右值引用是一个C++11特性,标记为T&&。GSG中定义:只为移动建构函数(Move constructor)和移动赋值操作(Move assignment)使用右值引用。并且不要使用std::Forward(提供的完美转发特性)。
C++中右值指表达式结束时就不再存的临时对象。在C++11中,右值分为纯右值(即原始字面量,表达式产生的临时变量等),以及一个将亡值(expiring value, 使用<<深入应用C++11>>中的译法,指的是与右值引用相关的表达式,如将被移动的对象,T&&函数返回值等)。
以函数返回值表达不出右值引用的威力,因为编译的本身的优化会解决不必要的对象复制操作。而作为函数参数,如果使用const T&之类的形式也能够有效避免不必要的对象拷贝。这里特别以与标准容器配合,体现一下,右值引用最大的价值:避免深拷贝。
// 下面一个完整提供了Move Constructor和Move assignment的类。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <string.h>
class Foo {
private:
int x = 0;
int y = 0;
char* strPtr = nullptr;
public:
Foo() {
std::cout << "Constructor was called." << std::endl;
}
Foo(const char* s) {
std::cout << "Constructor with string:" << s << std::endl;
if (s != nullptr) {
strPtr = new char[strlen(s)];
strcpy(strPtr, s);
}
}
// Copy constructor
Foo(const Foo& a) : x(a.x),
y(a.y) {
// Deep copy
copyStringValue(a.strPtr);
std::cout << "Copy constructor was called." << std::endl;
}
// Move constructor, no need copy string in deep.
Foo(Foo&& a) : x(a.x),
y(a.y),
strPtr(a.strPtr) {
a.strPtr = nullptr; // 注意要清掉之前的字串,这样才是移动。
std::cout << "Move constructor was called." << std::endl;
}
Foo& operator=(const Foo& a) {
x = a.x;
y = a.y;
copyStringValue(a.strPtr);
std::cout << "Assignment Operator was called." << std::endl;
}
~Foo() {
if (strPtr != nullptr) {
std::cout << "Free allocated string:" << strPtr << std::endl;
delete strPtr;
}
std:: cout << "Deconstructor was called." << std::endl;
}
private:
void copyStringValue(const char* s) {
if (strPtr != nullptr) {
delete strPtr;
strPtr = nullptr;
}
if (s != nullptr) {
strPtr = new char[strlen(s)];
strcpy(strPtr, s);
}
}
};
int main(void) {
{
std::cout << "Need to clear string twice:" << std::endl;
std::vector<Foo> myVec;
Foo a("Instance A");
myVec.push_back(a);
}
std::cout << "============" << std::endl;
{
std::cout << "Only need to clear string one time:" << std::endl;
std::vector<Foo> myVec;
Foo c("Instance C");
myVec.push_back(std::move(c));
}
std::cout << "============" << std::endl;
{
Foo d("Instance D");
Foo x = d;
}
std::cout << "============" << std::endl;
{
Foo e("Instance E");
Foo&& y = std::move(e);
}
}
观察代码删除字串的次数,就可以了解右值引用的作用了。程序运行的输出如下:
Need to clear string twice:
Constructor with string:Instance A
Copy constructor was called.
Free allocated string:Instance A
Deconstructor was called.
Free allocated string:Instance A
Deconstructor was called.
============
Only need to clear string one time:
Constructor with string:Instance C
Move constructor was called.
Deconstructor was called.
Free allocated string:Instance C
Deconstructor was called.
============
Constructor with string:Instance D
Copy constructor was called.
Free allocated string:Instance D
Deconstructor was called.
Free allocated string:Instance D
Deconstructor was called.
============
Constructor with string:Instance E
Free allocated string:Instance E
Deconstructor was called.
但是考虑到右值引用中的引用折叠(reference collapsing)会引入一些复杂度(左右值的转换规则),造成理解上的问题,所以将右值引用的应用范围做了如开篇所说的限定。
在实际应用中,会出现没有直接定义类型的右值引用,被称为universal reference,需要进行类型推导。另一种情况是使用auto &&定义的也是universal reference。
关于std::forward,它被称为完美转发(Perfect Forwarding)。要解决的问题是在函数模板中,完全依照模板的参数的类型,保持参数的左值,右值特征),将参数传递给函数模板中调用的另一个函数(转自<<深入应用C++11>>)。根据这个定义,完美转发仅针对需要调用内部实现的模板函数,而且需要开发者识别出哪些情况是有效的,而哪些情况下又是无效的。比如适用的场景:
template<class T>
void foo(T&& arg)
{
// 如下保持arg的类型传入到bar()中
bar(std::forward<T>(arg));
}
但如果内部函数无需要针对左值或右值做特殊处理,这种场景是不需要转发的。参考:When not to use std::forward。