ansible介绍：
ansible是一个基于python开发的轻量级自动化运维管理工具，可以用来批量执行命令，安装程序，支持playbook编排。它通过ssh协议来连接主机，省去了在每一台主机安装客户端的麻烦，相对比puppet和saltstack，显得更为简单和轻量。
ansible命令参数：
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Usage: ansible <host-pattern> [options]
Options:
-a MODULE_ARGS, --args=MODULE_ARGS 模块的参数
module arguments
--ask-vault-pass ask
for
vault password
-B SECONDS, --background=SECONDS 异步运行，在X秒后失效
run asynchronously, failing after X seconds
(default=N
/A
)
-C, --check don't
make
any changes; instead, try to predict some 测试运行后改变的内容，不会执行
of the changes that may occur
-D, --
diff
when changing (small) files and templates, show the 在更改文件时，可以显示文件的不同
differences
in
those files; works great with --check
-e EXTRA_VARS, --extra-vars=EXTRA_VARS
set
additional variables as key=value or YAML
/JSON
-f FORKS, --forks=FORKS
specify number of parallel processes to use
(default=5)
-h, --help show this help message and
exit
-i INVENTORY, --inventory-
file
=INVENTORY 指定hosts文件路径，默认为
/etc/ansible/hosts
specify inventory host path
(default=
/etc/ansible/hosts
) or comma separated host
list.
-l SUBSET, --limit=SUBSET 指定pattern，对已经匹配的主机再过滤一次
further limit selected hosts to an additional pattern
--list-hosts outputs a list of matching hosts; does not execute 打印匹配的主机，不执行命令
anything
else
-m MODULE_NAME, --module-name=MODULE_NAME 要执行的模块名字，默认模块为
command
module name to execute (default=
command
)
-M MODULE_PATH, --module-path=MODULE_PATH 要执行的模块路径，默认为
/usr/share/ansible
specify path(s) to module library (default=None)
--new-vault-password-
file
=NEW_VAULT_PASSWORD_FILE
new vault password
file
for
rekey
-o, --one-line condense output 压缩输出
--output=OUTPUT_FILE output
file
name
for
encrypt or decrypt; use -
for
stdout
-P POLL_INTERVAL, --poll=POLL_INTERVAL
set
the poll interval
if
using -B (default=15)
--syntax-check perform a syntax check on the playbook, but
do
not 对playbook进行语法检测，不执行该playbook
execute it
-t TREE, --tree=TREE log output to this directory 把日志输出到该目录
--vault-password-
file
=VAULT_PASSWORD_FILE
vault password
file
-
v
, --verbose verbose mode (-vvv
for
more
, -vvvv to
enable
connection debugging)
--version show program's version number and
exit
Connection Options:
control as whom and how to connect to hosts
-k, --ask-pass ask
for
connection password 当使用密码验证登录的时候，提示输入
ssh
登录密码
--private-key=PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, --key-
file
=PRIVATE_KEY_FILE 私钥路径
use this
file
to authenticate the connection
-u REMOTE_USER, --user=REMOTE_USER
ssh
连接的用户名，默认root
connect as this user (default=None)
-c CONNECTION, --connection=CONNECTION
connection
type
to use (default=smart)
-T TIMEOUT, --timeout=TIMEOUT
ssh
连接超时时间，默认10秒
override the connection timeout
in
seconds
(default=10)
--
ssh
-common-args=SSH_COMMON_ARGS
specify common arguments to pass to
sftp
/scp/ssh
(e.g.
ProxyCommand)
--
sftp
-extra-args=SFTP_EXTRA_ARGS
specify extra arguments to pass to
sftp
only (e.g. -f,
-l)
--
scp
-extra-args=SCP_EXTRA_ARGS
specify extra arguments to pass to
scp
only (e.g. -l)
--
ssh
-extra-args=SSH_EXTRA_ARGS
specify extra arguments to pass to
ssh
only (e.g. -R)
Privilege Escalation Options:
control how and
which
user you become as on target hosts
-s, --
sudo
run operations with
sudo
(nopasswd) (deprecated, use
sudo
运行
become)
-U SUDO_USER, --
sudo
-user=SUDO_USER
sudo
到哪个用户，默认为root
desired
sudo
user (default=root) (deprecated, use
become)
-S, --
su
run operations with
su
(deprecated, use become)
-R SU_USER, --
su
-user=SU_USER
run operations with
su
as this user (default=root)
(deprecated, use become)
-b, --become run operations with become (does not imply password
prompting)
--become-method=BECOME_METHOD
privilege escalation method to use (default=
sudo
),
valid choices: [
sudo
|
su
| pbrun | pfexec | doas |
dzdo | ksu ]
--become-user=BECOME_USER
run operations as this user (default=root)
--ask-
sudo
-pass ask
for
sudo
password (deprecated, use become)
--ask-
su
-pass ask
for
su
password (deprecated, use become)
-K, --ask-become-pass
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部署：
ansible环境：
控制端：192.168.52.128
节点: 192.168.52.128
192.168.52.135
ansible安装：
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# yum -y install ansible
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ansible管理端ssh免认证登陆主机：
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# ssh-keygen
# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.52.135
# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.52.135
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配置Inventory主机清单：
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# vim /etc/ansible/hosts
[testservers]
192.168.52.128
192.168.52.135
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尝试ping模块，测试客户端连通性：
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# ansible all -m ping
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
false
,
"ping"
:
"pong"
}
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
false
,
"ping"
:
"pong"
}
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ansible常用模块：
执行命令：
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shell和
command
：这两个模块都是运行命令的模块，区别是
command
模块不支持shell变量和管道。
# ansible all -m command -a "free -m"
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
total used
free
shared buffers cached
Mem: 1869 1481 388 1 190 572
-/+ buffers
/cache
: 718 1150
Swap: 4047 5 4042
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
total used
free
shared buffers cached
Mem: 1869 1771 98 0 153 472
-/+ buffers
/cache
: 1145 723
Swap: 4047 216 3831
# ansible all -m shell -a "free -m"
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
total used
free
shared buffers cached
Mem: 1869 1481 388 1 190 572
-/+ buffers
/cache
: 718 1151
Swap: 4047 5 4042
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
total used
free
shared buffers cached
Mem: 1869 1779 90 0 153 472
-/+ buffers
/cache
: 1153 716
Swap: 4047 216 3831
# ansible all -m command -a "free -m | grep Swap"
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
total used
free
shared buffers cached
Mem: 1869 1481 388 1 190 572
-/+ buffers
/cache
: 718 1151
Swap: 4047 5 4042
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
total used
free
shared buffers cached
Mem: 1869 1771 98 0 153 472
-/+ buffers
/cache
: 1145 724
Swap: 4047 216 3831
# ansible all -m shell -a "free -m | grep Swap"
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
Swap: 4047 5 4042
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
Swap: 4047 216 3831
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可以看到在不使用管道的时候shell和command两个模块是没有分别的，但是使用了管道，可以看到command的管道是不生效的。
文件与目录操作：
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copy：拷贝文件。
把
/root/test
.txt文件拷贝到各服务器的
/tmp/test
.txt:
# ansible all -m copy -a "src=/root/test.txt dest=/tmp/test.txt"
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"checksum"
:
"da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709"
,
"dest"
:
"/tmp/test.txt"
,
"gid"
: 0,
"group"
:
"root"
,
"md5sum"
:
"d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e"
,
"mode"
:
"0644"
,
"owner"
:
"root"
,
"size"
: 0,
"src"
:
"/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1480249794.2678375-25305071473517/source"
,
"state"
:
"file"
,
"uid"
: 0
}
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"checksum"
:
"da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709"
,
"dest"
:
"/tmp/test.txt"
,
"gid"
: 0,
"group"
:
"root"
,
"md5sum"
:
"d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e"
,
"mode"
:
"0644"
,
"owner"
:
"root"
,
"size"
: 0,
"src"
:
"/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1480249794.341813-178065622105186/source"
,
"state"
:
"file"
,
"uid"
: 0
}
[root@192_168_52_128 ~ 20:29]
# ll /tmp/test.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 27 20:29
/tmp/test
.txt、
[root@192_168_52_135 ~/.
ssh
17:09]
# ll /tmp/test.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 8 18:14
/tmp/test
.txt
file
:更改文件的用户及权限，创建或删除文件和目录。
修改所有服务器的
/tmp/test
.txt文件的权限为755：
# ansible all -m file -a "dest=/tmp/test.txt mode=755"
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"gid"
: 0,
"group"
:
"root"
,
"mode"
:
"0755"
,
"owner"
:
"root"
,
"path"
:
"/tmp/test.txt"
,
"size"
: 0,
"state"
:
"file"
,
"uid"
: 0
}
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"gid"
: 0,
"group"
:
"root"
,
"mode"
:
"0755"
,
"owner"
:
"root"
,
"path"
:
"/tmp/test.txt"
,
"size"
: 0,
"state"
:
"file"
,
"uid"
: 0
}
[root@192_168_52_128 ~ 20:33]
# ll /tmp/test.txt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Nov 27 20:29
/tmp/test
.txt
[root@192_168_52_135
/tmp
18:15]
# ll test.txt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Nov 8 18:14
test
.txt
创建
/tmp/test
目录：
# ansible testservers -m file -a "dest=/tmp/test mode=755 owner=root group=root state=directory"
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"gid"
: 0,
"group"
:
"root"
,
"mode"
:
"0755"
,
"owner"
:
"root"
,
"path"
:
"/tmp/test"
,
"size"
: 4096,
"state"
:
"directory"
,
"uid"
: 0
}
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"gid"
: 0,
"group"
:
"root"
,
"mode"
:
"0755"
,
"owner"
:
"root"
,
"path"
:
"/tmp/test"
,
"size"
: 4096,
"state"
:
"directory"
,
"uid"
: 0
}
删除
/tmp/test
目录：
# ansible testservers -m file -a "dest=/tmp/test state=absent"
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"path"
:
"/tmp/test"
,
"state"
:
"absent"
}
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"path"
:
"/tmp/test"
,
"state"
:
"absent"
}
删除
/tmp/test
.txt文件
# ansible testservers -m file -a "dest=/tmp/test.txt state=absent"
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"path"
:
"/tmp/test.txt"
,
"state"
:
"absent"
}
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"path"
:
"/tmp/test.txt"
,
"state"
:
"absent"
}
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软件包管理：
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atp（ubuntu），yum(redhat):
安装一个软件包（links）：
# ansible testservers -m yum -a "name=links state=present"
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"msg"
:
""
,
"rc"
: 0,
"results"
: [
"Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security\nSetting up Install Process\nLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile\n * base: ftp.sjtu.edu.cn\n * epel: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn\n * extras: ftp.sjtu.edu.cn\n * rpmforge: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn\n * updates: ftp.sjtu.edu.cn\nResolving Dependencies\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package links.x86_64 1:2.13-1.el6 will be installed\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n================================================================================\n Package Arch Version Repository Size\n================================================================================\nInstalling:\n links x86_64 1:2.13-1.el6 epel 2.8 M\n\nTransaction Summary\n================================================================================\nInstall 1 Package(s)\n\nTotal download size: 2.8 M\nInstalled size: 4.5 M\nDownloading Packages:\nRunning rpm_check_debug\nRunning Transaction Test\nTransaction Test Succeeded\nRunning Transaction\n\r Installing : 1:links-2.13-1.el6.x86_64 1/1 \n\r Verifying : 1:links-2.13-1.el6.x86_64 1/1 \n\nInstalled:\n links.x86_64 1:2.13-1.el6 \n\nComplete!\n"
]
}
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"msg"
:
""
,
"rc"
: 0,
"results"
: [
"Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security\nSetting up Install Process\nLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile\n * base: mirrors.zju.edu.cn\n * epel: mirror.pregi.net\n * extras: mirror.bit.edu.cn\n * rpmforge: miroir.univ-paris13.fr\n * updates: mirrors.zju.edu.cn\nResolving Dependencies\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package links.x86_64 1:2.13-1.el6 will be installed\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n================================================================================\n Package Arch Version Repository Size\n================================================================================\nInstalling:\n links x86_64 1:2.13-1.el6 epel 2.8 M\n\nTransaction Summary\n================================================================================\nInstall 1 Package(s)\n\nTotal download size: 2.8 M\nInstalled size: 4.5 M\nDownloading Packages:\nRunning rpm_check_debug\nRunning Transaction Test\nTransaction Test Succeeded\nRunning Transaction\n\r Installing : 1:links-2.13-1.el6.x86_64 1/1 \n\r Verifying : 1:links-2.13-1.el6.x86_64 1/1 \n\nInstalled:\n links.x86_64 1:2.13-1.el6 \n\nComplete!\n"
]
}
# ansible testservers -m yum -a "name=links state=present"
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
false
,
"msg"
:
""
,
"rc"
: 0,
"results"
: [
"links-1:2.13-1.el6.x86_64 providing links is already installed"
]
}
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
false
,
"msg"
:
""
,
"rc"
: 0,
"results"
: [
"links-1:2.13-1.el6.x86_64 providing links is already installed"
]
}
安装软件到最新版本
# ansible testservers -m yum -a "name=links state=latest"
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
false
,
"msg"
:
""
,
"rc"
: 0,
"results"
: [
"All packages providing links are up to date"
,
""
]
}
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
false
,
"msg"
:
""
,
"rc"
: 0,
"results"
: [
"All packages providing links are up to date"
,
""
]
}
删除一个软件包：
# ansible testservers -m yum -a "name=links state=absent"
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"msg"
:
""
,
"rc"
: 0,
"results"
: [
"Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security\nSetting up Remove Process\nResolving Dependencies\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package links.x86_64 1:2.13-1.el6 will be erased\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n================================================================================\n Package Arch Version Repository Size\n================================================================================\nRemoving:\n links x86_64 1:2.13-1.el6 @epel 4.5 M\n\nTransaction Summary\n================================================================================\nRemove 1 Package(s)\n\nInstalled size: 4.5 M\nDownloading Packages:\nRunning rpm_check_debug\nRunning Transaction Test\nTransaction Test Succeeded\nRunning Transaction\n\r Erasing : 1:links-2.13-1.el6.x86_64 1/1 \n\r Verifying : 1:links-2.13-1.el6.x86_64 1/1 \n\nRemoved:\n links.x86_64 1:2.13-1.el6 \n\nComplete!\n"
]
}
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"msg"
:
""
,
"rc"
: 0,
"results"
: [
"Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security\nSetting up Remove Process\nResolving Dependencies\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package links.x86_64 1:2.13-1.el6 will be erased\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n================================================================================\n Package Arch Version Repository Size\n================================================================================\nRemoving:\n links x86_64 1:2.13-1.el6 @epel 4.5 M\n\nTransaction Summary\n================================================================================\nRemove 1 Package(s)\n\nInstalled size: 4.5 M\nDownloading Packages:\nRunning rpm_check_debug\nRunning Transaction Test\nTransaction Test Succeeded\nRunning Transaction\n\r Erasing : 1:links-2.13-1.el6.x86_64 1/1 \n\r Verifying : 1:links-2.13-1.el6.x86_64 1/1 \n\nRemoved:\n links.x86_64 1:2.13-1.el6 \n\nComplete!\n"
]
}
# ansible testservers -m yum -a "name=links state=absent"
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
false
,
"msg"
:
""
,
"rc"
: 0,
"results"
: [
"links is not installed"
]
}
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
false
,
"msg"
:
""
,
"rc"
: 0,
"results"
: [
"links is not installed"
]
}
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用户和用户组：
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user：创建，修改，删除用户。
创建cmh用户：
# ansible all -m user -a "name=cmh password=123456"
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"append"
:
false
,
"changed"
:
true
,
"comment"
:
""
,
"group"
: 501,
"home"
:
"/home/cmh"
,
"move_home"
:
false
,
"name"
:
"cmh"
,
"password"
:
"NOT_LOGGING_PASSWORD"
,
"shell"
:
"/bin/bash"
,
"state"
:
"present"
,
"uid"
: 501
}
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"append"
:
false
,
"changed"
:
true
,
"comment"
:
""
,
"group"
: 501,
"home"
:
"/home/cmh"
,
"move_home"
:
false
,
"name"
:
"cmh"
,
"password"
:
"NOT_LOGGING_PASSWORD"
,
"shell"
:
"/bin/bash"
,
"state"
:
"present"
,
"uid"
: 501
}
查看用户：
[root@192_168_52_128 ~ 23:03]
# id cmh
uid=501(cmh) gid=501(cmh)
groups
=501(cmh)
删除cmh用户：
# ansible all -m user -a "name=cmh state=absent"
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"force"
:
false
,
"name"
:
"cmh"
,
"remove"
:
false
,
"state"
:
"absent"
}
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"force"
:
false
,
"name"
:
"cmh"
,
"remove"
:
false
,
"state"
:
"absent"
}
[root@192_168_52_128 ~ 23:03]
# id cmh
id
: cmh: No such user
|
服务管理：
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service：启动，重启，关闭系统服务。
关闭服务：
# ansible testservers -m service -a "name=nfs state=stopped"
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"name"
:
"nfs"
,
"state"
:
"stopped"
}
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"name"
:
"nfs"
,
"state"
:
"stopped"
}
开启服务：
# ansible testservers -m service -a "name=nfs state=started"
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"name"
:
"nfs"
,
"state"
:
"started"
}
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"changed"
:
true
,
"name"
:
"nfs"
,
"state"
:
"started"
}
重启或者重新加载服务：
# ansible testservers -m service -a "name=nfs state=restarted"
# ansible testservers -m service -a "name=nfs state=reloaded"
|
收集系统信息：
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收集匹配主机的所有信息：
# ansible all -m setup
收集信息并以主机名为文件保存在指定目录中：
# ansible all -m setup --tree /tmp/facts
# tree /tmp/facts/
/tmp/facts/
├── 192.168.52.128
└── 192.168.52.135
0 directories, 2 files
过滤信息：（收集内存相关）
# ansible all -m setup -a 'filter=ansible_*_mb'
192.168.52.135 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts"
: {
"ansible_memfree_mb"
: 355,
"ansible_memory_mb"
: {
"nocache"
: {
"free"
: 1140,
"used"
: 729
},
"real"
: {
"free"
: 355,
"total"
: 1869,
"used"
: 1514
},
"swap"
: {
"cached"
: 2,
"free"
: 4035,
"total"
: 4047,
"used"
: 12
}
},
"ansible_memtotal_mb"
: 1869,
"ansible_swapfree_mb"
: 4035,
"ansible_swaptotal_mb"
: 4047
},
"changed"
:
false
}
192.168.52.128 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts"
: {
"ansible_memfree_mb"
: 219,
"ansible_memory_mb"
: {
"nocache"
: {
"free"
: 727,
"used"
: 1142
},
"real"
: {
"free"
: 219,
"total"
: 1869,
"used"
: 1650
},
"swap"
: {
"cached"
: 13,
"free"
: 3829,
"total"
: 4047,
"used"
: 218
}
},
"ansible_memtotal_mb"
: 1869,
"ansible_swapfree_mb"
: 3829,
"ansible_swaptotal_mb"
: 4047
},
"changed"
:
false
}
|
后记：
这里只是列举了一些ansible最基础的用法，就是入个门，之后会研究一下playbooks的使用，以及怎么利用playbooks的role功能安装一整套服务。
本文转自 icenycmh 51CTO博客，原文链接：http://blog.51cto.com/icenycmh/1880749，如需转载请自行联系原作者
