除了os.path，模块pathlib也能对文件路径进行操作：
Python 3.8.8 (tags/v3.8.8:024d805, Feb 19 2021, 13:08:11) [MSC v.1928 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information. >>> import pathlib >>> dir(pathlib) ['EBADF', 'EINVAL', 'ELOOP', 'ENOENT', 'ENOTDIR', 'Path', 'PosixPath', 'PurePath', 'PurePosixPath', 'PureWindowsPath', 'S_ISBLK', 'S_ISCHR', 'S_ISDIR', 'S_ISFIFO', 'S_ISLNK', 'S_ISREG', 'S_ISSOCK', 'Sequence', 'WindowsPath', '_Accessor', '_Flavour', '_IGNORED_ERROS', '_IGNORED_WINERRORS', '_NormalAccessor', '_PathParents', '_PosixFlavour', '_PreciseSelector', '_RecursiveWildcardSelector', '_Selector', '_TerminatingSelector', '_WildcardSelector', '_WindowsFlavour', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '_getfinalpathname', '_ignore_error', '_is_wildcard_pattern', '_make_selector', '_normal_accessor', '_posix_flavour', '_windows_flavour', 'attrgetter', 'fnmatch', 'functools', 'io', 'nt', 'ntpath', 'os', 'posixpath', 're', 'supports_symlinks', 'sys', 'urlquote_from_bytes'] >>> pathlib.__all__ ['PurePath', 'PurePosixPath', 'PureWindowsPath', 'Path', 'PosixPath', 'WindowsPath']
此模块中共有6个类功能都差不多，以最后一个WindowsPath来举例：
>>> from pathlib import WindowsPath as wp >>> dir(wp) ['__bytes__', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__enter__', '__eq__', '__exit__', '__format__', '__fspath__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rtruediv__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__slots__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__truediv__', '_accessor', '_cached_cparts', '_closed', '_cparts', '_drv', '_flavour', '_format_parsed_parts', '_from_parsed_parts', '_from_parts', '_hash', '_init', '_make_child', '_make_child_relpath', '_opener', '_parse_args', '_parts', '_pparts', '_raise_closed', '_raw_open', '_root', '_str', 'absolute', 'anchor', 'as_posix', 'as_uri', 'chmod', 'cwd', 'drive', 'exists', 'expanduser', 'glob', 'group', 'home', 'is_absolute', 'is_block_device', 'is_char_device', 'is_dir', 'is_fifo', 'is_file', 'is_mount', 'is_reserved', 'is_socket', 'is_symlink', 'iterdir', 'joinpath', 'lchmod', 'link_to', 'lstat', 'match', 'mkdir', 'name', 'open', 'owner', 'parent', 'parents', 'parts', 'read_bytes', 'read_text', 'relative_to', 'rename', 'replace', 'resolve', 'rglob', 'rmdir', 'root', 'samefile', 'stat', 'stem', 'suffix', 'suffixes', 'symlink_to', 'touch', 'unlink', 'with_name', 'with_suffix', 'write_bytes', 'write_text'] >>> print(wp.__doc__) Path subclass for Windows systems. On a Windows system, instantiating a Path should return this object. >>> [i for i in dir(wp) if i[0]>='a'] ['absolute', 'anchor', 'as_posix', 'as_uri', 'chmod', 'cwd', 'drive', 'exists', 'expanduser', 'glob', 'group', 'home', 'is_absolute', 'is_block_device', 'is_char_device', 'is_dir', 'is_fifo', 'is_file', 'is_mount', 'is_reserved', 'is_socket', 'is_symlink', 'iterdir', 'joinpath', 'lchmod', 'link_to', 'lstat', 'match', 'mkdir', 'name', 'open', 'owner', 'parent', 'parents', 'parts', 'read_bytes', 'read_text', 'relative_to', 'rename', 'replace', 'resolve', 'rglob', 'rmdir', 'root', 'samefile', 'stat', 'stem', 'suffix', 'suffixes', 'symlink_to', 'touch', 'unlink', 'with_name', 'with_suffix', 'write_bytes', 'write_text']
对完整路径的分拆：
>>> p=r'd:\abc\exam\text1.doc' >>> wp(p).anchor 'd:\\' >>> wp(p).drive 'd:' >>> wp(p).name 'text1.doc' >>> wp(p).parent WindowsPath('d:/abc/exam') >>> str(wp(p).parent) 'd:\\abc\\exam' >>> wp(p).parents <WindowsPath.parents> >>> wp(p).parts ('d:\\', 'abc', 'exam', 'text1.doc') >>> wp(p).root '\\' >>> wp(p).stem 'text1' >>> wp(p).suffix '.doc' >>> wp(p).suffixes ['.doc'] >>>
其它函数：
>>> wp(p).cwd() WindowsPath('D:/') >>> str(wp(p).cwd()) 'D:\\' >>> wp(p).home() WindowsPath('C:/Users/Administrator') >>> str(wp(p).home()) 'C:\\Users\\Administrator' >>> wp(p).owner() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#50>", line 1, in <module> wp(p).owner() File "D:\Python38-32\lib\pathlib.py", line 1570, in owner raise NotImplementedError("Path.owner() is unsupported on this system") NotImplementedError: Path.owner() is unsupported on this system >>> # Windows不支持owner属性 >>> wp(p).exists() True >>> wp(p).is_dir() False >>> wp(p).is_file() True >>>
完整帮助：
>>> help(pathlib.WindowsPath) Help on class WindowsPath in module pathlib: class WindowsPath(Path, PureWindowsPath) | WindowsPath(*args, **kwargs) | | Path subclass for Windows systems. | | On a Windows system, instantiating a Path should return this object. | | Method resolution order: | WindowsPath | Path | PureWindowsPath | PurePath | builtins.object | | Methods defined here: | | group(self) | Return the group name of the file gid. | | is_mount(self) | Check if this path is a POSIX mount point | | owner(self) | Return the login name of the file owner. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from Path: | | __enter__(self) | | __exit__(self, t, v, tb) | | absolute(self) | Return an absolute version of this path. This function works | even if the path doesn't point to anything. | | No normalization is done, i.e. all '.' and '..' will be kept along. | Use resolve() to get the canonical path to a file. | | chmod(self, mode) | Change the permissions of the path, like os.chmod(). | | exists(self) | Whether this path exists. | | expanduser(self) | Return a new path with expanded ~ and ~user constructs | (as returned by os.path.expanduser) | | glob(self, pattern) | Iterate over this subtree and yield all existing files (of any | kind, including directories) matching the given relative pattern. | | is_block_device(self) | Whether this path is a block device. | | is_char_device(self) | Whether this path is a character device. | | is_dir(self) | Whether this path is a directory. | | is_fifo(self) | Whether this path is a FIFO. | | is_file(self) | Whether this path is a regular file (also True for symlinks pointing | to regular files). | | is_socket(self) | Whether this path is a socket. | | is_symlink(self) | Whether this path is a symbolic link. | | iterdir(self) | Iterate over the files in this directory. Does not yield any | result for the special paths '.' and '..'. | | lchmod(self, mode) | Like chmod(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's | permissions are changed, rather than its target's. | | link_to(self, target) | Create a hard link pointing to a path named target. | | lstat(self) | Like stat(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's | status information is returned, rather than its target's. | | mkdir(self, mode=511, parents=False, exist_ok=False) | Create a new directory at this given path. | | open(self, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None) | Open the file pointed by this path and return a file object, as | the built-in open() function does. | | read_bytes(self) | Open the file in bytes mode, read it, and close the file. | | read_text(self, encoding=None, errors=None) | Open the file in text mode, read it, and close the file. | | rename(self, target) | Rename this path to the target path. | | The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are | interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the | directory of the Path object. | | Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path. | | replace(self, target) | Rename this path to the target path, overwriting if that path exists. | | The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are | interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the | directory of the Path object. | | Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path. | | resolve(self, strict=False) | Make the path absolute, resolving all symlinks on the way and also | normalizing it (for example turning slashes into backslashes under | Windows). | | rglob(self, pattern) | Recursively yield all existing files (of any kind, including | directories) matching the given relative pattern, anywhere in | this subtree. | | rmdir(self) | Remove this directory. The directory must be empty. | | samefile(self, other_path) | Return whether other_path is the same or not as this file | (as returned by os.path.samefile()). | | stat(self) | Return the result of the stat() system call on this path, like | os.stat() does. | | symlink_to(self, target, target_is_directory=False) | Make this path a symlink pointing to the given path. | Note the order of arguments (self, target) is the reverse of os.symlink's. | | touch(self, mode=438, exist_ok=True) | Create this file with the given access mode, if it doesn't exist. | | unlink(self, missing_ok=False) | Remove this file or link. | If the path is a directory, use rmdir() instead. | | write_bytes(self, data) | Open the file in bytes mode, write to it, and close the file. | | write_text(self, data, encoding=None, errors=None) | Open the file in text mode, write to it, and close the file. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Class methods inherited from Path: | | cwd() from builtins.type | Return a new path pointing to the current working directory | (as returned by os.getcwd()). | | home() from builtins.type | Return a new path pointing to the user's home directory (as | returned by os.path.expanduser('~')). | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Static methods inherited from Path: | | __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) | Construct a PurePath from one or several strings and or existing | PurePath objects. The strings and path objects are combined so as | to yield a canonicalized path, which is incorporated into the | new PurePath object. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from PurePath: | | __bytes__(self) | Return the bytes representation of the path. This is only | recommended to use under Unix. | | __eq__(self, other) | Return self==value. | | __fspath__(self) | | __ge__(self, other) | Return self>=value. | | __gt__(self, other) | Return self>value. | | __hash__(self) | Return hash(self). | | __le__(self, other) | Return self<=value. | | __lt__(self, other) | Return self<value. | | __reduce__(self) | Helper for pickle. | | __repr__(self) | Return repr(self). | | __rtruediv__(self, key) | | __str__(self) | Return the string representation of the path, suitable for | passing to system calls. | | __truediv__(self, key) | | as_posix(self) | Return the string representation of the path with forward (/) | slashes. | | as_uri(self) | Return the path as a 'file' URI. | | is_absolute(self) | True if the path is absolute (has both a root and, if applicable, | a drive). | | is_reserved(self) | Return True if the path contains one of the special names reserved | by the system, if any. | | joinpath(self, *args) | Combine this path with one or several arguments, and return a | new path representing either a subpath (if all arguments are relative | paths) or a totally different path (if one of the arguments is | anchored). | | match(self, path_pattern) | Return True if this path matches the given pattern. | | relative_to(self, *other) | Return the relative path to another path identified by the passed | arguments. If the operation is not possible (because this is not | a subpath of the other path), raise ValueError. | | with_name(self, name) | Return a new path with the file name changed. | | with_suffix(self, suffix) | Return a new path with the file suffix changed. If the path | has no suffix, add given suffix. If the given suffix is an empty | string, remove the suffix from the path. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Readonly properties inherited from PurePath: | | anchor | The concatenation of the drive and root, or ''. | | drive | The drive prefix (letter or UNC path), if any. | | name | The final path component, if any. | | parent | The logical parent of the path. | | parents | A sequence of this path's logical parents. | | parts | An object providing sequence-like access to the | components in the filesystem path. | | root | The root of the path, if any. | | stem | The final path component, minus its last suffix. | | suffix | The final component's last suffix, if any. | | This includes the leading period. For example: '.txt' | | suffixes | A list of the final component's suffixes, if any. | | These include the leading periods. For example: ['.tar', '.gz'] >>>
