Hint可以影响优化器对于执行计划的选择,但这种影响不是强制性的,优化器在某些情况下可能会忽略目标SQL中的Hint。由于各种原因导致Hint被Oracle忽略后,Oracle并不会给出任何提示或者警告,更不会报错,目标SQL依然可以正常运行,这也符合Hint实际上是一种特殊注释的身份。注释本来就是可有可无的东西,不应该因为它的存在而而导致原先在没有Hint时可以正常执行的SQL因为加了Hint后而变得不能正常执行。
下面来看几种Hint被Oracle忽略的常见情形。
1 使用的Hint有语法或者拼写错误
一旦使用的Hint中有语法或者拼写错误,Oracle就会忽略该Hint,看几个示例SQL:
-
select /*+ ind(emp pk_emp) */* from emp;
-
select /*+ index(emp pk_emp */* from emp;
-
select /* + index(emp pk_emp) */* from emp;
-
select */*+ index(emp pk_emp) */ from emp;
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select /*+ index(scott.emp pk_emp) */* from emp;
-
select /*+ index(emp pk_emp) */* from emp e;
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select /*+ index(emp emp_pk) */* from emp;
-
select /*+ full(t2) */ t1.ename,t1.deptno from emp t1 where t1.deptno in (select t2.deptno from detp t where t2.loc='CHICAGO');
实际上,上述8条SQL中的Hint都是无效的,它们都会被Oracle忽略。
1是因为关键字应该是"index"而不是"ind"
2是因为漏掉了一个右括号
3是因为Hint中第一个*和+之间出现了空格
4是因为Hint出现的位置不对,它应该出现在*前面
5是因为emp表前面带上了SCHEME名称
6是因为没有emp表的别名
7是因为索引名称写错了
8是因为Hint跨了Query Block。Hint生效的范围公限于它本身所在的Query Block,如果将某个Hint生将范围扩展到它所在的Query Block之外而又没在该Hint中指定其生效的Query Block名称的话,Oracle就会忽略该Hint。
2 使用的Hint无效
即使语法是正确的,但如果由于某种原因导致Oracle认为这个Hint无效,则Oracle还是会忽略该Hint。
看几个实例
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scott@TEST>
set
autotrace traceonly
scott@TEST>
select
/*+
index
(dept idx_dept_loc) */ deptno,dname
from
dept
where
loc=
'CHICAGO'
;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 492093765
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 10 | 300 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 |
TABLE
ACCESS
BY
INDEX
ROWID| DEPT | 10 | 300 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 2 |
INDEX
RANGE SCAN | IDX_DEPT_LOC | 4 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
......
|
从上面的输出可以看出,上面的SQL的执行计划走的是对索引IDX_DEPT_LOC的索引范围扫描,说明Hint生效了,但是如果把where条件替换为与索引IDX_DEPT_LOC毫不相关的deptno=30,再来看执行情况
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scott@TEST>
select
/*+
index
(dept idx_dept_loc) */ deptno,dname
from
dept
where
deptno=30;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2852011669
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 1 | 22 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 |
TABLE
ACCESS
BY
INDEX
ROWID| DEPT | 1 | 22 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 2 |
INDEX
UNIQUE
SCAN | PK_DEPT | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
......
|
从上面的输出可以看出,执行计划走的是对主键PK_DEPT的INDEX UNIQUE SCAN,面不是Hint里的IDX_DEPT_LOC。这就说明Hint在这个SQL失效了。
即使不改where条件,如果把索引IDX_DEPT_LOC删除,这个Hint也会失效:
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scott@TEST>
drop
index
idx_dept_loc;
Index
dropped.
scott@TEST>
select
/*+
index
(dept idx_dept_loc) */ deptno,dname
from
dept
where
loc=
'CHICAGO'
;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3383998547
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 10 | 300 | 29 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| DEPT | 10 | 300 | 29 (0)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
从上面的执行计划可以看出走的是对表DEPT的TABLE ACCESS FULL,Hint也是失效的。
再来看一个使用组合Hint的例子,先看如下SQL的执行计划
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scott@TEST>
select
/*+
full
(dept) parallel(dept 2) */ deptno
from
dept;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 587379989
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
| TQ |
IN
-
OUT
| PQ Distrib |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 1000 | 13000 | 16 (0)| 00:00:01 | | | |
| 1 | PX COORDINATOR | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | PX SEND QC (RANDOM)| :TQ10000 | 1000 | 13000 | 16 (0)| 00:00:01 | Q1,00 | P->S | QC (RAND) |
| 3 | PX BLOCK ITERATOR | | 1000 | 13000 | 16 (0)| 00:00:01 | Q1,00 | PCWC | |
| 4 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| DEPT | 1000 | 13000 | 16 (0)| 00:00:01 | Q1,00 | PCWP | |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
......
|
从上面输出内容可以看出,现在是对表DEPT做的并行全表扫描,说明组合Hint中的两个都生效了,这个Hint的含义是既要全表扫描又要并行访问表DEPT,两者不矛盾,因为全表扫描可以并行执行。再看如下的SQL:
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scott@TEST>
select
/*+
index
(dept pk_dept) parallel(dept 2) */ deptno
from
dept;
4
rows
selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2913917002
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 1000 | 13000 | 26 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 |
INDEX
FULL
SCAN | PK_DEPT | 1000 | 13000 | 26 (0)| 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
......
|
现在SQL走的是对索引PK_DEPT的索引全扫描,但是串行的,说明Hint中的parallel(dept 2)失效了,因为表DEPT上的主键索引PK_DEPT不是分区索引,而对于非分区索引而言,索引范围扫描或索引全扫描并不能并行执行,所以上述组合Hint中忽略了parallel(dept 2)。
再看一个HASH JOIN的例子:
下面的SQL中use_hash的Hint是生效的:
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scott@TEST>
select
/*+ use_hash(t1) */ t1.empno,t1.empno,t2.loc
from
emp t1,dept t2
where
t1.deptno=t2.deptno
and
t2.loc=
'CHICAGO'
;
6
rows
selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 615168685
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 5 | 185 | 7 (15)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | HASH
JOIN
| | 5 | 185 | 7 (15)| 00:00:01 |
|* 2 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| DEPT | 1 | 11 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 3 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| EMP | 14 | 364 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
|
但是如果把SQL修改为如下则use_hash的Hint就会被忽略
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scott@TEST>
select
/*+ use_hash(t1) */ t1.empno,t1.empno,t2.loc
from
emp t1,dept t2
where
t1.deptno>t2.deptno
and
t2.loc=
'CHICAGO'
;
no
rows
selected
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4192419542
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 1 | 37 | 6 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | NESTED LOOPS | | 1 | 37 | 6 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 2 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| DEPT | 1 | 11 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 3 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| EMP | 1 | 26 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
从上面的执行计划中看出use_hash确实是被Oracle忽略了,这是因为哈希连接只适用于等值连接条件,不等值的连接条件对哈希连接而言是没有意义的,所以上述Hint就被Oracle忽略了。
3 使用的Hint自相矛盾
如果使用的组合Hint是自相矛盾的,则这些自相矛盾的Hint都会被Oracle忽略。但Oracle只会将自相矛盾的Hint全部忽略掉,但如果使用的组合Hint中还有其他有效的Hint,则这些有效Hint不受影响。
看一个使用自相矛盾Hint的实例,先执行单个Hint的SQL
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scott@TEST>
select
/*+ index_ffs(dept pk_dept)*/ deptno
from
dept;
4
rows
selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2578398298
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 4 | 12 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 |
INDEX
FAST
FULL
SCAN| PK_DEPT | 4 | 12 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
......
scott@TEST>
select
/*+
full
(dept)*/ deptno
from
dept;
4
rows
selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3383998547
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 4 | 12 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| DEPT | 4 | 12 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
从上面的输出可以看出单独使用上面的两个Hint都能被Oracle生效,但如果这两个Hint合并到一起使用就不是那么回事了:
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scott@TEST>
select
/*+ index_ffs(dept pk_dept)
full
(dept)*/ deptno
from
dept;
4
rows
selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2913917002
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 4 | 12 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 |
INDEX
FULL
SCAN | PK_DEPT | 4 | 12 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
从上面的输出可以看出执行计划没有走Hint中指定的执行计划,而是对主键索引PK_DEPT做的是INDEX FULL SCAN这说明Hint中的两个都失效了。
再来看下面的例子:
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scott@TEST>
select
/*+ index_ffs(dept pk_dept)
full
(dept) cardinality(dept 1000) */ deptno
from
dept;
4
rows
selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2913917002
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 1000 | 3000 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 |
INDEX
FULL
SCAN | PK_DEPT | 1000 | 3000 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
从上面的输出可以看出执行计划走的仍然是对主键索引PK_DEPT做的是INDEX FULL SCAN,但是做INDEX FULL SCAN反回结果集的cardinality从原来的4变为了1000,说明cardinality(dept 1000)生效了,也验证了如果使用的组合Hint中还有其他有效的Hint,则这些有效Hint不受影响。
4 使用的Hint受到了查询转换的干扰
有时候,查询转换也会导致相关的Hint失效,即Hint被Oracle忽略还可能是因为受到了查询转换的干扰。
下面来看一个因为使用了查询转换而导致相关Hint被Oracle忽略掉的实例。
创建一个测试表jobs
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scott@TEST>
create
table
jobs
as
select
empno,job
from
emp;
Table
created.
|
构造一个SQL
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select
/*+ ordered cardinality(e 100) */
e.ename, j.job, e.sal, v.avg_sal
from
emp e,
jobs j,
(
select
/*+ merge */
e.deptno,
avg
(e.sal) avg_sal
from
emp e, dept d
where
d.loc =
'chicago'
and
d.deptno = e.deptno
group
by
e.deptno) v
where
e.empno = j.empno
and
e.deptno = v.deptno
and
e.sal > v.avg_sal
order
by
e.ename;
|
上面的SQL是两个表(EMP和JOBS)和内嵌视图V关联的SQL,其中内嵌视图V又是由表EMP和DEPT关联后得到的。在此SQL中使用了三个Hint,其中merge用于让内嵌视图V做视图合并,ordered表示上述SQL在执行时表EMP、JOBS和内嵌视图V的连接顺序应该和它们在该SQL的SQL文本中出现的顺序一致,即它们应该是按照从左至右的顺序依次做表连接。
如果上述三个Hint都生效的话,那目标SQL的执行计划中应该不会出现关键字“VIEW”(表示做了视图合并,体现了Merge Hint的作用),表EMP、JOBS和内嵌视图V的连接应该会变成表EMP、JOBS和内嵌视图V所对应的基表EMP和DEPT的连接,且连接的先后顺序应该是EMP->JOBS->内嵌视图V所对应的基表EMP和DEPT(体现了Ordered Hint的作用),外围查询中表EMP的扫描结果所对应的Cardinality的值应该是100(体现了Cardinality Hint的作用)。
现在看一下实际情况,执行上面的SQL:
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scott@TEST>
select
/*+ ordered cardinality(e 100) */
2 e.ename, j.job, e.sal, v.avg_sal
3
from
emp e,
4 jobs j,
5 (
select
/*+ merge */
6 e.deptno,
avg
(e.sal) avg_sal
7
from
emp e, dept d
8
where
d.loc =
'chicago'
9
and
d.deptno = e.deptno
10
group
by
e.deptno) v
11
where
e.empno = j.empno
12
and
e.deptno = v.deptno
13
and
e.sal > v.avg_sal
14
order
by
e.ename;
no
rows
selected
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 930847561
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 156 | 19656 | 15 (20)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | FILTER | | | | | |
| 2 | SORT
GROUP
BY
| | 156 | 19656 | 15 (20)| 00:00:01 |
|* 3 | HASH
JOIN
| | 156 | 19656 | 14 (15)| 00:00:01 |
|* 4 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| DEPT | 1 | 11 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 5 | HASH
JOIN
| | 467 | 53705 | 10 (10)| 00:00:01 |
| 6 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| EMP | 14 | 364 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 7 | HASH
JOIN
| | 100 | 8900 | 7 (15)| 00:00:01 |
| 8 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| EMP | 100 | 5800 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 9 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| JOBS | 14 | 434 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
从上面的执行计划可以看出,确实没有出现关键字“VIEW”,表EMP的扫描结果所对应的Cardinality的值确实是100,但连接顺序不是上面提到的顺序,而是先选择的表DEPT。这说明上述三个Hint中的Merge Hint和Cardinality Hint生效了,但Ordered Hint被Oracle忽略了。这是因为受到了查询转换的干扰(对内嵌视图V做视图合并是一种查询转换)。
为了证明上述SQL的Ordered Hint被Oracle忽略是因为受到了查询转换的干扰,现在将内嵌视图V中的merge替换为no_merge(不让内嵌视图做视图合并),再次执行该SQL:
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scott@TEST>
select
/*+ ordered cardinality(e 100) */
2 e.ename, j.job, e.sal, v.avg_sal
3
from
emp e,
4 jobs j,
5 (
select
/*+ no_merge */
6 e.deptno,
avg
(e.sal) avg_sal
7
from
emp e, dept d
8
where
d.loc =
'chicago'
9
and
d.deptno = e.deptno
10
group
by
e.deptno) v
11
where
e.empno = j.empno
12
and
e.deptno = v.deptno
13
and
e.sal > v.avg_sal
14
order
by
e.ename;
no
rows
selected
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2898000699
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 8 | 728 | 14 (22)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | SORT
ORDER
BY
| | 8 | 728 | 14 (22)| 00:00:01 |
|* 2 | HASH
JOIN
| | 8 | 728 | 13 (16)| 00:00:01 |
|* 3 | HASH
JOIN
| | 100 | 6500 | 7 (15)| 00:00:01 |
| 4 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| EMP | 100 | 4600 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 5 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| JOBS | 14 | 266 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 6 |
VIEW
| | 5 | 130 | 6 (17)| 00:00:01 |
| 7 | HASH
GROUP
BY
| | 5 | 185 | 6 (17)| 00:00:01 |
| 8 | MERGE
JOIN
| | 5 | 185 | 6 (17)| 00:00:01 |
|* 9 |
TABLE
ACCESS
BY
INDEX
ROWID| DEPT | 1 | 11 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 10 |
INDEX
FULL
SCAN | PK_DEPT | 4 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 11 | SORT
JOIN
| | 14 | 364 | 4 (25)| 00:00:01 |
| 12 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| EMP | 14 | 364 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
从上面的执行计划中可以看出,出现了“VIEW”关键字,说明没有做视图合并,表EMP对就的Cardinality为100,连接顺序与前面预想的一致,这说明在禁掉了查询转换后之前被忽略的Ordered Hint又生效了。
5 使用的Hint受到了保留关键字的干扰
Oracle在解析Hint时,是按照从左到右的顺序进行的,如果遇到的词是Oracle的保留关键字,则Oracle将忽略这个词以及之后的所有词;如果遇到词既不是关键字也不是Hint,就忽略该词;如果遇到的词是有效的Hint,那么Oracle就会保留该Hing。
正是由于上述Oracle解析Hint的原则,保留关键字也可能导致相关的Hint失效。
Oracle的保留关键字可以从视图V$RESERVED_WORDS中查到,从下面的查询结果可以看到','、'COMMENT'、'IS'都是保留关键字,但“THIS”不是
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scott@TEST>
select
keyword,length
from
v$reserved_words
where
keyword
in
(
','
,
'THIS'
,
'IS'
,
'COMMENT'
);
KEYWORD LENGTH
---------- ----------
, 1
COMMENT 7
IS
2
|
下面来看一个保留关键字导致Hint失效的实例,执行下面的SQL
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scott@TEST>
select
t1.empno,t1.empno,t2.loc
from
emp t1,dept t2
where
t1.deptno=t2.deptno;
14
rows
selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 844388907
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 14 | 518 | 6 (17)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | MERGE
JOIN
| | 14 | 518 | 6 (17)| 00:00:01 |
| 2 |
TABLE
ACCESS
BY
INDEX
ROWID| DEPT | 4 | 44 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 3 |
INDEX
FULL
SCAN | PK_DEPT | 4 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 4 | SORT
JOIN
| | 14 | 364 | 4 (25)| 00:00:01 |
| 5 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| EMP | 14 | 364 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
从执行计划上看走的是MERGE SORT JOIN,对SQL加入如下Hint并执行:
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scott@TEST>
select
/*+ use_hash(t1)
index
(t2 pk_dept) */ t1.empno,t1.empno,t2.loc
from
emp t1,dept t2
where
t1.deptno=t2.deptno;
14
rows
selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2622742753
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 14 | 518 | 6 (17)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | HASH
JOIN
| | 14 | 518 | 6 (17)| 00:00:01 |
| 2 |
TABLE
ACCESS
BY
INDEX
ROWID| DEPT | 4 | 44 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 3 |
INDEX
FULL
SCAN | PK_DEPT | 4 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 4 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| EMP | 14 | 364 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
从上面的执行计划中可以看出Hint中的两个都生效了,emp做HASH JOIN的被驱动表,对DEPT表做使用索引PK_DEPT。现在对Hint加入',',查看执行情况:
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scott@TEST>
select
/*+ use_hash(t1) ,
index
(t2 pk_dept) */ t1.empno,t1.empno,t2.loc
from
emp t1,dept t2
where
t1.deptno=t2.deptno;
14
rows
selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 615168685
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 14 | 518 | 7 (15)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | HASH
JOIN
| | 14 | 518 | 7 (15)| 00:00:01 |
| 2 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| DEPT | 4 | 44 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 3 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| EMP | 14 | 364 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
从执行计划中可以看出,仍然走的是HASH JOIN但是index(t2 pk_dept)失效了。因为','是Oracle的保留关键字,所以','后面的index(t2 pk_dept)失效了,再修改Hint如下并执行SQL:
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scott@TEST>
select
/*+ comment use_hash(t1)
index
(t2 pk_dept) */ t1.empno,t1.empno,t2.loc
from
emp t1,dept t2
where
t1.deptno=t2.deptno;
14
rows
selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 844388907
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 14 | 518 | 6 (17)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | MERGE
JOIN
| | 14 | 518 | 6 (17)| 00:00:01 |
| 2 |
TABLE
ACCESS
BY
INDEX
ROWID| DEPT | 4 | 44 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 3 |
INDEX
FULL
SCAN | PK_DEPT | 4 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 4 | SORT
JOIN
| | 14 | 364 | 4 (25)| 00:00:01 |
| 5 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| EMP | 14 | 364 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
从执行计划中看出,现在走的是跟一开始的执行计划一样,说明Hint中的两个都失效了,因为这两个都在Oracle保留关键字comment后面。再修改Hint如下再次执行SQL:
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scott@TEST>
select
/*+ this use_hash(t1)
index
(t2 pk_dept) */ t1.empno,t1.empno,t2.loc
from
emp t1,dept t2
where
t1.deptno=t2.deptno;
14
rows
selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2622742753
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation |
Name
|
Rows
| Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT
STATEMENT | | 14 | 518 | 6 (17)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | HASH
JOIN
| | 14 | 518 | 6 (17)| 00:00:01 |
| 2 |
TABLE
ACCESS
BY
INDEX
ROWID| DEPT | 4 | 44 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 3 |
INDEX
FULL
SCAN | PK_DEPT | 4 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 4 |
TABLE
ACCESS
FULL
| EMP | 14 | 364 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
现在执行计划又走出了Hint指定的样子,说明两个都生效了,这是因为this不是Oracle保留关键字。
以上介绍了5种Hint被Oracle忽略的情况,在实例使用过程中一定要注意使用方法,使用正确有效的Hint来提升SQL执行效率,避免Hint被Oracle忽略。