AI 助理
备案控制台
开发者社区 开发与运维 文章 正文

Python 高质量类编写指南

2024-06-14 68
版权
版权声明：
本文内容由阿里云实名注册用户自发贡献，版权归原作者所有，阿里云开发者社区不拥有其著作权，亦不承担相应法律责任。具体规则请查看《 阿里云开发者社区用户服务协议》和 《阿里云开发者社区知识产权保护指引》。如果您发现本社区中有涉嫌抄袭的内容，填写 侵权投诉表单进行举报，一经查实，本社区将立刻删除涉嫌侵权内容。
简介： Python 高质量类编写指南

Python 高质量类编写指南

我们将通过一些方法增加类的可读性和易用性。

  1. 通过（按照属性或行为）拆分类，保持类精简
  2. 通过__str__ , @property等使得类容易访问。
  3. 使用依赖注入(dependency injection) 减少耦合。
  4. 只在必要时使用类。
  5. 适度封装，通过__<name> 约定私有属性。

开始时的Person类，包含非常多的属性和方法，阅读、修改和使用时都比较不方便。

from dataclasses import dataclass
from email.message import EmailMessage
from smtplib import SMTP_SSL

SMTP_SERVER = "smtp.gmail.com"
PORT = 465
EMAIL = "hi@arjancodes.com"
PASSWORD = "password"

# todo 1. 精简类
@dataclass
class Person:
    name: str
    age: int
    address_line_1: str
    address_line_2: str
    city: str
    country: str
    postal_code: str
    email: str
    phone_number: str
    gender: str
    height: float
    weight: float
    blood_type: str
    eye_color: str
    hair_color: str

    def split_name(self) -> tuple[str, str]:
        first_name, last_name = self.name.split(" ")
        return first_name, last_name

    def get_full_address(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.address_line_1}, {self.address_line_2}, {self.city}, {self.country}, {self.postal_code}"

    def get_bmi(self) -> float:
        return self.weight / (self.height**2)

    def get_bmi_category(self) -> str:
        if self.get_bmi() < 18.5:
            return "Underweight"
        elif self.get_bmi() < 25:
            return "Normal"
        elif self.get_bmi() < 30:
            return "Overweight"
        else:
            return "Obese"

    def update_email(self, email: str) -> None:
        self.email = email
        # send email to the new address
        msg = EmailMessage()  #  todo 3. 通过依赖注入连少耦合。
        msg.set_content(
            "Your email has been updated. If this was not you, you have a problem."
        )
        msg["Subject"] = "Your email has been updated."
        msg["To"] = self.email

        with SMTP_SSL(SMTP_SERVER, PORT) as server:
            # server.login(EMAIL, PASSWORD)
            # server.send_message(msg, EMAIL)
            pass
        print("Email sent successfully!")
  # todo 2. 增加@propery 和 __str__ 使得类容易访问
  
def main() -> None:
    # create a person
    person = Person(
        name="John Doe",
        age=30,
        address_line_1="123 Main St",
        address_line_2="Apt 1",
        city="New York",
        country="USA",
        postal_code="12345",
        email="johndoe@gmail.com",
        phone_number="123-456-7890",
        gender="Male",
        height=1.8,
        weight=80,
        blood_type="A+",
        eye_color="Brown",
        hair_color="Black",
    )

    # compute the BMI
    bmi = person.get_bmi()
    print(f"Your BMI is {bmi:.2f}")
    print(f"Your BMI category is {person.get_bmi_category()}")

    # update the email address
    person.update_email("johndoe@outlook.com")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

1. 保持类精简

保持类精简，如果你发现类很复杂，考虑将类拆分。有两种简单的拆分方式：

  • 根据属性拆分（专注数据）
  • 根据方法拆分（专注行为）

我们根据属性，从Person类拆分出Stats和Address两个数据类。

from dataclasses import dataclass
from functools import cached_property

from email_tools.service import EmailService

SMTP_SERVER = "smtp.gmail.com"
PORT = 465
EMAIL = "hi@arjancodes.com"
PASSWORD = "password"


@dataclass
class Stats:
    age: int
    gender: str
    height: float
    weight: float
    blood_type: str
    eye_color: str
    hair_color: str

    @cached_property
    def bmi(self) -> float:
        return self.weight / (self.height**2)

    def get_bmi_category(self) -> str:
        if self.bmi < 18.5:
            return "Underweight"
        elif self.bmi < 25:
            return "Normal"
        elif self.bmi < 30:
            return "Overweight"
        else:
            return "Obese"


@dataclass
class Address:
    address_line_1: str
    address_line_2: str
    city: str
    country: str
    postal_code: str

    def get_full_address(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.address_line_1}, {self.address_line_2}, {self.city}, {self.country}, {self.postal_code}"


@dataclass
class Person:
    name: str
    address: Address
    email: str
    phone_number: str
    stats: Stats

    def split_name(self) -> tuple[str, str]:
        first_name, last_name = self.name.split(" ")
        return first_name, last_name

    def update_email(self, email: str) -> None:
        self.email = email
        # send email to the new address
        email_service = EmailService(
            smtp_server=SMTP_SERVER,
            port=PORT,
            email=EMAIL,
            password=PASSWORD,
        )
        email_service.send_message(
            to_email=self.email,
            subject="Your email has been updated.",
            body="Your email has been updated. If this was not you, you have a problem.",
        )


def main() -> None:
    # create a person
    address = Address(
        address_line_1="123 Main St",
        address_line_2="Apt 1",
        city="New York",
        country="USA",
        postal_code="12345",
    )
    stats = Stats(
        age=30,
        gender="Male",
        height=1.8,
        weight=80,
        blood_type="A+",
        eye_color="Brown",
        hair_color="Black",
    )
    person = Person(
        name="John Doe",
        email="johndoe@gmail.com",
        phone_number="123-456-7890",
        address=address,
        stats=stats,
    )

    # compute the BMI
    bmi = stats.bmi
    print(f"Your BMI is {bmi:.2f}")

    # update the email address
    person.update_email("johndoe@outlook.com")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()



# email_tools/service.py

import smtplib
from email.message import EmailMessage


class EmailService:
    def __init__(self, smtp_server: str, port: int, email: str, password: str) -> None:
        self.smtp_server = smtp_server
        self.port = port
        self.email = email
        self.password = password

    def send_message(self, to_email: str, subject: str, body: str) -> None:
        msg = EmailMessage()
        msg.set_content(body)
        msg["Subject"] = subject
        msg["To"] = to_email

        with smtplib.SMTP_SSL(self.smtp_server, self.port) as server:
            # server.login(self.email, self.password)
            # server.send_message(msg, self.email)
            pass
        print("Email sent successfully!")

2. 使得类易用

通过__str__ , @property等使得类容易访问。

from dataclasses import dataclass
from functools import lru_cache

from email_tools.service import EmailService

SMTP_SERVER = "smtp.gmail.com"
PORT = 465
EMAIL = "hi@arjancodes.com"
PASSWORD = "password"


@lru_cache
def bmi(weight: float, height: float) -> float:
    return weight / (height**2)


def bmi_category(bmi_value: float) -> str:
    if bmi_value < 18.5:
        return "Underweight"
    elif bmi_value < 25:
        return "Normal"
    elif bmi_value < 30:
        return "Overweight"
    else:
        return "Obese"


@dataclass
class Stats:
    age: int
    gender: str
    height: float
    weight: float
    blood_type: str
    eye_color: str
    hair_color: str


@dataclass
class Address:
    address_line_1: str
    address_line_2: str
    city: str
    country: str
    postal_code: str
  # !! 
    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.address_line_1}, {self.address_line_2}, {self.city}, {self.country}, {self.postal_code}"


@dataclass
class Person:
    name: str
    address: Address
    email: str
    phone_number: str
    stats: Stats

    def split_name(self) -> tuple[str, str]:
        first_name, last_name = self.name.split(" ")
        return first_name, last_name

    def update_email(self, email: str) -> None:
        self.email = email
        # send email to the new address
        # send email to the new address
        email_service = EmailService(
            smtp_server=SMTP_SERVER,
            port=PORT,
            email=EMAIL,
            password=PASSWORD,
        )
        email_service.send_message(
            to_email=self.email,
            subject="Your email has been updated.",
            body="Your email has been updated. If this was not you, you have a problem.",
        )


def main() -> None:
    # create a person
    address = Address(
        address_line_1="123 Main St",
        address_line_2="Apt 1",
        city="New York",
        country="USA",
        postal_code="12345",
    )
    stats = Stats(
        age=30,
        gender="Male",
        height=1.8,
        weight=80,
        blood_type="A+",
        eye_color="Brown",
        hair_color="Black",
    )
    person = Person(
        name="John Doe",
        email="johndoe@gmail.com",
        phone_number="123-456-7890",
        address=address,
        stats=stats,
    )

    # compute the BMI
    bmi_value = bmi(stats.weight, stats.height)
    print(f"Your BMI is {bmi_value:.2f}")
    print(f"Your BMI category is {bmi_category(bmi_value)}")

    # update the email address
    person.update_email("johndoe@outlook.com")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

3. 使用依赖注入(dependency injection)

from dataclasses import dataclass
from functools import lru_cache
from typing import Protocol

from email_tools.service import EmailService

SMTP_SERVER = "smtp.gmail.com"
PORT = 465
EMAIL = "hi@arjancodes.com"
PASSWORD = "password"


class EmailSender(Protocol):
    def send_message(self, to_email: str, subject: str, body: str) -> None: ...


@lru_cache
def bmi(weight: float, height: float) -> float:
    return weight / (height**2)


def bmi_category(bmi_value: float) -> str:
    if bmi_value < 18.5:
        return "Underweight"
    elif bmi_value < 25:
        return "Normal"
    elif bmi_value < 30:
        return "Overweight"
    else:
        return "Obese"


@dataclass
class Stats:
    age: int
    gender: str
    height: float
    weight: float
    blood_type: str
    eye_color: str
    hair_color: str


@dataclass
class Address:
    address_line_1: str
    address_line_2: str
    city: str
    country: str
    postal_code: str

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.address_line_1}, {self.address_line_2}, {self.city}, {self.country}, {self.postal_code}"


@dataclass
class Person:
    name: str
    address: Address
    email: str
    phone_number: str
    stats: Stats

    def split_name(self) -> tuple[str, str]:
        first_name, last_name = self.name.split(" ")
        return first_name, last_name
  
  # 依赖注入
    def update_email(self, email: str, service: EmailSender) -> None:
        self.email = email
        service.send_message(
            to_email=self.email,
            subject="Your email has been updated.",
            body="Your email has been updated. If this was not you, you have a problem.",
        )


def main() -> None:
    # create a person
    address = Address(
        address_line_1="123 Main St",
        address_line_2="Apt 1",
        city="New York",
        country="USA",
        postal_code="12345",
    )
    stats = Stats(
        age=30,
        gender="Male",
        height=1.8,
        weight=80,
        blood_type="A+",
        eye_color="Brown",
        hair_color="Black",
    )
    person = Person(
        name="John Doe",
        email="johndoe@gmail.com",
        phone_number="123-456-7890",
        address=address,
        stats=stats,
    )
    print(address)

    # compute the BMI
    bmi_value = bmi(stats.weight, stats.height)
    print(f"Your BMI is {bmi_value:.2f}")
    print(f"Your BMI category is {bmi_category(bmi_value)}")

    # update the email address
    service = EmailService(
        smtp_server=SMTP_SERVER,
        port=PORT,
        email=EMAIL,
        password=PASSWORD,
    )
    person.update_email("johndoe@outlook.com", service)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

4. 只在必要时使用类

如果你只是需要一个方法，就不要创建类。

# email_tools.service_v2

from email.message import EmailMessage
from smtplib import SMTP_SSL


def create_email_message(to_email: str, subject: str, body: str) -> EmailMessage:
    msg = EmailMessage()
    msg.set_content(body)
    msg["Subject"] = subject
    msg["To"] = to_email
    return msg


def send_email(
    smtp_server: str,
    port: int,
    email: str,
    password: str,
    to_email: str,
    subject: str,
    body: str,
) -> None:
    msg = create_email_message(to_email, subject, body)
    with SMTP_SSL(smtp_server, port) as server:
        # server.login(email, password)
        # server.send_message(msg, email)
        print("Email sent successfully!")

from dataclasses import dataclass
from functools import lru_cache, partial
from typing import Protocol

from email_tools.service_v2 import send_email

SMTP_SERVER = "smtp.gmail.com"
PORT = 465
EMAIL = "hi@arjancodes.com"
PASSWORD = "password"

# 参数类型 typing ...
class EmailSender(Protocol):
    def __call__(self, to_email: str, subject: str, body: str) -> None: ...


@lru_cache
def bmi(weight: float, height: float) -> float:
    return weight / (height**2)


def bmi_category(bmi_value: float) -> str:
    if bmi_value < 18.5:
        return "Underweight"
    elif bmi_value < 25:
        return "Normal"
    elif bmi_value < 30:
        return "Overweight"
    else:
        return "Obese"


@dataclass
class Stats:
    age: int
    gender: str
    height: float
    weight: float
    blood_type: str
    eye_color: str
    hair_color: str


@dataclass
class Address:
    address_line_1: str
    address_line_2: str
    city: str
    country: str
    postal_code: str

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.address_line_1}, {self.address_line_2}, {self.city}, {self.country}, {self.postal_code}"


@dataclass
class Person:
    name: str
    address: Address
    email: str
    phone_number: str
    stats: Stats

    def split_name(self) -> tuple[str, str]:
        first_name, last_name = self.name.split(" ")
        return first_name, last_name

    def update_email(self, email: str, send_message: EmailSender) -> None:
        self.email = email
        send_message(
            to_email=email,
            subject="Your email has been updated.",
            body="Your email has been updated. If this was not you, you have a problem.",
        )


def main() -> None:
    # create a person
    address = Address(
        address_line_1="123 Main St",
        address_line_2="Apt 1",
        city="New York",
        country="USA",
        postal_code="12345",
    )
    stats = Stats(
        age=30,
        gender="Male",
        height=1.8,
        weight=80,
        blood_type="A+",
        eye_color="Brown",
        hair_color="Black",
    )
    person = Person(
        name="John Doe",
        email="johndoe@gmail.com",
        phone_number="123-456-7890",
        address=address,
        stats=stats,
    )
    print(address)

    # compute the BMI
    bmi_value = bmi(stats.weight, stats.height)
    print(f"Your BMI is {bmi_value:.2f}")
    print(f"Your BMI category is {bmi_category(bmi_value)}")

    # update the email address
    send_message = partial(
        send_email, smtp_server=SMTP_SERVER, port=PORT, email=EMAIL, password=PASSWORD
    )
    person.update_email("johndoe@outlook.com", send_message)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

5. 使用封装

尽管Python没有私有属性，但是可以通过__<name> 约定私有属性。

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name: str, age: int, ssn: str):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.__ssn = ssn  # Private attribute

    # Public method
    def display_info(self) -> None:
        print(f"Name: {self.name}")
        print(f"Age: {self.age}")
        print(f"SSN: {self.ssn}")

    @property
    def ssn(self) -> str:
        masked_ssn = "XXX-XX-" + self.__ssn[-4:]
        return masked_ssn


def main() -> None:
    # Creating an instance of the Person class
    person1 = Person("John Doe", 30, "123-45-6789")

    # Accessing public method
    person1.display_info()

    # Output:
    # Name: John Doe
    # Age: 30
    # SSN: XXX-XX-6789

    # Accessing private attribute or method directly will raise an AttributeError
    # print(person1.__ssn)  # This will raise an AttributeError
    # print(person1._Person__ssn)  # This will work so it's not truly private


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
文章标签：
Python
关键词：
Python类
一只大鸽子
目录
相关文章
摩诃般若
|
2月前
|
索引 Python
python-类属性操作
【10月更文挑战第11天】 python类属性操作列举
摩诃般若
22 1
摩诃般若
|
2月前
|
Java C++ Python
Python基础---类
【10月更文挑战第10天】Python类的定义
摩诃般若
26 2
bruce刘晓伟-18435
|
2月前
|
设计模式 开发者 Python
Python类里引用其他类
Python类里引用其他类
bruce刘晓伟-18435
26 4
糜终
|
2月前
|
设计模式 开发者 Python
Python 类中引用其他类的实现详解
Python 类中引用其他类的实现详解
糜终
41 1
糜终
|
2月前
|
JSON 缓存 API
在 Python 中使用公共类处理接口请求的响应结果
在 Python 中使用公共类处理接口请求的响应结果
糜终
33 1
半截诗
|
2月前
|
机器人 关系型数据库 Python
【Python篇】Python 类和对象：详细讲解（下篇）
【Python篇】Pyt hon 类和对象：详细讲解（下篇）
半截诗
24 2
半截诗
|
2月前
|
算法 Python
【Python篇】Python 类和对象：详细讲解（中篇）
【Python篇】Python 类和对象：详细讲解（中篇）
半截诗
25 2
半截诗
|
2月前
|
存储 C++ Python
【Python篇】Python 类和对象：详细讲解（上篇）
【Python篇】Python 类和对象：详细讲解（上篇）
半截诗
34 2
bruce刘晓伟-18435
|
3月前
|
前端开发 Python
Python编程的面向对象有哪些(二)
Python编程的面向对象(二)—类的多态
bruce刘晓伟-18435
25 7
游客rcxtdbgrolahs
|
3月前
|
IDE Java 开发工具
Python类与面向对象
Python类与面向对象
游客rcxtdbgrolahs
26 5

热门文章

最新文章

  • 1
    手把手教你用Python实践深度学习
  • 2
    3、Python与设计模式--建造者模式
  • 3
    一文弄懂CNN及图像识别(Python)
  • 4
    帅到爆炸！使用管道 Pipe 编写 Python 代码竟如此简洁
  • 5
    Python3使用RSA分段加密解密
  • 6
    8.python之上下文管理协议
  • 7
    python目录操作一
  • 8
    Python网络编程1--笔记
  • 9
    Python——装饰器（两种不同的使用场景）
  • 10
    [Spark][Python]Spark Python 索引页
  • 1
    探索Python中的并发编程：协程与多线程的比较
    84
  • 2
    LabVIEW和Python开发微细车削控制系统
    56
  • 3
    在Python中，利用`os模块`的`path.exists()`函数可判断文件是否存
    250
  • 4
    Python Web开发主要常用的框架
    202
  • 5
    使用 Python 访问数据库的基本方法
    64
  • 6
    在Python Web开发中，测试是一个至关重要的环节
    175
  • 7
    Playwright安装与Python集成：探索跨浏览器测试的奇妙世界
    133
  • 8
    神器！使用Python 轻松识别验证码
    1067
  • 9
    Python内存管理与垃圾回收机制
    65
  • 10
    【Python进阶（七）】——Series数据结构
    167

    • 相关课程

    更多
  • Python Web开发基础
  • Python开发基础入门
  • Python常用数据科学库
  • Python网络爬虫实战
  • Python完全自学手册图文教程
  • Python基础快速入门实战教程

    • 相关电子书

    更多
  • From Python Scikit-Learn to Sc
  • Data Pre-Processing in Python:
  • 双剑合璧-Python和大数据计算平台的结合

    • 相关实验场景

    更多
  • 用Python画圣诞树
  • 语言入门-1：环境构建
  • 阿里云平台上进行Java程序的编译与运行
  • Python选择及循环结构
  • 云端Python及基本操作
  • Python网络通信程序典型应用

    • 推荐镜像

    更多
  • python-release
  • nodejs-release
  • golang
    • 下一篇
    阿里云无影云电脑免费试用，最长可试用3个月