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从一个最简单的Spring Boot Web项目聊起
我们知道，用spring-boot写一个web项目非常容易，pom继承spring-boot-parent然后引入依赖spring-boot-starter-web，再写一个这样的主启动类，然后就可以去写Controller了，十分简单，就像这样：
@SpringBootApplication
public class SampleApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(SampleApplication.class, args);
}
}
// 然后再写一个Controller声明一个Rest服务
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/perf")
public class PerfController {
@RequestMapping("/trace")
public Object trace() {
Object result = yourLogic();
return result;
}
}聊聊SpringApplication.run
可是我们思考过，这背后spring-boot到底做了什么使我们的工作如此简单，它如何将spring、spring-mvc、tomcat整合到一起的呢？接下来我们以项目启动角度来分析整个初始化过程。
PS：下面代码分析过程中，着重于流程的串接，调用到某个变量时，作者会直接给出这个变量的具体实现，读者也许会产生困惑，但是不要停下来，先想当然的按照作者的思路把流程捋完，后面会针对各个主要的变量初始化及选择实现的过程进行逐个解释。
从SpringApplication.run说起：
方法定义如下
public static ConfigurableApplicationContext run(Class<?>[] primarySources, String[] args) {
return new SpringApplication(primarySources).run(args);
}
public ConfigurableApplicationContext run(String... args) {
StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
stopWatch.start();
ConfigurableApplicationContext context = null;
Collection<SpringBootExceptionReporter> exceptionReporters = new ArrayList<>();
configureHeadlessProperty();
SpringApplicationRunListeners listeners = getRunListeners(args);
listeners.starting();
try {
ApplicationArguments applicationArguments = new DefaultApplicationArguments(args);
ConfigurableEnvironment environment = prepareEnvironment(listeners, applicationArguments);
configureIgnoreBeanInfo(environment);
Banner printedBanner = printBanner(environment);
context = createApplicationContext();//1)
exceptionReporters = getSpringFactoriesInstances(SpringBootExceptionReporter.class,
new Class[] { ConfigurableApplicationContext.class }, context);
prepareContext(context, environment, listeners, applicationArguments, printedBanner);
refreshContext(context);//2)
afterRefresh(context, applicationArguments);
stopWatch.stop();
if (this.logStartupInfo) {
new StartupInfoLogger(this.mainApplicationClass).logStarted(getApplicationLog(), stopWatch);
}
listeners.started(context);
callRunners(context, applicationArguments);
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
handleRunFailure(context, ex, exceptionReporters, listeners);
throw new IllegalStateException(ex);
}
try {
listeners.running(context);
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
handleRunFailure(context, ex, exceptionReporters, null);
throw new IllegalStateException(ex);
}
return context;
}我们来分解下这个run方法
先看1)context = createApplicationContext()
负责创建spring主容器，这个方法内部是根据具体项目运行时依赖的类来动态选择实现的，如果是web项目则会选择AnnotationConfigServletWebServerApplicationContext，至于选择的规则及原因，这里先忽略，后面会专门介绍（时空门：ServletWebServerApplicationContext）。
接下来我们重点看2)refreshContext(context)方法
其方法内部最终调用了((AbstractApplicationContext) applicationContext).refresh()方法，我们把这个方法展开
@Override
public void refresh() throws BeansException, IllegalStateException {
synchronized (this.startupShutdownMonitor) {
prepareRefresh();
ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory = obtainFreshBeanFactory();
prepareBeanFactory(beanFactory);
try {
postProcessBeanFactory(beanFactory);
invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(beanFactory);
registerBeanPostProcessors(beanFactory);
initMessageSource();
initApplicationEventMulticaster();
onRefresh();//3)
registerListeners();
finishBeanFactoryInitialization(beanFactory);
finishRefresh();
}
catch (BeansException ex) {
if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
logger.warn("Exception encountered during context initialization - " +
"cancelling refresh attempt: " + ex);
}
destroyBeans();
cancelRefresh(ex);
throw ex;
}
finally {
resetCommonCaches();
}
}
}实际上，这里我们的调用已经到了spring-context包，其实跟spring-boot已经没啥关系了，这其实就是一个标准的SpringApplicationContext的标准启动过程中refresh()部分，我们不是对spring启动过程分解，所以我们只关注与tomcat，spring-mvc结合的部分。
直接看3)onRefresh()方法，因为AnnotationConfigServletWebServerApplicationContext是ServletWebServerApplicationContext的子类，所以流程进入ServletWebServerApplicationContext的onRefresh()方法
@Override
protected void onRefresh() {
super.onRefresh();
try {
createWebServer();//4)
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
throw new ApplicationContextException("Unable to start web server", ex);
}
}可以看到这个4)createWebServer()，是我们的关键
private void createWebServer() {
WebServer webServer = this.webServer;
ServletContext servletContext = getServletContext();
if (webServer == null && servletContext == null) {
ServletWebServerFactory factory = getWebServerFactory();//5)
this.webServer = factory.getWebServer(getSelfInitializer());//6)
}
else if (servletContext != null) {
try {
getSelfInitializer().onStartup(servletContext);
}
catch (ServletException ex) {
throw new ApplicationContextException("Cannot initialize servlet context", ex);
}
}
initPropertySources();
}其中：
5)ServletWebServerFactory factory = getWebServerFactory();
上面这句获取到的具体实现是TomcatServletWebServerFactory（时空门：TomcatServletWebServerFactory）
6)this.webServer = factory.getWebServer(getSelfInitializer());
先看6)中的getSelfInitializer()方法：
private org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.ServletContextInitializer getSelfInitializer() {
return this::selfInitialize;
}
private void selfInitialize(ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {
prepareWebApplicationContext(servletContext);
registerApplicationScope(servletContext);
WebApplicationContextUtils.registerEnvironmentBeans(getBeanFactory(), servletContext);
for (ServletContextInitializer beans : getServletContextInitializerBeans()) {
beans.onStartup(servletContext);
}
}这块有点意思，返回的是一个this::selfInitialize，方法定义是返回org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.ServletContextInitializer，我们看下它是什么定义
@FunctionalInterface
public interface ServletContextInitializer {
void onStartup(ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException;
}@FunctionalInterface是java8中lambda支持的一种函数式接口selfInitialize这段逻辑在后面过程当中会被调用。
继续看6)中this.webServer = factory.getWebServer(...)，我们看下实现：
@Override
public WebServer getWebServer(ServletContextInitializer... initializers) {
Tomcat tomcat = new Tomcat();
File baseDir = (this.baseDirectory != null) ? this.baseDirectory : createTempDir("tomcat");
tomcat.setBaseDir(baseDir.getAbsolutePath());
Connector connector = new Connector(this.protocol);
tomcat.getService().addConnector(connector);
customizeConnector(connector);
tomcat.setConnector(connector);
tomcat.getHost().setAutoDeploy(false);
configureEngine(tomcat.getEngine());
for (Connector additionalConnector : this.additionalTomcatConnectors) {
tomcat.getService().addConnector(additionalConnector);
}
prepareContext(tomcat.getHost(), initializers);//7)
return getTomcatWebServer(tomcat);
}可以看到在里面创建了Tomcat实例作为webServer的内部实现，然后向Tomcat的Service容器注入Connector，然后设置默认Host容器的AutoDeploy属性及其他的Tomcat初始化工作，最重要的一行是7)
我们来看一下：
protected void prepareContext(Host host, ServletContextInitializer[] initializers) {
File documentRoot = getValidDocumentRoot();
TomcatEmbeddedContext context = new TomcatEmbeddedContext();
if (documentRoot != null) {
context.setResources(new LoaderHidingResourceRoot(context));
}
...//省略我们不关注的部分代码
ServletContextInitializer[] initializersToUse = mergeInitializers(initializers);//8)
host.addChild(context);//将context加入host作为host的子容器
configureContext(context, initializersToUse);//9)
postProcessContext(context);
}我们可以看到其调用host.addChild(context)将context加入host作为host的子容器，然后
其中8)查找所有ServletContextInitializer实现并合并为一个数组，然后调用9)configureContext方法，我们来看一下：
protected void configureContext(Context context, ServletContextInitializer[] initializers) {
TomcatStarter starter = new TomcatStarter(initializers);//10)
if (context instanceof TomcatEmbeddedContext) {
TomcatEmbeddedContext embeddedContext = (TomcatEmbeddedContext) context;
embeddedContext.setStarter(starter);
embeddedContext.setFailCtxIfServletStartFails(true);
}
context.addServletContainerInitializer(starter, NO_CLASSES);//11)
...//忽略
}10)创建了TomcatStarter对象，并将starter加入context的conainerInitializer列表，见11)，这样在tomcat的容器启动过程中就会调用到这个TomcatStarter实例。
我们来看下TomcatStarter做了什么
class TomcatStarter implements ServletContainerInitializer {
...
private final ServletContextInitializer[] initializers;
...
TomcatStarter(ServletContextInitializer[] initializers) {
this.initializers = initializers;
}
...
@Override
public void onStartup(Set<Class<?>> classes, ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {
try {
for (ServletContextInitializer initializer : this.initializers) {
initializer.onStartup(servletContext);
}
}
catch (Exception ex) {
this.startUpException = ex;
if (logger.isErrorEnabled()) {
logger.error("Error starting Tomcat context. Exception: " + ex.getClass().getName() + ". Message: "
+ ex.getMessage());
}
}
}
...
}可以看到TomcatStarter相当于hook了context启动的事件，然后调用所有注入的initializers的onStartup方法，似曾相识是吗？这就是前面说的@FunctionalInterface函数接口，接下来我们就深入看下前面提到的那个initializer的onStartup的具体内容
//ServletWebServerApplicationContext类当中
private org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.ServletContextInitializer getSelfInitializer() {
return this::selfInitialize;
}
private void selfInitialize(ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {
prepareWebApplicationContext(servletContext);
registerApplicationScope(servletContext);
WebApplicationContextUtils.registerEnvironmentBeans(getBeanFactory(), servletContext);
for (ServletContextInitializer beans : getServletContextInitializerBeans()) {
beans.onStartup(servletContext);
}
}可以看到其对getServletContextInitializerBeans()的每个ServletContextInitializer均调用了onStartup方法
protected Collection<ServletContextInitializer> getServletContextInitializerBeans() {
return new ServletContextInitializerBeans(getBeanFactory());
}看看new ServletContextInitializerBeans(getBeanFactory())做了什么
@SafeVarargs
public ServletContextInitializerBeans(ListableBeanFactory beanFactory,
Class<? extends ServletContextInitializer>... initializerTypes) {
this.initializers = new LinkedMultiValueMap<>();
this.initializerTypes = (initializerTypes.length != 0) ? Arrays.asList(initializerTypes)
: Collections.singletonList(ServletContextInitializer.class);
addServletContextInitializerBeans(beanFactory);
addAdaptableBeans(beanFactory);
List<ServletContextInitializer> sortedInitializers = this.initializers.values().stream()
.flatMap((value) -> value.stream().sorted(AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.INSTANCE))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
this.sortedList = Collections.unmodifiableList(sortedInitializers);
logMappings(this.initializers);
}可以看到其从beanFactory中获取spring容器中所有的ServletContextInitializer实现，这里关于集成的部分在ServletRegistrationBean中，ServletRegistrationBean的注入过程参考：时空门：Dispatcherservletregistrationbean
private void addServletContextInitializerBeans(ListableBeanFactory beanFactory) {
for (Class<? extends ServletContextInitializer> initializerType : this.initializerTypes) {
for (Entry<String, ? extends ServletContextInitializer> initializerBean : getOrderedBeansOfType(beanFactory,
initializerType)) {
addServletContextInitializerBean(initializerBean.getKey(), initializerBean.getValue(), beanFactory);
}
}
}
private void addServletContextInitializerBean(String beanName, ServletContextInitializer initializer,
ListableBeanFactory beanFactory) {
if (initializer instanceof ServletRegistrationBean) {
Servlet source = ((ServletRegistrationBean<?>) initializer).getServlet();
addServletContextInitializerBean(Servlet.class, beanName, initializer, beanFactory, source);
}
else if (initializer instanceof FilterRegistrationBean) {
Filter source = ((FilterRegistrationBean<?>) initializer).getFilter();
addServletContextInitializerBean(Filter.class, beanName, initializer, beanFactory, source);
}
else if (initializer instanceof DelegatingFilterProxyRegistrationBean) {
String source = ((DelegatingFilterProxyRegistrationBean) initializer).getTargetBeanName();
addServletContextInitializerBean(Filter.class, beanName, initializer, beanFactory, source);
}
else if (initializer instanceof ServletListenerRegistrationBean) {
EventListener source = ((ServletListenerRegistrationBean<?>) initializer).getListener();
addServletContextInitializerBean(EventListener.class, beanName, initializer, beanFactory, source);
}
else {
addServletContextInitializerBean(ServletContextInitializer.class, beanName, initializer, beanFactory,
initializer);
}
}然后流程就顺了，我们会调用到ServletRegistrationBean的onStartup方法，最终会调用到servletContext.addServlet的Servlet3.0的标准将DispatchServlet注入到servlet容器中拦截所有的请求。
见下面代码：
//RegistrationBean
@Override
public final void onStartup(ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {
String description = getDescription();
if (!isEnabled()) {
logger.info(StringUtils.capitalize(description) + " was not registered (disabled)");
return;
}
register(description, servletContext);
}
//DynamicRegistrationBean
@Override
protected final void register(String description, ServletContext servletContext) {
D registration = addRegistration(description, servletContext);
if (registration == null) {
logger.info(
StringUtils.capitalize(description) + " was not registered " + "(possibly already registered?)");
return;
}
configure(registration);
}
//ServletRegistrationBean
@Override
protected ServletRegistration.Dynamic addRegistration(String description, ServletContext servletContext) {
String name = getServletName();
return servletContext.addServlet(name, this.servlet);
}至此所有集成完毕，启动过程交给tomcat完成。
没讲完的故事：各个依赖的组件是如何初始化的
TomcatServletWebServerFactory
spring-boot-autoconfigure/META-INF/spring.factories中有一段配置：
...
# Auto Configure
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration=\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.servlet.ServletWebServerFactoryAutoConfiguration,\
...然后我们来看下ServletWebServerFactoryAutoConfiguration类
@Configuration
@AutoConfigureOrder(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE)
@ConditionalOnClass(ServletRequest.class)
@ConditionalOnWebApplication(type = Type.SERVLET)
@EnableConfigurationProperties(ServerProperties.class)
@Import({ ServletWebServerFactoryAutoConfiguration.BeanPostProcessorsRegistrar.class,
ServletWebServerFactoryConfiguration.EmbeddedTomcat.class,
ServletWebServerFactoryConfiguration.EmbeddedJetty.class,
ServletWebServerFactoryConfiguration.EmbeddedUndertow.class })
public class ServletWebServerFactoryAutoConfiguration {
...
}其中@Import部分引入了ServletWebServerFactoryConfiguration.EmbeddedTomcat.class，深入看一下
@Configuration
class ServletWebServerFactoryConfiguration {
@Configuration
@ConditionalOnClass({ Servlet.class, Tomcat.class, UpgradeProtocol.class })
@ConditionalOnMissingBean(value = ServletWebServerFactory.class, search = SearchStrategy.CURRENT)
public static class EmbeddedTomcat {
@Bean
public TomcatServletWebServerFactory tomcatServletWebServerFactory() {
return new TomcatServletWebServerFactory();
}
}
...
}这块Spring Boot根据@ConditionalOnClass判断当前运行时环境是否符合条件，即包含了tomcat的jar包，如果满足则创建TomcatServletWebServerFactory的Bean实例加入spring容器管理，后面有用。
ServletWebServerApplicationContext
实际启动时，启动的是其子类AnnotationConfigServletWebServerApplicationContext，我们来看下SpringApplication类，实际上SpringApplication在运行时根据情况决定使用哪种ApplicationContext
查看createApplicationContext()方法
那么这个this.webApplicationType又是哪来的值呢？
我们看下这个构造方法
public SpringApplication(ResourceLoader resourceLoader, Class<?>... primarySources) {
this.resourceLoader = resourceLoader;
Assert.notNull(primarySources, "PrimarySources must not be null");
this.primarySources = new LinkedHashSet<>(Arrays.asList(primarySources));
this.webApplicationType = WebApplicationType.deduceFromClasspath();
setInitializers((Collection) getSpringFactoriesInstances(ApplicationContextInitializer.class));
setListeners((Collection) getSpringFactoriesInstances(ApplicationListener.class));
this.mainApplicationClass = deduceMainApplicationClass();
}WebApplicationType.deduceFromClasspath()用来自动识别这个值，看下实现：
static WebApplicationType deduceFromClasspath() {
if (ClassUtils.isPresent(WEBFLUX_INDICATOR_CLASS, null) && !ClassUtils.isPresent(WEBMVC_INDICATOR_CLASS, null)
&& !ClassUtils.isPresent(JERSEY_INDICATOR_CLASS, null)) {
return WebApplicationType.REACTIVE;
}
for (String className : SERVLET_INDICATOR_CLASSES) {
if (!ClassUtils.isPresent(className, null)) {
return WebApplicationType.NONE;
}
}
return WebApplicationType.SERVLET;
}可以看到它是通过判断classloader中是否有Servlet相关的class来判断的，所以是运行时判断的。
DispatcherServletRegistrationBean
DispatcherServletRegistrationBean是保证我们的DispatcherServlet被注入到Servlet容器并生效的关键，我们来看下它是如何初始化的
spring-boot-autoconfigure/META-INF/spring.factories中有一段配置：
# Auto Configure
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration=\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.servlet.DispatcherServletAutoConfiguration,\看看实现
@AutoConfigureOrder(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE)
@Configuration
@ConditionalOnWebApplication(type = Type.SERVLET)
@ConditionalOnClass(DispatcherServlet.class)
@AutoConfigureAfter(ServletWebServerFactoryAutoConfiguration.class)
public class DispatcherServletAutoConfiguration {
@Configuration
@Conditional(DispatcherServletRegistrationCondition.class)
@ConditionalOnClass(ServletRegistration.class)
@EnableConfigurationProperties(WebMvcProperties.class)
@Import(DispatcherServletConfiguration.class)
protected static class DispatcherServletRegistrationConfiguration {
private final WebMvcProperties webMvcProperties;
private final MultipartConfigElement multipartConfig;
public DispatcherServletRegistrationConfiguration(WebMvcProperties webMvcProperties,
ObjectProvider<MultipartConfigElement> multipartConfigProvider) {
this.webMvcProperties = webMvcProperties;
this.multipartConfig = multipartConfigProvider.getIfAvailable();
}
@Bean(name = DEFAULT_DISPATCHER_SERVLET_REGISTRATION_BEAN_NAME)
@ConditionalOnBean(value = DispatcherServlet.class, name = DEFAULT_DISPATCHER_SERVLET_BEAN_NAME)
public DispatcherServletRegistrationBean dispatcherServletRegistration(DispatcherServlet dispatcherServlet) {
DispatcherServletRegistrationBean registration = new DispatcherServletRegistrationBean(dispatcherServlet,
this.webMvcProperties.getServlet().getPath());
registration.setName(DEFAULT_DISPATCHER_SERVLET_BEAN_NAME);
registration.setLoadOnStartup(this.webMvcProperties.getServlet().getLoadOnStartup());
if (this.multipartConfig != null) {
registration.setMultipartConfig(this.multipartConfig);
}
return registration;
}
}
}可以看到，其像spring容器注册了DispatcherServletRegistrationBean的Bean实例，看一下它的继承关系：
其父类ServletRegistrationBean类有如下方法：
@Override
protected ServletRegistration.Dynamic addRegistration(String description, ServletContext servletContext) {
String name = getServletName();
return servletContext.addServlet(name, this.servlet);
}其调用了ServletContext.addServlet方法将DispatchServlet加入到Servlet容器，这是Servlet3.0中注册servlet的方法。
那么你也许会问，addRegistration又是什么时机调用的呢？
根据继承关系，查看其父类的父类RegistrationBean，其有一个
@Override
public final void onStartup(ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {
String description = getDescription();
if (!isEnabled()) {
logger.info(StringUtils.capitalize(description) + " was not registered (disabled)");
return;
}
register(description, servletContext);
}register方法是一个模板方法，调用子类DynamicRegistrationBean的实现
@Override
protected final void register(String description, ServletContext servletContext) {
D registration = addRegistration(description, servletContext);
if (registration == null) {
logger.info(StringUtils.capitalize(description) + " was not registered " + "(possibly already registered?)");
return;
}
configure(registration);
}addRegistration方法又是一个模板方法，实现就是前面ServletRegistrationBean的addRegistration实现，而onStartup方法会在SpringApplication.run()方法的流程中被调用到，讲主流程的时候已经讲到，这里不再赘述
这样就将DispatchServlet与Tomcat进行了集成，DispatchServlet使用模板方法设计模式，将具体的请求分配给不同的handler处理，这个后面会讲到，本篇就主要专注在Spring Boot与Spring MVC及Tomcat的集成原理部分。
