4.1 启动容器
执行命令docker run即可启动容器，也就是创建某个镜像的实例。docker run命令非常复杂，可以先执行一个docker run --help来查看帮助：
$ docker run --help Usage: docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...] Run a command in a new container Options: --add-host list Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip) -a, --attach list Attach to STDIN, STDOUT or STDERR --blkio-weight uint16 Block IO (relative weight), between 10 and 1000, or 0 to disable (default 0) --blkio-weight-device list Block IO weight (relative device weight) (default []) --cap-add list Add Linux capabilities --cap-drop list Drop Linux capabilities --cgroup-parent string Optional parent cgroup for the container --cidfile string Write the container ID to the file --cpu-period int Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period --cpu-quota int Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota --cpu-rt-period int Limit CPU real-time period in microseconds --cpu-rt-runtime int Limit CPU real-time runtime in microseconds -c, --cpu-shares int CPU shares (relative weight) --cpus decimal Number of CPUs --cpuset-cpus string CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1) --cpuset-mems string MEMs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1) -d, --detach Run container in background and print container ID --detach-keys string Override the key sequence for detaching a container --device list Add a host device to the container --device-cgroup-rule list Add a rule to the cgroup allowed devices list --device-read-bps list Limit read rate (bytes per second) from a device (default []) --device-read-iops list Limit read rate (IO per second) from a device (default []) --device-write-bps list Limit write rate (bytes per second) to a device (default []) --device-write-iops list Limit write rate (IO per second) to a device (default []) --disable-content-trust Skip image verification (default true) --dns list Set custom DNS servers --dns-option list Set DNS options --dns-search list Set custom DNS search domains --domainname string Container NIS domain name --entrypoint string Overwrite the default ENTRYPOINT of the image -e, --env list Set environment variables --env-file list Read in a file of environment variables --expose list Expose a port or a range of ports --gpus gpu-request GPU devices to add to the container ('all' to pass all GPUs) --group-add list Add additional groups to join --health-cmd string Command to run to check health --health-interval duration Time between running the check (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s) --health-retries int Consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy --health-start-period duration Start period for the container to initialize before starting health-retries countdown (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s) --health-timeout duration Maximum time to allow one check to run (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s) --help Print usage -h, --hostname string Container host name --init Run an init inside the container that forwards signals and reaps processes -i, --interactive Keep STDIN open even if not attached --ip string IPv4 address (e.g., 172.30.100.104) --ip6 string IPv6 address (e.g., 2001:db8::33) --ipc string IPC mode to use --isolation string Container isolation technology --kernel-memory bytes Kernel memory limit -l, --label list Set meta data on a container --label-file list Read in a line delimited file of labels --link list Add link to another container --link-local-ip list Container IPv4/IPv6 link-local addresses --log-driver string Logging driver for the container --log-opt list Log driver options --mac-address string Container MAC address (e.g., 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33) -m, --memory bytes Memory limit --memory-reservation bytes Memory soft limit --memory-swap bytes Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap --memory-swappiness int Tune container memory swappiness (0 to 100) (default -1) --mount mount Attach a filesystem mount to the container --name string Assign a name to the container --network network Connect a container to a network --network-alias list Add network-scoped alias for the container --no-healthcheck Disable any container-specified HEALTHCHECK --oom-kill-disable Disable OOM Killer --oom-score-adj int Tune host's OOM preferences (-1000 to 1000) --pid string PID namespace to use --pids-limit int Tune container pids limit (set -1 for unlimited) --platform string Set platform if server is multi-platform capable --privileged Give extended privileges to this container -p, --publish list Publish a container's port(s) to the host -P, --publish-all Publish all exposed ports to random ports --read-only Mount the container's root filesystem as read only --restart string Restart policy to apply when a container exits (default "no") --rm Automatically remove the container when it exits --runtime string Runtime to use for this container --security-opt list Security Options --shm-size bytes Size of /dev/shm --sig-proxy Proxy received signals to the process (default true) --stop-signal string Signal to stop a container (default "SIGTERM") --stop-timeout int Timeout (in seconds) to stop a container --storage-opt list Storage driver options for the container --sysctl map Sysctl options (default map[]) --tmpfs list Mount a tmpfs directory -t, --tty Allocate a pseudo-TTY --ulimit ulimit Ulimit options (default []) -u, --user string Username or UID (format: <name|uid>[:<group|gid>]) --userns string User namespace to use --uts string UTS namespace to use -v, --volume list Bind mount a volume --volume-driver string Optional volume driver for the container --volumes-from list Mount volumes from the specified container(s) -w, --workdir string Working directory inside the container
比如我们要执行python的shell，需要添加-it参数，即：docker run -it python:3.8
$ docker run -it python:3.8 Python 3.8.7 (default, Dec 22 2020, 18:46:25) [GCC 8.3.0] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>>
4.2 将宿主机的文件挂载到容器
docker容器与宿主机是隔离的，要想让容器内的程序能访问宿主机上的文件，需要通过-v参数将宿主机的文件挂载到容器中。
比如我们在宿主机上有一个hello.py，可以打印hello，想要在python容器中执行，就需要进行挂载。-v后还需要接两个参数，分别是宿主机的目录和容器内的目录，两者使用:分隔，路径必须都是绝对路径。
我的hello.py保存在主目录的/docker_test目录中，将这个目录挂载到容器的/docker_test目录，然后在容器内执行python /docker_test/hello.py：
$ docker run -v ~/docker_test:/docker_test python:3.8 python /docker_test/hello.py hello
4.3 容器的端口映射
我们修改一下hello.py，创建一个socket服务端，并监听5000端口，当有客户端连接时，打印客户端的地址，先客户端发送hello，然后关闭连接：
import socket ip_port = ('127.0.0.1', 5000) sk = socket.socket() sk.bind(ip_port) sk.listen(5) while True: print('server waiting...') conn,addr = sk.accept() print(addr) conn.sendall(b'hello\n') conn.close()
在容器内执行：
docker run -v ~/docker_test:/docker_test python:3.8 python /docker_test/hello.py
接下来，尝试用telnet命令连接，结果却是失败的。原因是，127.0.0.1是宿主机的ip地址，5000是容器的端口，这与我们的习惯稍微有些不同。事实上，docker的容器是非常轻量的，它并没有自己的网络，要想访问容器的端口，需要进行端口映射，将容器的某端口映射到宿主机的端口，客户端连接时，只要与宿主机的端口进行连接就可以了。
需要注意的是，上面的代码创建的服务器，无论如何也不可能被客户端连接，因为代码中绑定了127.0.0.1的ip，在容器中运行时，需要绑定所有ip，即0.0.0.0。
import socket ip_port = ('0.0.0.0', 5000) sk = socket.socket() sk.bind(ip_port) sk.listen(5) while True: print('server waiting...') conn,addr = sk.accept() print(addr) conn.sendall(b'hello\n') conn.close()
然后，再使用-p参数，-p还需要三个参数，即宿主机的ip地址、宿主机的端口、容器的端口，三者之间使用:分隔。一般的，可以将宿主机的ip地址省略，只写宿主机的端口：容器的端口即可。
docker run -v ~/docker_test:/docker_test -it -p 5001:5000 python:3.8 python /docker_test/hello.py
这样，就将容器的5000端口映射到了宿主机的5001端口，使用：
telnet 127.0.0.1 5001
即可与容器中的服务器进行连接。
4.4 容器管理
上面的服务运行之后，可以使用docker ps命令，查看运行中的容器：
$ docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES ec4c86b8a163 python:3.8 "python /docker_test…" 5 seconds ago Up 4 seconds 0.0.0.0:5000->5000/tcp eager_wilson
显示的内容有下面几列：
- CONTAINER ID：容器ID
- IMAGE：镜像名称和版本
- COMMAND：执行的命令
- CREATED：容器创建时间
- STATUS：容器的状态
- PORTS：端口映射
- NAMES：容器名
要想结束容器，可以使用docker kill 容器ID命令。
