非可视化编程的windows窗口 C++ 代码设计：附例程并多多知识点

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <array>
#include <cmath>
#include <windows.h>
using namespace std;
#define myClassName "WindowCalculator"
#define NUM (sizeof Buttons / sizeof Buttons[0])
#define WarningBeep Beep(400,100)
#define OutErrorText(s) SetWindowText(tHwnd[1], TEXT(s))
#define OutResultText SetWindowText(tHwnd[2], tmp.c_str())
#define ClearText SetWindowText(tHwnd[1],"");SetWindowText(tHwnd[2],"0")
#define AboutMe ShellAbout(hwnd, "我的计算器",\
  "我的Windows窗口计算器 by Hann Yang, 2021.2.21", NULL)
struct button {
  int x;  int y;  //坐标
  int w;  int h;  //宽高
  const char *szText;  //Caption
}
Buttons[] = {
  30, 370,0,0,TEXT("０"),
  30, 310,0,0,TEXT("１"),
  90, 310,0,0,TEXT("２"),
  150,310,0,0,TEXT("３"),
  30, 250,0,0,TEXT("４"),
  90, 250,0,0,TEXT("５"),
  150,250,0,0,TEXT("６"),
  30, 190,0,0,TEXT("７"),
  90, 190,0,0,TEXT("８"),
  150,190,0,0,TEXT("９"),
  150,370,0,0,TEXT(" ．"),
  210,370,0,0,TEXT("＋"),
  210,310,0,0,TEXT("－"),
  210,250,0,0,TEXT("×"),
  210,190,0,0,TEXT("÷"),
  210,130,0,0,TEXT("±"),
  270,310,0,0,TEXT("＝"),
  270,250,0,0,TEXT("1/x"),
  270,190,0,0,TEXT("√x"),
  270,130,0,0,TEXT("y2"),
  150,130,0,0,TEXT("％"),
  90, 130,0,0,TEXT("Ｃ"),
  30, 130,0,0,TEXT("←")
};
HFONT hFont[3];
HWND tHwnd[3], bHwnd[NUM];
string GetStaticText(short i=2)
{
  char buf[64] = {0};
  GetWindowText(tHwnd[i], buf, 64);
  return string(buf);
}
void myCreateFont()
{
  hFont[0] = (HFONT)GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FIXED_FONT);
  /* windows系统基本字体：ANSI_FIXED_FONT DEFAULT_GUI_FONT ANSI_VAR_FONT
    DEVICE_DEFAULT_FONT SYSTEM_FIXED_FONT SYSTEM_FONT OEM_FIXED_FONT */
  hFont[1] = CreateFont(
                -15, -8, /* 字符的逻辑单位高宽值（也被称为em高度）
                    >0：字体映射器转换这个值以设备单位，并和已有字体的单元高度相匹配。
            =0：字体映射器转换在选择匹配时用一个缺省的高度值。
            <0：字体映射器转换这个值到设备单位，并将它的绝对值和已有字体的字符高度相匹配。 */ 
        0,  /*指定移位向量和设备X轴之间的一个角度，以十分之一度为单位*/ 
        0, /*指定每个字符的基线和设备X轴之间的角度*/
        400, /*字体权值：400表示标准体，700表示黑（粗）体*/
                FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, /*字体样式参数对应：斜体、下划线、删除线*/
                DEFAULT_CHARSET,  /*默认字符集*/
                OUT_DEFAULT_PRECIS, /*默认裁剪状态*/
        CLIP_DEFAULT_PRECIS, /*默认输出精度*/
                DEFAULT_QUALITY,  /*默认输出质量*/
                DEFAULT_PITCH|FF_DONTCARE,  /*默认字体间距|不关心字体族*/
                TEXT("微软雅黑") ); /*字体名称*/
  hFont[2] = CreateFont(
                30, 10, 0, 0, 700, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, DEFAULT_CHARSET,
        OUT_DEFAULT_PRECIS, CLIP_DEFAULT_PRECIS,
                DEFAULT_QUALITY, DEFAULT_PITCH|FF_DONTCARE,
                TEXT("仿宋") );
}
void myCreateWindow(HWND hwnd, LPARAM lParam)
{
  tHwnd[0] = CreateWindow( TEXT("button"),NULL,
          WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | BS_GROUPBOX, /*分组框*/
                    30, 25, 290, 80,
          hwnd,(HMENU)31,
          ((LPCREATESTRUCT) lParam)->hInstance,NULL);
  if (!tHwnd[0]) MessageBox(NULL,"创建分组框失败","Message",MB_OK|MB_ICONERROR);
  ShowWindow(tHwnd[0], SW_SHOW);
  UpdateWindow(tHwnd[0]);
  tHwnd[1] = CreateWindow( TEXT("static"),NULL,
          WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE ,
                    36, 40, 278, 22,
          hwnd,(HMENU)32,
          ((LPCREATESTRUCT) lParam)->hInstance,NULL);
  if (!tHwnd[1]) MessageBox(NULL,"创建文本框失败","Message",MB_OK|MB_ICONERROR);
  ShowWindow(tHwnd[1],SW_SHOW);
  SendMessage(tHwnd[1], WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont[1], lParam);  //设置控件字体
  SetWindowLong(tHwnd[1], GWL_STYLE, GetWindowLong(tHwnd[1], GWL_STYLE)|ES_RIGHT|SS_CENTERIMAGE); //设置右对齐、垂直居中 
  UpdateWindow(tHwnd[1]);
  tHwnd[2] = CreateWindow( TEXT("static"),"0",
          WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE ,
                    36, 62, 278, 35,
          hwnd,(HMENU)33,
          ((LPCREATESTRUCT) lParam)->hInstance,NULL);
  if (!tHwnd[2]) MessageBox(NULL,"创建文本框失败","Message",MB_OK|MB_ICONERROR);
  ShowWindow(tHwnd[2],SW_SHOW);
  SetWindowLong(tHwnd[2], GWL_STYLE, GetWindowLong(tHwnd[2], GWL_STYLE) | ES_RIGHT);
  SendMessage(tHwnd[2], WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont[2], lParam);
  UpdateWindow(tHwnd[2]);
  for(int i = 0; i < NUM; i++) {
    Buttons[i].w = 50;
    Buttons[i].h = 50;
    Buttons[0].w = 110;  //0双倍宽 
    Buttons[16].h = 110; //=双倍高 
    bHwnd[i] = CreateWindow( TEXT("button"),
            Buttons[i].szText,
            WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_TABSTOP | BS_PUSHBUTTON | BS_FLAT,
            Buttons[i].x, Buttons[i].y,
            Buttons[i].w, Buttons[i].h,
            hwnd,
            (HMENU)(WPARAM)i, //(WPARAM)强制转换用于消除警告 
            ((LPCREATESTRUCT) lParam)->hInstance, NULL);
    if (!bHwnd[i]) MessageBox(NULL,"创建命令按钮失败","Message",MB_OK|MB_ICONERROR);
    ShowWindow(bHwnd[i],SW_SHOW);
    SendMessage(bHwnd[i], WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont[0], lParam);  //设置控件字体
    UpdateWindow(bHwnd[i]); 
  }
}
template<typename T>string num2str(T d)
{
  string s;
  stringstream ss;
  ss<<setprecision(15)<<d;
  s=ss.str();
  ss.clear();
  return s;
}
template<typename T>T str2num(string s)
{
  T d;
  stringstream ss;
  ss<<s;
  ss>>setprecision(15)>>d;
  ss.clear();
  return d;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
  string tmp;
  array <string,4> strSign={"+","-","*","/"};
  static bool num_input_state = true;
  static bool sgn_input_state = false;
  unsigned int lWord = LOWORD(wParam);
  switch(Message) {
    case WM_CREATE:  // WM_CREATE事件中创建所有子窗口控件 
      myCreateFont();
      myCreateWindow(hwnd, lParam);
      break;
    case WM_COMMAND:  // WM_COMMAND响应的wParam值对应控件的(HMENU)(WPARAM)i参数
      tmp = GetStaticText();
      if(lWord>=0 && lWord<=10){ //0~9、.
        if (lWord==10 && tmp.find(".")!=tmp.npos){
          OutErrorText("无效输入：已有小数点");
          WarningBeep;
          break;
        }
        if (sgn_input_state) tmp="";
        sgn_input_state = false;
        tmp = (tmp=="0"&&lWord!=10?"":tmp) + (lWord==10?".":num2str<int>(lWord));
        if (num_input_state) OutResultText; 
      }
      else if(lWord>=11 && lWord<=14){ //+、-、*、/ 
        num_input_state = true;
        sgn_input_state = true;
        if (GetStaticText(1).back()=='+'){
          //MessageBox(hwnd, "+++", NULL, 0);
        }
        tmp = tmp + strSign.at(lWord-11);
        OutErrorText(tmp.c_str());
      }
      else{
        num_input_state = false;
        switch (lWord){
        case 15: //±
          OutErrorText(("-("+tmp+")").c_str());
          if (tmp.substr(0, 1) == "-")
            tmp.erase(tmp.begin(),tmp.begin()+1);
          else
            if (tmp!="0") tmp = "-" + tmp;
          OutResultText;
          break;
        case 16: // =
          num_input_state = true;
          break;
        case 17: //1/x
          if (tmp=="0") {
            OutErrorText("除0错：#DIV/0!");
            WarningBeep;
            break;
          }
          OutErrorText(("1/"+tmp).c_str());
          tmp = num2str<long double>(1/str2num<long double>(tmp));
          OutResultText;
          break;
        case 18: //sqrt(x)
          if (str2num<long double>(tmp)<0) {
            OutErrorText("无效输入：负数开平方");
            WarningBeep;
            break;
          }
          OutErrorText(("sqrt("+tmp+")").c_str());
          tmp = num2str<long double>(sqrt(str2num<long double>(tmp)));
          OutResultText;
          break;
        case 19: //y^2
          OutErrorText(("pow("+tmp+",2)").c_str());
          tmp = num2str<long double>(pow(str2num<long double>(tmp),2.0));
          OutResultText;
          if (GetStaticText()=="inf"){
            OutErrorText("无效输入：平方值超出允许范围");
            WarningBeep;
            tmp="0";
            OutResultText;
          }
          break;
        case 20: //%
          if (tmp.find("e")==tmp.npos)
            OutErrorText((tmp+"%").c_str());
          else
            OutErrorText(("0.01*("+tmp+")").c_str());
          tmp = num2str<long double>(str2num<long double>(tmp) * 0.01);
          OutResultText;
          break;
        case 21: //C clear
          ClearText;
          num_input_state = true;
          break;
        case 22: //BackSpace
          tmp = tmp.substr(0, tmp.size()-1);
          if (tmp.empty()) tmp = "0";
          OutResultText;
          num_input_state = true;
          break;
        default:
          MessageBox(hwnd, num2str<int>(lWord).c_str(), NULL, 0);
        }
      }
      break; //end case WM_COMMAND
    case WM_KEYDOWN:
      //返回的wParam为按键的虚拟键码: 110(orNumPAD190)=='.' 48~57(orNumPAD96~105)=='0'~'9'
      tmp = num2str<int>(LOWORD(wParam)).c_str();
      OutResultText;
      break;
    case WM_SYSCHAR:
      //返回的wParam为按键的虚拟键码: 110(orNumPAD190)=='.' 48~57(orNumPAD96~105)=='0'~'9'
      tmp = num2str<int>(LOWORD(wParam)).c_str();
      OutResultText;
      break;
    case WM_CLOSE:
      if (IDYES==MessageBox(hwnd, "是否真的要退出？", "确认", MB_ICONQUESTION | MB_YESNO))
        DestroyWindow(hwnd);  //销毁窗口
      return 0;
    case WM_HELP: //响应 F1功能键 
      AboutMe;
      break;
    case WM_DESTROY:
      AboutMe;
      PostQuitMessage(0);
      return 0;
    default:
      return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Message, wParam, lParam);
  }
  return 0;
}
ATOM myRegisterClass(HINSTANCE hInstance)
{
  WNDCLASSEX wc;
  memset(&wc, 0, sizeof(wc));
  wc.cbSize    = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
  wc.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc;
  wc.hInstance   = hInstance;
  wc.hCursor     = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
  wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1);
  wc.lpszMenuName  = NULL;  //无菜单；MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDC_MYMENU);
  wc.lpszClassName = myClassName;
  wc.hIcon     = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
  wc.hIconSm     = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
  return RegisterClassEx(&wc);
}
BOOL myInitInstance(HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow)
{
  HWND hwnd;
  RECT rect;
  int dtWidth, dtHeight;
  hwnd = GetDesktopWindow(); //取桌面句柄 
  GetWindowRect(hwnd,&rect); //取桌面范围 
  dtWidth = rect.right-rect.left; //桌面宽度 
  dtHeight = rect.bottom-rect.top; //桌面高度 
  hwnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE,
    myClassName,
    TEXT("我的计算器"),
    WS_VISIBLE|WS_OVERLAPPED|WS_SYSMENU|WS_MINIMIZEBOX,
    (dtWidth-360)/2,   /*窗体居中*/ 
    (dtHeight-480)/2,
    360, 480,
    NULL,NULL,hInstance,NULL);
  if (!hwnd) return false;
  ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow);
  UpdateWindow(hwnd);
  return true;
}
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
{
  MSG msg;
  HWND hwnd;
  if(!myRegisterClass(hInstance)) {
    MessageBox(NULL, "Window Registration Failed!","Error!", MB_ICONEXCLAMATION|MB_OK);
    return 0;
  }
  if(!myInitInstance(hInstance, nCmdShow)) {
    MessageBox(NULL, "Window Creation Failed!","Error!", MB_ICONEXCLAMATION|MB_OK);
    return 0;
  }
  while(GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0) > 0) { 
    if(!IsDialogMessage(hwnd, &msg)){  
      TranslateMessage(&msg); 
      DispatchMessage(&msg);
    }
    //IsDialogMessage使得TAB和ARROW键可切换控件焦点，前提是控件有设WS_TABSTOP参数
  }
  return msg.wParam;
}