前言
- 本篇来学习Django中的HttpRequest对象
URL路径参数
- urls.py
from django.urls import path from book01.views import index, shop urlpatterns = [ path('index/', index), path('<city_id>/<shop_id>', shop), ]
- views.py
from django.http import HttpResponse, JsonResponse def index(request): return HttpResponse("Book01") def shop(request, city_id, shop_id): return JsonResponse({'city_id': city_id, 'shop_id': shop_id}) # 返回json 格式数据
查询字符串
- HttpRequest对象的属性GET、POST都是QueryDict类型的对象
- 与python字典不同，QueryDict类型的对象用来处理同一个键带有多个值的情况
- 方法get()：根据键获取值
- 如果一个键同时拥有多个值将获取最后一个值
- 如果键不存在则返回None值，可以设置默认值进行后续处理
- get(‘键’,默认值)
- 方法getlist()：根据键获取值，值以列表返回，可以获取指定键的所有值
- 如果键不存在则返回空列表[]，可以设置默认值进行后续处理
- getlist(‘键’,默认值)
# views.py from django.http import HttpResponse, JsonResponse from django.shortcuts import render def index(request): return HttpResponse("Book01") def shop(request, city_id, shop_id): print(request.GET) # QueryDict对象 <QueryDict: {'city': ['北京', '鞍山'], 'name': ['小白'], 'age': ['28']}> city = request.GET.get('city') # 鞍山 print(city) city_list = request.GET.getlist('city') print(city_list) # ['北京', '鞍山'] name = request.GET.get('name') # 小白 age = request.GET.get('age') # 28 return JsonResponse({'city_id': city_id, 'shop_id': shop_id, 'city': city, 'city_list': city_list, 'name': name, 'age': age}) # 返回json 格式数据
表单类型
# settings.py MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', # 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', # 需注释，否则post请求返回403 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', ] # urls.py from django.urls import path from book01.views import index, shop, register urlpatterns = [ path('index/', index), path('<city_id>/<shop_id>', shop), path('register/', register), ] # views.py def register(request): print(request.POST) # <QueryDict: {'name': ['小白'], 'age': ['28'], 'city': ['北京']}> name = request.POST.get('name') age = request.POST.get('age') city = request.POST.get('city') return JsonResponse({'name': name, 'age': age, 'city': city})
curl --location --request POST 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/book01/register/' \ --form 'name="小白"' \ --form 'age="28"' \ --form 'city="北京"'
*URL： http://127.0.0.1:8000/book01/register/ 后面没有“/”,将返回500错误码
json类型
# urls.py from django.urls import path from book01.views import index, shop, register, json_view urlpatterns = [ path('index/', index), path('<city_id>/<shop_id>', shop), path('register/', register), path('json/', json_view), ] # views.py def json_view(request): body = request.body.decode() print(body) """ 必须使用双引号 { "name": "大海", "age": 28, "city": "北京" } """ print(type(body)) # <class 'str'> res = json.loads(body) print(res) # {'name': '大海', 'age': 28, 'city': '北京'} print(type(res)) # <class 'dict'> return JsonResponse(res)
curl --location --request POST 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/book01/json/' \ --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \ --data-raw '{ "name": "大海", "age": 28, "city": "北京" }'
请求头
# urls.py from django.urls import path from book01.views import index, shop, register, json_view, get_headers urlpatterns = [ path('index/', index), path('<city_id>/<shop_id>', shop), path('register/', register), path('json/', json_view), path('header/', get_headers), ] # views.py def get_headers(request): content_type = request.META['CONTENT_TYPE'] print(content_type) # application/json return HttpResponse(content_type)
常见请求头
CONTENT_LENGTH– The length of the request body (as a string).
CONTENT_TYPE– The MIME type of the request body.
HTTP_ACCEPT– Acceptable content types for the response.
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING– Acceptable encodings for the response.
HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE– Acceptable languages for the response.
HTTP_HOST– The HTTP Host header sent by the client.
HTTP_REFERER– The referring page, if any.
HTTP_USER_AGENT– The client’s user-agent string.
QUERY_STRING– The query string, as a single (unparsed) string.
REMOTE_ADDR– The IP address of the client.
REMOTE_HOST– The hostname of the client.
REMOTE_USER– The user authenticated by the Web server, if any.
REQUEST_METHOD– A string such as"GET"or"POST".
SERVER_NAME– The hostname of the server.
SERVER_PORT– The port of the server (as a string).
其他请求对象
# urls.py from django.urls import path from book01.views import index, shop, register, json_view, get_headers, method urlpatterns = [ path('index/', index), path('<city_id>/<shop_id>', shop), path('register/', register), path('json/', json_view), path('header/', get_headers), path('method/', method), ] # viwes.py def method(request): fun = request.method print(fun) user = request.user print(user) path = request.path print(path) e = request.encoding print(e) file = request.FILES print(file) return JsonResponse({'fun': fun})
验证路径中path参数
# urls.py from book01.views import index, shop, register, json_view, get_headers, method, phone from django.urls import register_converter class MobileConverter: """自定义路由转换器：匹配手机号""" # 匹配手机号码的正则 regex = '1[3-9]\d{9}' def to_python(self, value): # 将匹配结果传递到视图内部时使用 return int(value) def to_url(self, value): # 将匹配结果用于反向解析传值时使用 return str(value) # 注册自定义路由转换器 # register_converter(自定义路由转换器, '别名') register_converter(MobileConverter, 'phone_num') urlpatterns = [ path('index/', index), path('<city_id>/<shop_id>', shop), path('register/', register), path('json/', json_view), path('header/', get_headers), path('method/', method), # 转换器:变量名 path('<int:city>/<phone_num:phone_number>/<age>', phone), ] # urls.py def phone(request, city, phone_number, age): return JsonResponse({'city': city, 'phone_number': phone_number, 'age': age})
- 验证
