一、磁盘管理总体分类
1）磁盘结构
2）分区类型
3）管理分区
4）管理文件系统
5）挂载设备
6）管理虚拟内存
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重要分类模块详解
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1、磁盘常用术语
head：磁头 track：磁道 sector:扇区 cylinder：柱面
2、分区种类
1）主引导记录（MBR）
MBR: Master Boot Record，1982年，使用32位表示扇区数,分区不超过2T如何分区：按柱面0磁道0扇区：512bytes 446bytes: boot loader 64bytes：分区表 16bytes: 标识一个分区 2bytes: 55AA 4个主分区；3主分区+1扩展(N个逻辑分区)
2)GPT
GPT:GUID patition table (GUID分区表) 支持128个分区，使用64位，支 持8Z（ 512Byte/block ）64Z （ 4096Byte/block）使用128位UUID 表示磁盘和分区 GPT分区表自动备份在头 和尾两份，并有CRC校验位UEFI (统一扩展固件接口)硬件支持GPT
3、常用分区管理工具
lsblk命令：
lsblk - list block devices
演示：
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[root@centos6 ~]
# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0 11:0 1 3.7G 0 rom
sda 8:0 0 120G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 200M 0 part
/boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 80G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 20G 0 part
/testdir
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
├─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]
└─sda6 8:6 0 5G 0 part
sdb 8:16 0 120G 0 disk
sdc 8:32 0 20G 0 disk
sdd 8:48 0 20G 0 disk
sde 8:64 0 20G 0 disk
[root@centos6 ~]
#
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fdisk命令：
fdisk - Partition table manipulator for Linux
fdisk -cu device fdisk device
常用子命令：
d delete a partition #删除分区表
l list known partition types #列出分区类型
m print this menu #打印帮助信息
n add a new partition #添加一个新的分区
p print the partition table #打印分区表
q quit without saving changes #不保存退出
t change a partition's system id #改变一个分区的系统ID
w write table to disk and exit #将分区表写入系统
partx/partprobe命令:通知内核重新读取硬盘分区表信息
partx -a /dev/device 例如：partx -a /dev/sda1
kpartx -a /dev/device -f:force
删除分区：
partx -d --nr # /dev/device #号表示删除的第几块分区
partx -d --nr 7 /dev/sda
CentOS5.x CentOS7.x使用：partprobe命令即可
查看内核是否已经识别新的分区：cat /proc/partitations
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演示：
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[root@centos6 ~]
# fdisk -l /dev/sda
Disk
/dev/sda
: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors
/track
, 15665 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical
/physical
): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I
/O
size (minimum
/optimal
): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000813f2
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1
* 1 26 204800 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2
26 10469 83886080 83 Linux
/dev/sda3
10469 13080 20971520 83 Linux
/dev/sda4
13080 15666 20765696 5 Extended
/dev/sda5
13081 13603 4194304 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda6
13604 13865 2104515 83 Linux
/dev/sda7
13866 13997 1060258+ 83 Linux
[root@centos6 ~]
# cat /proc/partitions
major minor
#blocks name
8 0 125829120 sda
8 1 204800 sda1
8 2 83886080 sda2
8 3 20971520 sda3
8 4 1 sda4
8 5 4194304 sda5
8 16 125829120 sdb
8 32 20971520 sdc
8 48 20971520 sdd
8 64 20971520 sde
[root@centos6 ~]
# partx -a /dev/sda
sda sda1 sda2 sda3 sda4 sda5
[root@centos6 ~]
# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 4
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 5
[root@centos6 ~]
# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 4
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 5
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 6
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 7
[root@centos6 ~]
# !cat
cat
/proc/partitions
major minor
#blocks name
8 0 125829120 sda
8 1 204800 sda1
8 2 83886080 sda2
8 3 20971520 sda3
8 4 1 sda4
8 5 4194304 sda5
8 6 2104515 sda6
8 7 1060258 sda7
8 16 125829120 sdb
8 32 20971520 sdc
8 48 20971520 sdd
8 64 20971520 sde
[root@centos6 ~]
#
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二、创建文件系统
mkfs命令：创建一个linux文件系统
mkfs - build a Linux file system
用法：
mkfs.fs_type /dev/device #fs_type{ext4 xfs btrfs vfat}
mkfs.fs_type /dev/device -L 'LABEL' #指定卷标
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演示：
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[root@centos6 ~]
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda6 -L 'MYDATE'
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
文件系统标签=MYDATE
操作系统:Linux
块大小=4096 (log=2)
分块大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
131648 inodes, 526128 blocks
26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved
for
the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216
17 block
groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
7744 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (16384 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 27 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@centos6 ~]
# blkdi
-
bash
: blkdi:
command
not found
[root@centos6 ~]
# blkid
/dev/sda2
: UUID=
"240533cf-b37f-4460-974f-702bab867da5"
TYPE=
"ext4"
/dev/sda1
: UUID=
"4e245c68-a392-4ce9-9a99-5d32d8d43872"
TYPE=
"ext4"
/dev/sda3
: UUID=
"86aa7b74-24df-4043-ba83-f3b41a99ce0e"
TYPE=
"ext4"
/dev/sda5
: UUID=
"f8ef48ef-b141-48e5-9735-ff9089bd54ba"
TYPE=
"swap"
/dev/sda6
: UUID=
"b153fa9a-5b82-4bbc-b580-9170ab88b4a6"
TYPE=
"ext4"
LABEL=
"MYDATE"
[root@centos6 ~]
#
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mke2fs命令：创建ext系列文件系统
mke2fs - create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem
选项：
-t{ext2|ext3|ext4} #指定文件类型
-b{1024|2048|4096} #指定块大小
-L 'LABEL' #指定卷标
-j #相当于mke2fs -t ext3,mkfs.ext3 = mkfs -t ext3 = mke2fs -j = mke2fs -t ext3
-i #: 为数据空间中每多少个字节创建一个inode；此大 小不应该小于block的大小
-N #: 为数据空间创建杜少而过inode
-m #: 为管理员预留的空间占总空间的百分比，默认为5%
blkid命令：
blkid - command-line utility to locate/print block device attributes
选项：
-U:UUID #按UUID来查找到相应的设备
-L:LABEL #按卷标查找到相应的设备名
e2label命令：
用法：e2label device LABEL
e2lable deveice
tune2fs命令：重新设定文件系统的超级块可调参数的属性值
选项：
-L 'LABEL'：修改卷标
-j 将ext2升级到ext3
-o 调整文件系统挂载选项，acl，取消为^acl
-m #：修预留给管理员的空间百分比
dumpe2fs命令：
-h：查看超级块信息（分组信息），分区用分组管理
例如：dumpe2fs -h /dev/sda8 tune2fs -l /dev/sda8
文件修复和检测：
常发生于死机或者非正常关机之后，常发生于死机或者非正常关机之后
fsck: File System
Check fsck.FS_TYPE
fsck -t FS_TYPE
演示：
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[root@centos6 ~]
# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 -L 'MAN' -m 1 /dev/sda8
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
文件系统标签=MAN
操作系统:Linux
块大小=2048 (log=1)
分块大小=2048 (log=1)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
804864 inodes, 6438032 blocks
64380 blocks (1.00%) reserved
for
the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=544210944
393 block
groups
16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group
2048 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816, 1327104,
2048000, 3981312, 5619712
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 30 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@centos6 ~]
# mount /dev/sda8 /mnt
[root@centos6 ~]
# tune2fs -l /dev/sda8
tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem volume name: MAN
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: 8528b2b5-4dc3-48c9-91f5-a0d096442b36
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision
#: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default
mount
options: (none)
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS
type
: Linux
Inode count: 804864
Block count: 6438032
Reserved block count: 64380
Free blocks: 6297100
Free inodes: 804853
First block: 0
Block size: 2048
Fragment size: 2048
Reserved GDT blocks: 512
Blocks per group: 16384
Fragments per group: 16384
Inodes per group: 2048
Inode blocks per group: 256
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Mon Aug 22 22:43:55 2016
Last
mount
time
: Mon Aug 22 22:44:44 2016
Last write
time
: Mon Aug 22 22:44:44 2016
Mount count: 1
Maximum
mount
count: 30
Last checked: Mon Aug 22 22:43:55 2016
Check interval: 15552000 (6 months)
Next check after: Sat Feb 18 22:43:55 2017
Lifetime writes: 262 MB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 28
Desired extra isize: 28
Journal inode: 8
Default directory
hash
: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: c5fdca9f-fd8e-4a75-8301-39a64f0e9f3c
Journal backup: inode blocks
[root@centos6 ~]
# blkid /dev/sda8
/dev/sda8
: LABEL=
"MAN"
UUID=
"8528b2b5-4dc3-48c9-91f5-a0d096442b36"
TYPE=
"ext4"
[root@centos6 ~]
# blkid -U "8528b2b5-4dc3-48c9-91f5-a0d096442b36"
/dev/sda8
[root@centos6 ~]
# blkid -L MAN
/dev/sda8
[root@centos6 ~]
#
[root@centos6 ~]
# e2label /dev/sda8 HUMAN
[root@centos6 ~]
# e2label /dev/sda8
HUMAN
[root@centos6 ~]
# tune2fs -L 'BABY' /dev/sda8
tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
[root@centos6 ~]
# tune2fs -o acl /dev/sda8
tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
[root@centos6 ~]
# tune2fs -l /dev/sda8
tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem volume name: BABY
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: 8528b2b5-4dc3-48c9-91f5-a0d096442b36
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision
#: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default
mount
options: acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS
type
: Linux
Inode count: 804864
Block count: 6438032
Reserved block count: 64380
Free blocks: 6297100
Free inodes: 804853
First block: 0
Block size: 2048
Fragment size: 2048
Reserved GDT blocks: 512
Blocks per group: 16384
Fragments per group: 16384
Inodes per group: 2048
Inode blocks per group: 256
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Mon Aug 22 22:43:55 2016
Last
mount
time
: Mon Aug 22 22:44:44 2016
Last write
time
: Mon Aug 22 23:01:13 2016
Mount count: 1
Maximum
mount
count: 30
Last checked: Mon Aug 22 22:43:55 2016
Check interval: 15552000 (6 months)
Next check after: Sat Feb 18 22:43:55 2017
Lifetime writes: 262 MB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 28
Desired extra isize: 28
Journal inode: 8
Default directory
hash
: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: c5fdca9f-fd8e-4a75-8301-39a64f0e9f3c
Journal backup: inode blocks
[root@centos6 ~]
# tune2fs -m 5 /dev/sda8
tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Setting reserved blocks percentage to 5% (321901 blocks)
[root@centos6 ~]
# tune2fs -l /dev/sda8
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三、挂载文件系统
mount命令：
用法：
mount DEVICE MOUNT_POINT
mount [-fnrsvw] [-t vfstype] [-o options] device dir
挂载方式：
1）设备文件 例如：mount /dev/sda5 /mnt
2）卷标 例如：mount -L 'MYDATE' /mnt
3）UUID 例如：mount -U '40d51666-7a52-4613-bac9-0a1f27afeee8'/mnt
选项：
-t:指定文件类型
-r:只读挂载
-w:读写挂载
-n:不更新/etc/mtab
-a:自定挂载/etc/fstab定义的设备
-L:卷标
-U:uuid
-B:绑定目录到另一个目录上
查看内核最终到的挂载的所有设备：cat /proc/mounts
-o options：(挂载文件系统的选项)，多个选项使用逗号分隔 async：异步模式 sync：同步模式,内存更改时，同时写磁盘 atime/noatime：包含目录和文件 diratime/nodiratime：目录的访问时间戳 auto/noauto：是否支持自动挂载,是否支持-a选项 exec/noexec：是否支持将文件系统上运行应用程序 dev/nodev：是否支持在此文件系统上使用设备文件 suid/nosuid：不否支持suid和sgid权限 remount：重新挂载 ro：只读 rw：读写 user/nouser：是否允许普通用户挂载此设备，默认管理员才能挂载 acl：启用此文件系统上的acl功能 Defaults：相当于rw, nosuid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async
umount命令：
umount DEVICE
umount MOUNT_POINT
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四、挂载至配置文件
/etc/fstab 每行定义一个要挂载的文件系统说明
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[root@centos6 ~]
# cat /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Thu Aug 11 03:07:57 2016
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=240533cf-b37f-4460-974f-702bab867da5 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=4e245c68-a392-4ce9-9a99-5d32d8d43872
/boot
ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=86aa7b74-24df-4043-ba83-f3b41a99ce0e
/testdir
ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=f8ef48ef-b141-48e5-9735-ff9089bd54ba swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs
/dev/shm
tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts
/dev/pts
devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs
/sys
sysfs defaults 0 0
proc
/proc
proc defaults 0 0
#要挂载的设备或为文件系统 #挂载点 #文件类型 #选项 #转储 #自检
[root@centos6 ~
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本文转自chengong1013 51CTO博客，原文链接：http://blog.51cto.com/purify/1842660，如需转载请自行联系原作者
