2. 使用 Socket 进行TCP通信
Socket通信流程图如下:
这里服务器段listen是监听socket套接字的监听文件描述符。如果客户端有连接请求,服务器端会自动和客户端建立连接,这里的accept函数,只是从已经建立了连接的已连接队列中取出一个建立的客户端连接,并返回用于数据传输的文件描述符。
2.1 socket相关函数介绍
socket()
//socket函数
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);
返回值:
成功返回socket的文件描述符,失败返回-1,并且通过设置错误信息errno
参数:
domain:可以选取下面的参数,常用的是AF_INET,AF_INET6,AF_UNIX
Name Purpose Man page
AF_UNIX, AF_LOCAL Local communication unix(7)
AF_INET IPv4 Internet protocols ip(7)
AF_INET6 IPv6 Internet protocols ipv6(7)
AF_IPX IPX - Novell protocols
AF_NETLINK Kernel user interface device netlink(7)
type:可以选取下面的参数,常用的是用于tcp通信的SOCK_STREAM,和udp通信的数据包SOCK_DGRAM
SOCK_STREAM Provides sequenced, reliable, two-way, connection-based byte streams. An out-of-band data transmission mechanism may be supported.
SOCK_DGRAM Supports datagrams (connectionless, unreliable messages of a fixed maximum length).
SOCK_SEQPACKET Provides a sequenced, reliable, two-way connection-based data transmission path for datagrams of fixed maximum length; a consumer is required to read an entire packet with each input system call.
SOCK_RAW Provides raw network protocol access.
SOCK_RDM Provides a reliable datagram layer that does not guarantee ordering.
SOCK_PACKET Obsolete and should not be used in new programs; see packet(7).
上面的参数还可以或上(|)下面的两个参数来添加额外属性:
SOCK_NONBLOCK Set the O_NONBLOCK file status flag on the new open file description. Using this flag saves extra calls to fcntl(2) to achieve the same result.
SOCK_CLOEXEC Set the close-on-exec (FD_CLOEXEC) flag on the new file descriptor. See the description of the O_CLOEXEC flag in open(2) for reasons why this may be useful.
protocol: 指定这个socket类型使用的协议,如果这个socket类型只有一个协议,那么这个参数设置为0
bind()
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen);
返回值:
成功返回0,失败返回-1,并设置errno值
参数:
sockfd: 使用socket函数成功返回的文件描述符
addr:socket地址结构体,这里使用sockaddr_in结构体代替,可以接受的客户端ip和端口
struct sockaddr {
sa_family_t sa_family;
char sa_data[14];
}
struct sockaddr_in {
sa_family_t sin_family; /* address family: AF_INET */
in_port_t sin_port; /* port in network byte order */
struct in_addr sin_addr; /* internet address */
};
/* Internet address. */
struct in_addr {
uint32_t s_addr; /* address in network byte order */
};
addrlen:sockaddr_in结构体大小,sizeof(addr)
listen()
#include <sys/types.h> /* See NOTES */
#include <sys/socket.h>
int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);
返回值:
成功返回0,失败返回-1,并设置errno
参数:
sockfd:socket文件描述符,同上
backlog:排队建立3次握手队列和刚刚建立3次握手队列的链接数和,例如可以设置为1024
accept()
#include <sys/types.h> /* See NOTES */
#include <sys/socket.h>
int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen);
返回值:
成功,系统掉用会返回一个非负的整数,这个整数就是已经连接的socket文件描述符,失败返回-1,并设置errno值。
参数:
sockfd:同上
addr:传出参数,取出的这个连接的socket文件描述符的客户端地址参数,设置为NULL表示不需要传出
addrlen:传出地址结构体的大小, sizeof(addr),前面为NULL,则它设为NULL
connect()
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen);
返回值:
成功返回0,失败返回-1,并设置errno
参数:
sockfd: 客户端socket文件描述符
addr: 传入参数,指定服务器的地址和端口
addrlen: 上面结构体的大小 sizeof(addr)
2.2 TCP协议 C/S 模型
为了方便错误处理,可以对上面函数进行封装后使用
//wrap.h
#ifndef __WRAP_H_
#define __WRAP_H_
void perr_exit(const char *s);
int Accept(int fd, struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t *salenptr);
int Bind(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen);
int Connect(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen);
int Listen(int fd, int backlog);
int Socket(int family, int type, int protocol);
ssize_t Read(int fd, void *ptr, size_t nbytes);
ssize_t Write(int fd, const void *ptr, size_t nbytes);
int Close(int fd);
#endif
//wrap.c
#include <wrap.h>
void perr_exit(const char *s)
{
perror(s);
exit(1);
}
// 确定这是一个什么类型的socket,可以接收哪种协议
int Socket(int family, int type, int protocol)
{
int sfd;
if ((sfd = socket(family, type, protocol)) < 0)
perr_exit("socket error");
return sfd;
}
// 绑定sfd的ip和端口,成功返回0,失败返回-1
int Bind(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen)
{
int n;
// 成功返回0
if ((n = bind(fd, sa, salen)) < 0)
perr_exit("bind error");
return n;
}
// 监听sfd并自动与连接请求建立连接,监听成功返回0,失败返回-1
int Listen(int fd, int backlog)
{
int n;
if ((n = listen(fd, backlog)) < 0)
perr_exit("listen error");
return n;
}
/* 取出一个已经和服务器sfd的socket建立连接的连接队列中取出一个客户端sfd,
后两个都是传出参数,是客户端socket的信息
返回客户端文件描述符*/
int Accept(int sfd, struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t *clientsocketlenptr)
{
int n;
reaccept:
if ((n = accept(sfd, sa, clientsocketlenptr)) < 0)
{
// 防止该阻塞函数被无关的信号打断
if ((errno == ECONNABORTED) || (errno == EINTR))
goto reaccept;
else
perr_exit("accept error");
}
return n;
}
/*客户端发起连接,sfd为客户端socket文件描述符,
后两个参数是服务器端的ip和端口
连接成功返回0,失败返回-1*/
int Connect(int sfd, const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen)
{
int n;
if ((n = connect(sfd, sa, salen)) < 0)
perr_exit("connect error");
return n;
}
/*从cfd文件描述符中读取数据到 buf 中
成功,返回读取到的字符串长度,如果返回0表示读到末尾,失败返回-1
*/
ssize_t Read(int cfd, void *buf, size_t buflen)
{
ssize_t n;
readagain:
if ((n = read(cfd, buf, buflen)) == -1)
{
if (errno == EINTR)
goto readagain;
else
return -1;
}
else if (n == 0)
{
printf("read end of file\n");
}
return n;
}
ssize_t Write(int cfd, const void *buf, size_t buflen)
{
ssize_t n;
writeagain:
if ((n = write(cfd, buf, buflen)) == -1)
{
if (errno == EINTR)
goto writeagain;
else
return -1;
}
else if (n == 0)
{
printf("write end of file\n");
}
return n;
}
int Close(int fd)
{
int n;
if ((n = close(fd)) == -1)
perr_exit("close error");
return n;
}
基础通信代码
服务器单进程处理客户端连接和数据通信,主要通过while循环来实现。
//server.c
#include <wrap.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
void showClient(const struct sockaddr_in *clientaddr)
{
char buf[16];
memset(buf, 0x00, sizeof(buf));
inet_ntop(AF_INET, &clientaddr->sin_addr.s_addr, buf, sizeof(buf));
printf("client family is[%d], ip is[%s] ,port is [%d]----connected\n", clientaddr->sin_family, buf, ntohs(clientaddr->sin_port));
}
int main()
{
int sfd = Socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
struct sockaddr_in addr;
bzero(&addr, 0x00);
addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
addr.sin_port = htons(8888);
addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
Bind(sfd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr));
Listen(sfd, 1024);
struct sockaddr_in clientaddr;
bzero(&clientaddr, 0x00);
int cfd;
char buf[64];
int n;
socklen_t len;
while (1)
{
n = 0;
len = sizeof(clientaddr);
cfd = Accept(sfd, (struct sockaddr *)&clientaddr, &len);
showClient(&clientaddr);
while (1)
{
memset(buf,0x00,sizeof(buf));
n = Read(cfd, buf, sizeof(buf));
if (n==0)
{
break;
}
printf("[%d] byte word,client send say:[%s]\n", n, buf);
int i = 0;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
buf[i] = toupper(buf[i]);
}
Write(cfd, buf, n);
}
}
close(cfd);
close(sfd);
return 0;
}
//client.c
#include <wrap.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
void showClient(const struct sockaddr_in *clientaddr)
{
char buf[16];
memset(buf, 0x00, sizeof(buf));
inet_ntop(AF_INET, &clientaddr->sin_addr.s_addr, buf, sizeof(buf));
printf("client family is[%d], ip is[%s] ,port is [%d]----connected\n", clientaddr->sin_family, buf, clientaddr->sin_port);
}
int main()
{
int cfd = Socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
struct sockaddr_in addr;
bzero(&addr, 0x00);
addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
addr.sin_port = htons(8888);
inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &addr.sin_addr.s_addr);
Connect(cfd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr));
char words[64];
int n;
while (1)
{
memset(words, 0x00, sizeof(words));
// scanf("%s", words);
//读标准输入数据
n = read(STDIN_FILENO, words, sizeof(words));
Write(cfd, words, strlen(words));
n = Read(cfd, words, sizeof(words));
printf("server reply [%s],byte is [%d]\n", words, n);
}
return 0;
}