_PARSER_MAXARGS];
int nargs = 0;
parse_state state;
state.filename = fn;
state.line = 0;
state.ptr = strdup(data.c_str()); // TODO: fix this code!
state.nexttoken = 0;
state.parse_line = parse_line_no_op;
list_init(&import_list);
state.priv = &import_list;
for (;;) {
switch (next_token(&state)) {
case T_EOF:
state.parse_line(&state, 0, 0);
goto parser_done;
case T_NEWLINE:
state.line++;
if (nargs) {
int kw = lookup_keyword(args[0]);
if (kw_is(kw, SECTION)) {
state.parse_line(&state, 0, 0);
parse_new_section(&state, kw, nargs, args);
} else {
state.parse_line(&state, nargs, args);
}
nargs = 0;
}
break;
case T_TEXT:
if (nargs < INIT_PARSER_MAXARGS) {
args[nargs++] = state.text;
}
break;
}
}
parser_done:
list_for_each(node, &import_list) {
struct import *import = node_to_item(node, struct import, list);
int ret;
ret = init_parse_config_file(import->filename);
if (ret)
ERROR("could not import file '%s' from '%s'\n",
import->filename, fn);
}
}该函数和刚刚那个函数位于同一个文件中，很明显，该函数用于解析读取的init.rc文件的字符串，该函数与文件parse.cpp中的next_token()函数配合，进行字符串的解析，然后通过调用parse_new_section()函数将services和actions等添加到运行队列中，等待trigger触发器的触发运行。
有关与Android init language（Android初始化语言）我在博客 Android Init Language(android初始化语言)
中已经进行了详细的介绍。下面我们接着看init进程中的main函数中所做的工作：
init.rc解析完成之后，所有的启动项目都被放入到action_add_queue_tail中，接着调用action_for_each_trigger("early-init", action_add_queue_tail)，触发early-init触发器来出发这些相关services和actions的运行。
我们来看一下，在init.rc中，我们看early-init相关启动的services和actions。在这里基本上是恢复某些文件或文件夹的安全上下文，然后调用init_zygote32_64.rc文件中的命令启动zygote。
service zygote /system/bin/app_process32 -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote --start-system-server --socket-name=zygote
class main
socket zygote stream 660 root system
onrestart write /sys/android_power/request_state wake
onrestart write /sys/power/state on
onrestart restart media
onrestart restart netd
这里的意思是通过/system/bin/app_process32程序启动zygote进程，参数为--zygote和--start-system-server，这两个参数在后面我们会用到的。下面我们来看一下Zygote的main函数。
public static void main(String argv[]) {
try {
RuntimeInit.enableDdms();
// Start profiling the zygote initialization.
SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
boolean startSystemServer = false;
String socketName = "zygote";
String abiList = null;
for (int i = 1; i < argv.length; i++) {
if ("start-system-server".equals(argv[i])) {
startSystemServer = true;
} else if (argv[i].startsWith(ABI_LIST_ARG)) {
abiList = argv[i].substring(ABI_LIST_ARG.length());
} else if (argv[i].startsWith(SOCKET_NAME_ARG)) {
socketName = argv[i].substring(SOCKET_NAME_ARG.length());
} else {
throw new RuntimeException("Unknown command line argument: " + argv[i]);
}
}
if (abiList == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No ABI list supplied.");
}
registerZygoteSocket(socketName);
EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_PRELOAD_START,
SystemClock.uptimeMillis());
preload();
EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_PRELOAD_END,
SystemClock.uptimeMillis());
// Finish profiling the zygote initialization.
SamplingProfilerIntegration.writeZygoteSnapshot();
// Do an initial gc to clean up after startup
gcAndFinalize();
// Disable tracing so that forked processes do not inherit stale tracing tags from
// Zygote.
Trace.setTracingEnabled(false);
if (startSystemServer) {
startSystemServer(abiList, socketName);
}
Log.i(TAG, "Accepting command socket connections");
runSelectLoop(abiList);
closeServerSocket();
} catch (MethodAndArgsCaller caller) {
caller.run();
} catch (RuntimeException ex) {
Log.e(TAG, "Zygote died with exception", ex);
closeServerSocket();
throw ex;
}
}
该代码位于frameworks/base/core/java/com/android/internal/os/ZygiteInit.java中。在代码中，他首先通过参数判断是否启动systemServer，也就是通过刚刚我们记录下来的参数--start-system-server判定startSystemServer为true；接着通过调用registerZygoteSocket(socketName)函数来注册zygote套接字，进行进程间的通信，我们来看一下这个函数：
/**
* Registers a server socket for zygote command connections
*
* @throws RuntimeException when open fails
*/
private static void registerZygoteSocket(String socketName) {
if (sServerSocket == null) {
int fileDesc;
final String fullSocketName = ANDROID_SOCKET_PREFIX + socketName;
try {
String env = System.getenv(fullSocketName);
fileDesc = Integer.parseInt(env);
} catch (RuntimeException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException(fullSocketName + " unset or invalid", ex);
}
try {
FileDescriptor fd = new FileDescriptor();
fd.setInt$(fileDesc);
sServerSocket = new LocalServerSocket(fd);
} catch (IOException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Error binding to local socket '" + fileDesc + "'", ex);
}
}
}
该代码位于同一个文件中，通过代码我们可以看到，创建zygote套接字的方式是通过创建一个LocalServerSocket对象来建立进程间的通信，在注释中有说明，注册一个服务套接字用于zygote命令连接。
创建完成zygote套接字之后，执行preload()函数来进行资源文件的预加载工作。
static void preload() {
Log.d(TAG, "begin preload");
preloadClasses();
preloadResources();
preloadOpenGL();
preloadSharedLibraries();
preloadTextResources();
// Ask the WebViewFactory to do any initialization that must run in the zygote process,
// for memory sharing purposes.
WebViewFactory.prepareWebViewInZygote();
Log.d(TAG, "end preload");
}
在这里，加载类，加载资源文件，加载OPenGl，加载共享库，文本资源以及准备WebView。这里不在所说，我们接着往下看。
接着便调用startSystemServer(abiList, socketName)方法启动系统服务，我们来看一下这个函数：
/**
* Prepare the arguments and fork for the system server process.
*/
private static boolean startSystemServer(String abiList, String socketName)
throws MethodAndArgsCaller, RuntimeException {
long capabilities = posixCapabilitiesAsBits(
OsConstants.CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND,
OsConstants.CAP_KILL,
OsConstants.CAP_NET_ADMIN,
OsConstants.CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE,
OsConstants.CAP_NET_BROADCAST,
OsConstants.CAP_NET_RAW,
OsConstants.CAP_SYS_MODULE,
OsConstants.CAP_SYS_NICE,
OsConstants.CAP_SYS_RESOURCE,
OsConstants.CAP_SYS_TIME,
OsConstants.CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG
);
/* Hardcoded command line to start the system server */
String args[] = {
"--setuid=1000",
"--setgid=1000",
"--setgroups=1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1018,1021,1032,3001,3002,3003,3006,3007",
"--capabilities=" + capabilities + "," + capabilities,
"--nice-name=system_server",
"--runtime-args",
"com.android.server.SystemServer",
};
ZygoteConnection.Arguments parsedArgs = null;
int pid;
try {
parsedArgs = new ZygoteConnection.Arguments(args);
ZygoteConnection.applyDebuggerSystemProperty(parsedArgs);
ZygoteConnection.applyInvokeWithSystemProperty(parsedArgs);
/* Request to fork the system server process */
pid = Zygote.forkSystemServer(
parsedArgs.uid, parsedArgs.gid,
parsedArgs.gids,
parsedArgs.debugFlags,
null,
parsedArgs.permittedCapabilities,
parsedArgs.effectiveCapabilities);
} catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException(ex);
}
/* For child process */
if (pid == 0) {
if (hasSecondZygote(abiList)) {
waitForSecondaryZygote(socketName);
}
handleSystemServerProcess(parsedArgs);
}
return true;
}
在这里准备系统服启动的参数，并通过forkSystemServer来创建系统服务进程，接着调用handleSystemServerProcess(parsedArgs)来进行系统服务的处理。
/**
* Finish remaining work for the newly forked system server process.
*/
private static void handleSystemServerProcess(
ZygoteConnection.Arguments parsedArgs)
throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller {
closeServerSocket();
// set umask to 0077 so new files and directories will default to owner-only permissions.
Os.umask(S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO);
if (parsedArgs.niceName != null) {
Process.setArgV0(parsedArgs.niceName);
}
final String systemServerClasspath = Os.getenv("SYSTEMSERVERCLASSPATH");
if (systemServerClasspath != null) {
performSystemServerDexOpt(systemServerClasspath);
}
if (parsedArgs.invokeWith != null) {
String[] args = parsedArgs.remainingArgs;
// If we have a non-null system server class path, we'll have to duplicate the
// existing arguments and append the classpath to it. ART will handle the classpath
// correctly when we exec a new process.
if (systemServerClasspath != null) {
String[] amendedArgs = new String[args.length + 2];
amendedArgs[0] = "-cp";
amendedArgs[1] = systemServerClasspath;
System.arraycopy(parsedArgs.remainingArgs, 0, amendedArgs, 2, parsedArgs.remainingArgs.length);
}
WrapperInit.execApplication(parsedArgs.invokeWith,
parsedArgs.niceName, parsedArgs.targetSdkVersion,
VMRuntime.getCurrentInstructionSet(), null, args);
} else {
ClassLoader cl = null;
if (systemServerClasspath != null) {
cl = new PathClassLoader(systemServerClasspath, ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(cl);
}
/*
* Pass the remaining arguments to SystemServer.
*/
RuntimeInit.zygoteInit(parsedArgs.targetSdkVersion, parsedArgs.remainingArgs, cl);
}
/* should never reach here */
}
在这里完成对创建的系统服务剩余的工作，最后调用RuntimeInit.zygoteInit将剩余的参数传递到系统服务中。
public static final void zygoteInit(int targetSdkVersion, String[] argv, ClassLoader classLoader)
throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller {
if (DEBUG) Slog.d(TAG, "RuntimeInit: Starting application from zygote");
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "RuntimeInit");
redirectLogStreams();
commonInit();
nativeZygoteInit();
applicationInit(targetSdkVersion, argv, classLoader);
}
该函数位于同目录下面的RuntimeInit.java文件中。这里的nativeZygoteInit()用于进程间通信的初始化操作，applicationInit函数用于服务的启动，我们来看一下：
private static void applicationInit(int targetSdkVersion, String[] argv, ClassLoader classLoader)
throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller {
// If the application calls System.exit(), terminate the process
// immediately without running any shutdown hooks. It is not possible to
// shutdown an Android application gracefully. Among other things, the
// Android runtime shutdown hooks close the Binder driver, which can cause
// leftover running threads to crash before the process actually exits.
nativeSetExitWithoutCleanup(true);
// We want to be fairly aggressive about heap utilization, to avoid
// holding on to a lot of memory that isn't needed.
VMRuntime.getRuntime().setTargetHeapUtilization(0.75f);
VMRuntime.getRuntime().setTargetSdkVersion(targetSdkVersion);
final Arguments args;
try {
args = new Arguments(argv);
} catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
Slog.e(TAG, ex.getMessage());
// let the process exit
return;
}
// The end of of the RuntimeInit event (see #zygoteInit).
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
// Remaining arguments are passed to the start class's static main
invokeStaticMain(args.startClass, args.startArgs, classLoader);
}
该函数主要是一些运行时的一些工作，同时调用invokeStaticMain来进行main函数的执行，看这个方法的注释，意思便是剩下的参数被传递，用于启动类的静态main函数。这里传递的类参数便是SystemServer类，所以这个函数的工作便是启动SystemServer的main函数。
/**
* The main entry point from zygote.
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
new SystemServer().run();
}
该函数位于frameworks/base/services/java/com/android/server/SystemServer.java类中，这里运行SystemServer的run函数，该函数设置环境变量，启动其他服务，后面就不再赘述了。
接着返回到ZygoteInit.java的main函数中，这个函数最后执行runSelectLoop函数，这里运行一个循环，接收新的连接，读取来自连接的命令。
至此，Android系统的启动过程就到了启动系统服务以及其他服务阶段了，后面我们会在别的博客中进行学习和讲解。
