【Java基础】--总结【包含使用范例】

class FreshJuice {
   enum FreshJuiceSize{ SMALL, MEDIUM , LARGE }
   FreshJuiceSize size;
}
public class FreshJuiceTest {
   public static void main(String []args){
      FreshJuice juice = new FreshJuice();
      juice.size = FreshJuice.FreshJuiceSize.MEDIUM  ;
   }
}

public class HelloWorld {
   /* 这是第一个Java程序
    * 它将打印 Hello World
    */
    public static void main(String []args){
       System.out.println("Hello World"); 
    }
}

public class Dog{
  String breed;
  int age;
  String color;
  void barking(){
   System.out.println("barking...");
  }
  void hungry(){
   System.out.println("hungry...");
  }
  void sleeping(){
   System.out.println("sleeping...");
  }
}

public class Puppy {
    public Puppy(){
    //这是一个无参构造方法  如果手动声明了这个 则需要对有参的构造方法进行手动声明 默认无参构造
    }
    public Puppy(String name){
        // 这个构造器仅有一个参数：name
    }
}

public class Puppy
{
    public Puppy(String name)
    {
        //这个构造器仅有一个参数：name
        System.out.println("小狗的名字是 : " + name ); 
    }
    public static void main(String []args)
    {
        // 下面的语句将创建一个Puppy对象
        Puppy myPuppy = new Puppy( "tom" );
    }
}

小狗的名字是 : tom

/* 实例化对象 */
ObjectReference = new Constructor();
/* 访问类中的变量 */
ObjectReference.variableName;
/* 访问类中的方法 */
ObjectReference.MethodName();

public class Puppy{
   int puppyAge;
   public Puppy(String name){
      // 这个构造器仅有一个参数：name
      System.out.println("小狗的名字是 : " + name ); 
   }
   public void setAge( int age ){
       puppyAge = age;
   }
   public int getAge( ){
       System.out.println("小狗的年龄为 : " + puppyAge ); 
       return puppyAge;
   }
   public static void main(String []args){
      /* 创建对象 */
      Puppy myPuppy = new Puppy( "tom" );
      /* 通过方法来设定age */
      myPuppy.setAge( 2 );
      /* 调用另一个方法获取age */
      myPuppy.getAge( );
      /*你也可以像下面这样访问成员变量 */
      System.out.println("变量值 : " + myPuppy.puppyAge ); 
   }
}

小狗的名字是 : tom
小狗的年龄为 : 2
变量值 : 2

byte a = 100;
byte b = -50;

short s = 1000;
short r = -20000;

int a = 100000;
int b = -200000;

long a = 100000L;
Long b = -200000L;

float f1 = 234.5f;

double d1 = 123.4;

boolean one = true;

char letter = 'A';

public class PrimitiveTypeTest {  
    public static void main(String[] args) {  
        // byte  
        System.out.println("基本类型：byte 二进制位数：" + Byte.SIZE);  
        System.out.println("包装类：java.lang.Byte");  
        System.out.println("最小值：Byte.MIN_VALUE=" + Byte.MIN_VALUE);  
        System.out.println("最大值：Byte.MAX_VALUE=" + Byte.MAX_VALUE);  
        System.out.println();  
        // short  
        System.out.println("基本类型：short 二进制位数：" + Short.SIZE);  
        System.out.println("包装类：java.lang.Short");  
        System.out.println("最小值：Short.MIN_VALUE=" + Short.MIN_VALUE);  
        System.out.println("最大值：Short.MAX_VALUE=" + Short.MAX_VALUE);  
        System.out.println();  
        // int  
        System.out.println("基本类型：int 二进制位数：" + Integer.SIZE);  
        System.out.println("包装类：java.lang.Integer");  
        System.out.println("最小值：Integer.MIN_VALUE=" + Integer.MIN_VALUE);  
        System.out.println("最大值：Integer.MAX_VALUE=" + Integer.MAX_VALUE);  
        System.out.println();  
        // long  
        System.out.println("基本类型：long 二进制位数：" + Long.SIZE);  
        System.out.println("包装类：java.lang.Long");  
        System.out.println("最小值：Long.MIN_VALUE=" + Long.MIN_VALUE);  
        System.out.println("最大值：Long.MAX_VALUE=" + Long.MAX_VALUE);  
        System.out.println();  
        // float  
        System.out.println("基本类型：float 二进制位数：" + Float.SIZE);  
        System.out.println("包装类：java.lang.Float");  
        System.out.println("最小值：Float.MIN_VALUE=" + Float.MIN_VALUE);  
        System.out.println("最大值：Float.MAX_VALUE=" + Float.MAX_VALUE);  
        System.out.println();  
        // double  
        System.out.println("基本类型：double 二进制位数：" + Double.SIZE);  
        System.out.println("包装类：java.lang.Double");  
        System.out.println("最小值：Double.MIN_VALUE=" + Double.MIN_VALUE);  
        System.out.println("最大值：Double.MAX_VALUE=" + Double.MAX_VALUE);  
        System.out.println();  
        // char  
        System.out.println("基本类型：char 二进制位数：" + Character.SIZE);  
        System.out.println("包装类：java.lang.Character");  
        // 以数值形式而不是字符形式将Character.MIN_VALUE输出到控制台  
        System.out.println("最小值：Character.MIN_VALUE="  
                + (int) Character.MIN_VALUE);  
        // 以数值形式而不是字符形式将Character.MAX_VALUE输出到控制台  
        System.out.println("最大值：Character.MAX_VALUE="  
                + (int) Character.MAX_VALUE);  
    }  
}

基本类型：byte 二进制位数：8
包装类：java.lang.Byte
最小值：Byte.MIN_VALUE=-128
最大值：Byte.MAX_VALUE=127
基本类型：short 二进制位数：16
包装类：java.lang.Short
最小值：Short.MIN_VALUE=-32768
最大值：Short.MAX_VALUE=32767
基本类型：int 二进制位数：32
包装类：java.lang.Integer
最小值：Integer.MIN_VALUE=-2147483648
最大值：Integer.MAX_VALUE=2147483647
基本类型：long 二进制位数：64
包装类：java.lang.Long
最小值：Long.MIN_VALUE=-9223372036854775808
最大值：Long.MAX_VALUE=9223372036854775807
基本类型：float 二进制位数：32
包装类：java.lang.Float
最小值：Float.MIN_VALUE=1.4E-45
最大值：Float.MAX_VALUE=3.4028235E38
基本类型：double 二进制位数：64
包装类：java.lang.Double
最小值：Double.MIN_VALUE=4.9E-324
最大值：Double.MAX_VALUE=1.7976931348623157E308
基本类型：char 二进制位数：16
包装类：java.lang.Character
最小值：Character.MIN_VALUE=0
最大值：Character.MAX_VALUE=65535

这些变量在声明时被指定为一个特定的类型，比如 Employee、Puppy 等
变量一旦声明后，类型就不能被改变了

Site site = new Site("Twle");

final double PI = 3.1415927;

byte a = 68;
char a = 'A'

int decimal = 100;
int octal = 0144;
int hexa =  0x64;

"Hello World"
"two\nlines"
"\"This is in quotes\""

char a = '\u0001';
String a = "\u0001";

type identifier [ = value][, identifier [= value] ...] ;

int a, b, c;             // 声明三个int型整数：a、 b、c
int d = 3, e = 4, f = 5; // 声明三个整数并赋予初值
byte z = 22;             // 声明并初始化 z
String s = "twle";       // 声明并初始化字符串 s
double pi = 3.14159;     // 声明了双精度浮点型变量 pi
char x = 'x';            // 声明变量 x 的值是字符 'x'。

public class Variable{
    static int allClicks=0;    // 类变量
    String str="hello world";  // 实例变量
    public void method(){
        int i =0;  // 局部变量
    }
}

package com.twle.test;
public class Test{ 
   public void pupAge(){
      int age = 0;
      age = age + 7;
      System.out.println("小狗的年龄是: " + age);
   }
   public static void main(String args[]){
      Test test = new Test();
      test.pupAge();
   }
}

小狗的年龄是: 7

package com.twle.test;
public class Test{ 
   public void pupAge(){
      int age;
      age = age + 7;
      System.out.println("小狗的年龄是 : " + age);
   }
   public static void main(String args[]){
      Test test = new Test();
      test.pupAge();
   }
}

Test.java:4:variable number might not have been initialized
age = age + 7;
         ^
1 error

import java.io.*;
public class Employee{
   // 这个实例变量对子类可见
   public String name;
   // 私有变量，仅在该类可见
   private double salary;
   //在构造器中对name赋值
   public Employee (String empName){
      name = empName;
   }
   //设定salary的值
   public void setSalary(double empSal){
      salary = empSal;
   }  
   // 打印信息
   public void printEmp(){
      System.out.println("名字 : " + name );
      System.out.println("薪水 : " + salary);
   }
   public static void main(String args[]){
      Employee empOne = new Employee("RUNOOB");
      empOne.setSalary(1000);
      empOne.printEmp();
   }
}

$ javac Employee.java 
$ java Employee
名字 : RUNOOB
薪水 : 1000.0

import java.io.*;
public class Employee {
    //salary是静态的私有变量
    private static double salary;
    // DEPARTMENT是一个常量
    public static final String DEPARTMENT = "开发人员";
    public static void main(String args[]){
    salary = 10000;
        System.out.println(DEPARTMENT+"平均工资:"+salary);
    }
}

开发人员平均工资:10000.0

String version = "1.5.1";
boolean processOrder() {
   return true;
}

public class Logger {
   private String format;
   public String getFormat() {
      return this.format;
   }
   public void setFormat(String format) {
      this.format = format;
   }
}

public static void main(String[] arguments) {
   // ...
}

class AudioPlayer {
   protected boolean openSpeaker(Speaker sp) {
      // 实现细节
   }
}
class StreamingAudioPlayer extends AudioPlayer {
   protected boolean openSpeaker(Speaker sp) {
      // 实现细节
   }
}

public class InstanceCounter {
   private static int numInstances = 0;
   protected static int getCount() {
      return numInstances;
   }
   private static void addInstance() {
      numInstances++;
   }
   InstanceCounter() {
      InstanceCounter.addInstance();
   }
   public static void main(String[] arguments) {
      System.out.println("Starting with " +
      InstanceCounter.getCount() + " instances");
      for (int i = 0; i < 500; ++i){
         new InstanceCounter();
          }
      System.out.println("Created " +
      InstanceCounter.getCount() + " instances");
   }
}

Started with 0 instances
Created 500 instances

public class Test{
  final int value = 10;
  // 下面是声明常量的实例
  public static final int BOXWIDTH = 6;
  static final String TITLE = "Manager";
  public void changeValue(){
     value = 12; //将输出一个错误
  }
}

public class Test{
    public final void changeName(){
       // 方法体
    }
}

public final class Test {
   // 类体
}

abstract class Caravan{
   private double price;
   private String model;
   private String year;
   public abstract void goFast(); //抽象方法
   public abstract void changeColor();
}

public abstract class SuperClass{
    abstract void m(); //抽象方法
}
class SubClass extends SuperClass{
     //实现抽象方法
      void m(){
          .........
      }
}

public synchronized void showDetails(){
    // ....
}

public transient int limit = 55;   // 不会持久化
public int b;                      // 持久化

public class MyRunnable implements Runnable
{
    private volatile boolean active;
    public void run()
    {
        active = true;
        while (active) // 第一行
        {
            // 代码
        }
    }
    public void stop()
    {
        active = false; // 第二行
    }
}

public class MathOperator {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
     int a = 10;
     int b = 20;
     int c = 25;
     int d = 25;
     System.out.println("a + b = " + (a + b) );
     System.out.println("a - b = " + (a - b) );
     System.out.println("a * b = " + (a * b) );
     System.out.println("b / a = " + (b / a) );
     System.out.println("b % a = " + (b % a) );
     System.out.println("c % a = " + (c % a) );
     System.out.println("a++   = " +  (a++) );
     System.out.println("a--   = " +  (a--) );
     // 查看  d++ 与 ++d 的不同
     System.out.println("d++   = " +  (d++) );
     System.out.println("++d   = " +  (++d) );
  }
}

a + b = 30
a - b = -10
a * b = 200
b / a = 2
b % a = 0
c % a = 5
a++   = 10
a--   = 11
d++   = 25
++d   = 27

public class selfAddMinus{
    public static void main(String[] args){
        int a = 3;//定义一个变量；
        int b = ++a;//自增运算
        int c = 3;
        int d = --c;//自减运算
        System.out.println("进行自增运算后的值等于"+b);
        System.out.println("进行自减运算后的值等于"+d);
    }
}

进行自增运算后的值等于4
进行自减运算后的值等于2

public class selfAddMinus{
    public static void main(String[] args){
        int a = 5;//定义一个变量；
        int b = 5;
        int x = 2*++a;
        int y = 2*b++;
        System.out.println("自增运算符前缀运算后a="+a+",x="+x);
        System.out.println("自增运算符后缀运算后b="+b+",y="+y);
    }
}

自增运算符前缀运算后 a=6，x=12
自增运算符后缀运算后 b=6，y=10

public class Test {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
     int a = 10;
     int b = 20;
     System.out.println("a == b = " + (a == b) );
     System.out.println("a != b = " + (a != b) );
     System.out.println("a > b = " + (a > b) );
     System.out.println("a < b = " + (a < b) );
     System.out.println("b >= a = " + (b >= a) );
     System.out.println("b <= a = " + (b <= a) );
  }
}

a == b = false
a != b = true
a > b = false
a < b = true
b >= a = true
b <= a = false

A     = 0011 1100
B     = 0000 1101
-----------------
A & b = 0000 1100
A | B = 0011 1101
A ^ B = 0011 0001
~A    = 1100 0011

public class Test {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
     int a = 60; /* 60 = 0011 1100 */ 
     int b = 13; /* 13 = 0000 1101 */
     int c = 0;
     c = a & b;       /* 12 = 0000 1100 */
     System.out.println("a & b = " + c );
     c = a | b;       /* 61 = 0011 1101 */
     System.out.println("a | b = " + c );
     c = a ^ b;       /* 49 = 0011 0001 */
     System.out.println("a ^ b = " + c );
     c = ~a;          /*-61 = 1100 0011 */
     System.out.println("~a = " + c );
     c = a << 2;     /* 240 = 1111 0000 */
     System.out.println("a << 2 = " + c );
     c = a >> 2;     /* 15 = 1111 */
     System.out.println("a >> 2  = " + c );
     c = a >>> 2;     /* 15 = 0000 1111 */
     System.out.println("a >>> 2 = " + c );
  }
}

a & b = 12
a | b = 61
a ^ b = 49
~a = -61
a << 2 = 240
a >> 15
a >>> 15

public class Test {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
     boolean a = true;
     boolean b = false;
     System.out.println("a && b = " + (a&&b));
     System.out.println("a || b = " + (a||b) );
     System.out.println("!(a && b) = " + !(a && b));
  }
}

a && b = false
a || b = true
!(a && b) = true

public class LuoJi{
    public static void main(String[] args){
        int a = 5;//定义一个变量；
        boolean b = (a<4)&&(a++<10);
        System.out.println("使用短路逻辑运算符的结果为"+b);
        System.out.println("a的结果为"+a);
    }
}

使用短路逻辑运算符的结果为 false
a的结果为5

public class Test {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
     int a = 10;
     int b = 20;
     int c = 0;
     c = a + b;
     System.out.println("c = a + b = " + c );
     c += a ;
     System.out.println("c += a  = " + c );
     c -= a ;
     System.out.println("c -= a = " + c );
     c *= a ;
     System.out.println("c *= a = " + c );
     a = 10;
     c = 15;
     c /= a ;
     System.out.println("c /= a = " + c );
     a = 10;
     c = 15;
     c %= a ;
     System.out.println("c %= a  = " + c );
     c <<= 2 ;
     System.out.println("c <<= 2 = " + c );
     c >>= 2 ;
     System.out.println("c >>= 2 = " + c );
     c >>= 2 ;
     System.out.println("c >>= a = " + c );
     c &= a ;
     System.out.println("c &= 2  = " + c );
     c ^= a ;
     System.out.println("c ^= a   = " + c );
     c |= a ;
     System.out.println("c |= a   = " + c );
  }
}

c = a + b = 30
c += a  = 40
c -= a = 30
c *= a = 300
c /= a = 1
c %= a  = 5
c <<= 2 = 20
c >>= 2 = 5
c >>= 2 = 1
c &= a  = 0
c ^= a   = 10
c |= a   = 10

variable x = (expression) ? value if true : value if false

public class Test {
   public static void main(String[] args){
      int a , b;
      a = 10;
      // 如果 a 等于 1 成立，则设置 b 为 20，否则为 30
      b = (a == 1) ? 20 : 30;
      System.out.println( "Value of b is : " +  b );
      // 如果 a 等于 10 成立，则设置 b 为 20，否则为 30
      b = (a == 10) ? 20 : 30;
      System.out.println( "Value of b is : " + b );
   }
}

Value of b is : 30
Value of b is : 20

( Object reference variable ) instanceof  (class/interface type)

String name = "James";
// 由于 name 是 String 类型，所以返回真
boolean result = name instanceof String;

class Vehicle {}
public class Car extends Vehicle {
   public static void main(String[] args){
      Vehicle a = new Car();
      boolean result =  a instanceof Car;
      System.out.println( result);
   }
}

true

1 + 3 + 3 + 2 * 2

Exp1 ? Exp2 : Exp3;

public class Test {
   public static void main(String[] args){
      int a , b;
      a = 10;
      // 如果 a 等于 1 成立，则设置 b 为 20，否则为 30
      b = (a == 1) ? 20 : 30;
      System.out.println( "Value of b is : " +  b );
      // 如果 a 等于 10 成立，则设置 b 为 20，否则为 30
      b = (a == 10) ? 20 : 30;
      System.out.println( "Value of b is : " + b );
   }
}

Value of b is : 30
Value of b is : 20

if( boolean_expression )
{
   /* 如果布尔表达式 boolean_expression 为真将执行的语句 */
}

public class Test {
   public static void main(String args[]){
      int x = 10;
      if( x < 20 ){
         System.out.print("这是 if 语句");
      }
   }
}

这是 if 语句

if(布尔表达式){
   //如果布尔表达式的值为true
}else{
   //如果布尔表达式的值为false
}

public class Test {
   public static void main(String args[]){
      int x = 30;
      if( x < 20 ){
         System.out.print("这是 if 语句");
      }else{
         System.out.print("这是 else 语句");
      }
   }
}

这是 else 语句

if(布尔表达式 1){
   //如果布尔表达式 1的值为true执行代码
}else if(布尔表达式 2){
   //如果布尔表达式 2的值为true执行代码
}else if(布尔表达式 3){
   //如果布尔表达式 3的值为true执行代码
}else {
   //如果以上布尔表达式都不为true执行代码
}

public class Test {
   public static void main(String args[]){
      int x = 30;
      if( x == 10 ){
         System.out.print("Value of X is 10");
      }else if( x == 20 ){
         System.out.print("Value of X is 20");
      }else if( x == 30 ){
         System.out.print("Value of X is 30");
      }else{
         System.out.print("这是 else 语句");
      }
   }
}

Value of X is 30

switch(expression){
    case value :
       //语句
       break; //可选
    case value :
       //语句
       break; //可选
    //你可以有任意数量的case语句
    default : //可选
       //语句
}

public class Test {
   public static void main(String args[]){
      //char grade = args[0].charAt(0);
      char grade = 'C';
      switch(grade)
      {
         case 'A' :
            System.out.println("优秀"); 
            break;
         case 'B' :
         case 'C' :
            System.out.println("良好");
            break;
         case 'D' :
            System.out.println("及格");
         case 'F' :
            System.out.println("你需要再努力努力");
            break;
         default :
            System.out.println("未知等级");
      }
      System.out.println("你的等级是 " + grade);
   }
}

良好
你的等级是 C

break;

public class Test {
   public static void main(String args[]) {
      int [] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
      for(int x : numbers ) {
         // x 等于 30 时跳出循环
         if( x == 30 ) {
            break;
         }
         System.out.print( x );
         System.out.print("\n");
      }
   }
}

10
20

continue;

public class Test {
   public static void main(String args[]) {
      int [] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
      for(int x : numbers ) {
         if ( x == 30 ) {
            continue;
         }
         System.out.print( x );
         System.out.print("\n");
      }
   }
}

10
20
40
50