基于JVM的动态语言Groovy 基础知识汇总

1. 默认导入的命名空间Automatic Imports

importjava.lang.*;

importjava.util.*;

import java.net.*;

import java.io.*;

import java.math.BigInteger;

import java.math.BigDecimal;

importgroovy.lang.*;

importgroovy.util.*;

使用以上的命名空间下的接口、类等不需要引入

2. 可选分号Optional Semicolons

msg = "Hello"

msg = "Hello";

3. 可选括号Optional Parentheses

println("Hello World!")

println "Hello World!"

//Method Pointer

def pizza = new Pizza()

def deliver = pizza.&deliver()

deliver

4. 可选返回值Optional Return Statements

String getFullName(){

return "${firstName} ${lastName}"

}

//equivalent code

String getFullName(){

"${firstName} ${lastName}"

}

5. 可选类型声明Optional Datatype Declaration (Duck Typing)

s = "hello"

def s1 = "hello"

String s2 = "hello"

printlns.class

println s1.class

println s2.class

6. 可选异常处理Optional Exception Handling

//in Java:

try{

Reader reader = new FileReader("/foo.txt")

}

catch(FileNotFoundException e){

e.printStackTrace()

}

//in Groovy:

def reader = new FileReader("/foo.txt")

7. 操作符重载Operator Overloading

Operator Method

a == b or a != b a.equals(b)

a + b a.plus(b)

a - b a.minus(b)

a * b a.multiply(b)

a / b a.div(b)

a % b a.mod(b)

a++ or ++a a.next()

a- - or - -a a.previous()

a & b a.and(b)

a | b a.or(b)

a[b] a.getAt(b)

a[b] = c a.putAt(b,c)

a << b a.leftShift(b)

a >> b a.rightShift(b)

a < b or a > b or a <= b or a >= b a.compareTo(b)

8. Safe Dereferencing (?)

s = [1, 2]

println s?.size()

s = null

println s?.size()

println person?.address?.phoneNumber //可连用不用检查空

9. 自动装箱Autoboxing

autoboxes everything on the fly

float f = (float) 2.2F

f.class

primitive类型自动装箱

10. 真值Groovy Truth

//true

if(1) // any non-zero value is true

if(-1)

if(!null) // any non-null value is true

if("John") // any non-empty string is true

Map family = [dad:"John", mom:"Jane"]

if(family) // true since the map is populated

String[] sa = new String[1]

if(sa) // true since the array length is greater than 0

StringBuffersb = new StringBuffer()

sb.append("Hi")

if(sb) // true since the StringBuffer is populated

//false

if(0) // zero is false

if(null) // null is false

if("") // empty strings are false

Map family = [:]

if(family) // false since the map is empty

String[] sa = new String[0]

if(sa) // false since the array is zero length

StringBuffersb = new StringBuffer()

if(sb) // false since the StringBuffer is empty

11. Embedded Quotes

def s1 = 'My name is "Jane"'

def s2 = "My name is 'Jane'"

def s3 = "My name is \"Jane\""

单双引号都可以表示字符串

12. Heredocs (Triple Quotes)

s ='''This is

demo'''

println s

三个单、双引号

13. GStrings

def name = "John"

println "Hello ${name}. Today is ${new Date()}"

14. List/Map Shortcuts

def languages = ["Java", "Groovy", "JRuby"]

printlnlanguages.class

def array = ["Java", "Groovy", "JRuby"] as String[]

def set = ["Java", "Groovy", "JRuby"] as Set

def empty = []

printlnempty.size()

languages << "Jython"

println languages[1]

printlnlanguages.getAt(1)

languages.each{println it}

languages.each{lang ->

printlnlang

}

languages.eachWithIndex{lang, i ->

println "${i}: ${lang}"

}

languages.sort()

languages.pop()

languages.findAll{ it.startsWith("G") }

languages.collect{ it += " is cool"}

//Spread Operator (*)

println languages*.toUpperCase()

def family = [dad:"John", mom:"Jane"]

family.get("dad")

printlnfamily.dad

family.each{k,v ->

println "${v} is the ${k}"

}

family.keySet()

import groovy.sql.Sql

//Spread Operator (*)

defparams = []

params<< "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test"

params<< "root"

params<< ""

params<< "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"

printlnparams

defsql = Sql.newInstance(*params)

//defdb = [url:'jdbc:hsqldb:mem:testDB', user:'sa', password:'', driver:'org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver']

//defsql = Sql.newInstance(db.url, db.user, db.password, db.driver)

defsql = groovy.sql.Sql.newInstance('jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/tekdays', "root", '', 'com.mysql.jdbc.Driver')

printlnsql.connection.catalog

mysql-connector-java-5.0.7-bin.jar放到groovy安装lib目录下

15. Ranges

def r = 1..3

(1..3).each{println "Bye"}

def today = new Date()

defnextWeek = today + 7

(today..nextWeek).each{println it}

16. Closures and Blocks

def hi = { println "Hi"}

hi()

def hello = { println "Hi ${it}" }

hello("John")

defcalculateTax = { taxRate, amount ->

return amount + (taxRate * amount)

}

println "Total cost: ${calculateTax(0.055, 100)}"

//预绑定

defcalculateTax = { taxRate, amount ->

return amount + (taxRate * amount)

}

def tax = calculateTax.curry(0.1)

[10,20,30].each{

println "Total cost: ${tax(it)}"

}