OpenGL初学，请问我这段代码有错吗？为什么在窗口显示不出来

没什么问题，可能你配置有问题吧。或者编译器不同。
我用的是VC2010+Win8.1+OpenGL1.4
你的程序不太友好，我加了按ESC退出。如下：

 #define GLUT_DISABLE_ATEXIT_HACK 
#include <GL/glut.h>


const GLint screenWidth = 640;
const GLint screenHeight = 480;
void myInit(void)
{
    glClearColor(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glLoadIdentity();
    gluOrtho2D(0.0, (GLdouble)screenWidth, 0.0, (GLdouble)screenHeight);
}
void checkerboard(void)
{
    for(GLint i = 0; i < 8; i++)
    {
        for(GLint j = 0; j < 8; j++)
        {
            if((i+j)%2 == 0)
            {
                glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
            }
            else
            {
                glColor3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
            }
            glRecti(30*j, 30*i, 30*(j+1), 30*(i+1));
        }
    }
    glFlush();
}
void myDisplay(void)
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    checkerboard();
}
void keyboard(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
    switch (key) {
    case 27:
        exit(0);
        break;
    }
}
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    glutInit(&argc, argv);
    glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
    glutInitWindowSize(screenWidth, screenHeight);
    glutInitWindowPosition(0, 0);
    glutCreateWindow("chess");
    glutDisplayFunc(myDisplay);
    myInit();
    glutKeyboardFunc(keyboard);
    glutMainLoop();
}