前言
mTLS，全称为双向TLS（Mutual Transport Layer Security），是一种安全通信协议，确保通信双方在传输层进行身份验证。与单向HTTPS不同，吗TLS不仅要求客户端验证服务端的身份，还要求服务端验证客户端的身份。
PS：本文实验环境为OpenSSL 3.0.11 + Python 3.11 + Flask 3.0.2，自测python 3.8 + openssl 1.1会有问题。
生成证书
常见的证书生成方式就是自签名证书，有条件的话还是自建CA机构或者购买专门的证书。
- 生成ca根证书。生成过程中会提示填写密码，记住密码，后续会用到。这里直接声明Common Name为
qw.er.com，可根据实际需求修改ON、OU、CN等信息。
openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout ca.key -out ca.crt -subj "/CN=qw.er.com" -days 3650
- 新建并编辑
openssl.cnf文件，根据实际需求修改CN、CN等信息
[req] req_extensions = v3_req distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name prompt = no [req_distinguished_name] countryName = CN stateOrProvinceName = Anhui localityName = Hefei organizationName = zhangsan commonName = qw.er.com [v3_req] subjectAltName = @alt_names [alt_names] DNS.1 = qw.er.com
- 创建服务端证书。生成私钥文件时会提示输入根证书密码。
openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout server.key -out server.csr -subj "/CN=qw.er.com" -config openssl.cnf openssl x509 -req -in server.csr -out server.crt -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -days 365 -extensions v3_req -extfile openssl.cnf
- 创建客户端证书。生成私钥文件时会提示输入根证书密码
openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout client.key -out client.csr -subj "/CN=qw.er.com" -config openssl.cnf openssl x509 -req -in client.csr -out client.crt -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -days 365 -extensions v3_req -extfile openssl.cnf
服务端示例
除了flask本身，只需要导入标准库ssl。注意证书路径需要是绝对路径。
from flask import Flask import ssl app = Flask(__name__) .get("/health") def health(): return "ok" def get_ssl_context(): ca_crt_path = "/home/atlas/workspace/flask-learn/certs/ca.crt" server_crt = "/home/atlas/workspace/flask-learn/certs/server.crt" server_key = "/home/atlas/workspace/flask-learn/certs/server.key" password = "qwerasdf" context = ssl.SSLContext(protocol=ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER) context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED context.load_verify_locations(ca_crt_path) context.load_cert_chain(certfile=server_crt, keyfile=server_key, password=password) return context if __name__ == "__main__": ssl_context = get_ssl_context() app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=5000, ssl_context=ssl_context)
客户端示例
- 方式1：使用curl命令
curl -k --cacert ca.crt --key client.key --cert client.crt https://127.0.0.1:5000/health
- 方式2：使用
requests库。注意修改hosts文件将qw.er.com映射到IP
import requests ca_crt_path = "/home/atlas/workspace/flask-learn/certs/ca.crt" client_crt = "/home/atlas/workspace/flask-learn/certs/client.crt" client_key = "/home/atlas/workspace/flask-learn/certs/client.key" url = "https://qw.er.com:5000/health" resp = requests.get(url, cert=(client_crt, client_key), verify=ca_crt_path) print(resp.status_code) print(resp.text)
- 方式3：使用
httpx库。注意修改hosts文件将qw.er.com映射到IP
import httpx import ssl def get_ssl_context(): password = "qwerasdf" ca_crt_path = "/home/atlas/workspace/flask-learn/certs/ca.crt" client_crt = "/home/atlas/workspace/flask-learn/certs/client.crt" client_key = "/home/atlas/workspace/flask-learn/certs/client.key" context = ssl.SSLContext(protocol=ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT) context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED context.load_verify_locations(ca_crt_path) context.load_cert_chain(certfile=client_crt, keyfile=client_key, password=password) return context url = "https://qw.er.com:5000/health" context = get_ssl_context() with httpx.Client(verify=context) as client: resp = client.get(url) print(resp.status_code) print(resp.text)
