Docker容器的使用-阿里云开发者社区

执行命令docker run即可启动容器，也就是创建某个镜像的实例。docker run命令非常复杂，可以先执行一个docker run --help来查看帮助：

$ docker run --help
 
Usage:  docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]
 
Run a command in a new container
 
Options:
      --add-host list                  Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip)
  -a, --attach list                    Attach to STDIN, STDOUT or STDERR
      --blkio-weight uint16            Block IO (relative weight), between 10 and 1000, or 0 to disable (default 0)
      --blkio-weight-device list       Block IO weight (relative device weight) (default [])
      --cap-add list                   Add Linux capabilities
      --cap-drop list                  Drop Linux capabilities
      --cgroup-parent string           Optional parent cgroup for the container
      --cidfile string                 Write the container ID to the file
      --cpu-period int                 Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period
      --cpu-quota int                  Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota
      --cpu-rt-period int              Limit CPU real-time period in microseconds
      --cpu-rt-runtime int             Limit CPU real-time runtime in microseconds
  -c, --cpu-shares int                 CPU shares (relative weight)
      --cpus decimal                   Number of CPUs
      --cpuset-cpus string             CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
      --cpuset-mems string             MEMs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
  -d, --detach                         Run container in background and print container ID
      --detach-keys string             Override the key sequence for detaching a container
      --device list                    Add a host device to the container
      --device-cgroup-rule list        Add a rule to the cgroup allowed devices list
      --device-read-bps list           Limit read rate (bytes per second) from a device (default [])
      --device-read-iops list          Limit read rate (IO per second) from a device (default [])
      --device-write-bps list          Limit write rate (bytes per second) to a device (default [])
      --device-write-iops list         Limit write rate (IO per second) to a device (default [])
      --disable-content-trust          Skip image verification (default true)
      --dns list                       Set custom DNS servers
      --dns-option list                Set DNS options
      --dns-search list                Set custom DNS search domains
      --domainname string              Container NIS domain name
      --entrypoint string              Overwrite the default ENTRYPOINT of the image
  -e, --env list                       Set environment variables
      --env-file list                  Read in a file of environment variables
      --expose list                    Expose a port or a range of ports
      --gpus gpu-request               GPU devices to add to the container ('all' to pass all GPUs)
      --group-add list                 Add additional groups to join
      --health-cmd string              Command to run to check health
      --health-interval duration       Time between running the check (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
      --health-retries int             Consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy
      --health-start-period duration   Start period for the container to initialize before starting health-retries countdown (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
      --health-timeout duration        Maximum time to allow one check to run (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
      --help                           Print usage
  -h, --hostname string                Container host name
      --init                           Run an init inside the container that forwards signals and reaps processes
  -i, --interactive                    Keep STDIN open even if not attached
      --ip string                      IPv4 address (e.g., 172.30.100.104)
      --ip6 string                     IPv6 address (e.g., 2001:db8::33)
      --ipc string                     IPC mode to use
      --isolation string               Container isolation technology
      --kernel-memory bytes            Kernel memory limit
  -l, --label list                     Set meta data on a container
      --label-file list                Read in a line delimited file of labels
      --link list                      Add link to another container
      --link-local-ip list             Container IPv4/IPv6 link-local addresses
      --log-driver string              Logging driver for the container
      --log-opt list                   Log driver options
      --mac-address string             Container MAC address (e.g., 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33)
  -m, --memory bytes                   Memory limit
      --memory-reservation bytes       Memory soft limit
      --memory-swap bytes              Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap
      --memory-swappiness int          Tune container memory swappiness (0 to 100) (default -1)
      --mount mount                    Attach a filesystem mount to the container
      --name string                    Assign a name to the container
      --network network                Connect a container to a network
      --network-alias list             Add network-scoped alias for the container
      --no-healthcheck                 Disable any container-specified HEALTHCHECK
      --oom-kill-disable               Disable OOM Killer
      --oom-score-adj int              Tune host's OOM preferences (-1000 to 1000)
      --pid string                     PID namespace to use
      --pids-limit int                 Tune container pids limit (set -1 for unlimited)
      --platform string                Set platform if server is multi-platform capable
      --privileged                     Give extended privileges to this container
  -p, --publish list                   Publish a container's port(s) to the host
  -P, --publish-all                    Publish all exposed ports to random ports
      --read-only                      Mount the container's root filesystem as read only
      --restart string                 Restart policy to apply when a container exits (default "no")
      --rm                             Automatically remove the container when it exits
      --runtime string                 Runtime to use for this container
      --security-opt list              Security Options
      --shm-size bytes                 Size of /dev/shm
      --sig-proxy                      Proxy received signals to the process (default true)
      --stop-signal string             Signal to stop a container (default "SIGTERM")
      --stop-timeout int               Timeout (in seconds) to stop a container
      --storage-opt list               Storage driver options for the container
      --sysctl map                     Sysctl options (default map[])
      --tmpfs list                     Mount a tmpfs directory
  -t, --tty                            Allocate a pseudo-TTY
      --ulimit ulimit                  Ulimit options (default [])
  -u, --user string                    Username or UID (format: <name|uid>[:<group|gid>])
      --userns string                  User namespace to use
      --uts string                     UTS namespace to use
  -v, --volume list                    Bind mount a volume
      --volume-driver string           Optional volume driver for the container
      --volumes-from list              Mount volumes from the specified container(s)
  -w, --workdir string                 Working directory inside the container

比如我们要执行python的shell，需要添加-it参数，即：docker run -it python:3.8

$ docker run -it python:3.8 
Python 3.8.7 (default, Dec 22 2020, 18:46:25) 
[GCC 8.3.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>

4.2 将宿主机的文件挂载到容器

docker容器与宿主机是隔离的，要想让容器内的程序能访问宿主机上的文件，需要通过-v参数将宿主机的文件挂载到容器中。

比如我们在宿主机上有一个hello.py，可以打印hello，想要在python容器中执行，就需要进行挂载。-v后还需要接两个参数，分别是宿主机的目录和容器内的目录，两者使用:分隔，路径必须都是绝对路径。

我的hello.py保存在主目录的/docker_test目录中，将这个目录挂载到容器的/docker_test目录，然后在容器内执行python /docker_test/hello.py：

$ docker run -v ~/docker_test:/docker_test python:3.8 python /docker_test/hello.py
hello

4.3 容器的端口映射

我们修改一下hello.py，创建一个socket服务端，并监听5000端口，当有客户端连接时，打印客户端的地址，先客户端发送hello，然后关闭连接：

import socket
 
ip_port = ('127.0.0.1', 5000)
 
sk = socket.socket()
sk.bind(ip_port)
sk.listen(5)
 
while True:
    print('server waiting...')
    conn,addr = sk.accept()
    print(addr)
    conn.sendall(b'hello\n')
    conn.close()

在容器内执行：

docker run -v ~/docker_test:/docker_test python:3.8 python /docker_test/hello.py

接下来，尝试用telnet命令连接，结果却是失败的。原因是，127.0.0.1是宿主机的ip地址，5000是容器的端口，这与我们的习惯稍微有些不同。事实上，docker的容器是非常轻量的，它并没有自己的网络，要想访问容器的端口，需要进行端口映射，将容器的某端口映射到宿主机的端口，客户端连接时，只要与宿主机的端口进行连接就可以了。

需要注意的是，上面的代码创建的服务器，无论如何也不可能被客户端连接，因为代码中绑定了127.0.0.1的ip，在容器中运行时，需要绑定所有ip，即0.0.0.0。

import socket
 
ip_port = ('0.0.0.0', 5000)
 
sk = socket.socket()
sk.bind(ip_port)
sk.listen(5)
 
while True:
    print('server waiting...')
    conn,addr = sk.accept()
    print(addr)
    conn.sendall(b'hello\n')
    conn.close()

然后，再使用-p参数，-p还需要三个参数，即宿主机的ip地址、宿主机的端口、容器的端口，三者之间使用:分隔。一般的，可以将宿主机的ip地址省略，只写宿主机的端口：容器的端口即可。

docker run -v ~/docker_test:/docker_test -it -p 5001:5000 python:3.8 python /docker_test/hello.py

这样，就将容器的5000端口映射到了宿主机的5001端口，使用：

telnet 127.0.0.1 5001

即可与容器中的服务器进行连接。

4.4 容器管理

上面的服务运行之后，可以使用docker ps命令，查看运行中的容器：

$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID     IMAGE           COMMAND                  CREATED           STATUS         PORTS                    NAMES
ec4c86b8a163     python:3.8      "python /docker_test…"   5 seconds ago     Up 4 seconds   0.0.0.0:5000->5000/tcp   eager_wilson

显示的内容有下面几列：

CONTAINER ID：容器ID
IMAGE：镜像名称和版本
COMMAND：执行的命令
CREATED：容器创建时间

STATUS：容器的状态
PORTS：端口映射
NAMES：容器名

要想结束容器，可以使用docker kill 容器ID命令。

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