1、介绍
Keeaplived主要有两种应用场景,一个是通过配置keepalived结合ipvs做到负载均衡(LVS+Keepalived),有此需求者可参考以往博文:http://lizhenliang.blog.51cto.com/7876557/1343734。另一个是通过自身健康检查、资源接管功能做高可用(双机热备),实现故障转移。
以下内容主要针对Keepalived+MySQL双主实现双机热备为根据,主要讲解keepalived的状态转换通知功能,利用此功能可有效加强对MySQL数据库监控。此文不再讲述Keepalived+MySQL双主部署过程,有需求者可参考以往博文:http://lizhenliang.blog.51cto.com/7876557/1362313
2、keepalived主要作用
keepalived采用VRRP(virtual router redundancy protocol),虚拟路由冗余协议,以软件的形式实现服务器热备功能。通常情况下是将两台linux服务器组成一个热备组(master-backup),同一时间热备组内只有一台主服务器(master)提供服务,同时master会虚拟出一个共用IP地址(VIP),这个VIP只存在master上并对外提供服务。如果keepalived检测到master宕机或服务故障,备服务器(backup)会自动接管VIP成为master,keepalived并将master从热备组移除,当master恢复后,会自动加入到热备组,默认再抢占成为master,起到故障转移功能。
3、工作在三层、四层和七层原理
Layer3:工作在三层时,keepalived会定期向热备组中的服务器发送一个ICMP数据包,来判断某台服务器是否故障,如果故障则将这台服务器从热备组移除。
Layer4:工作在四层时,keepalived以TCP端口的状态判断服务器是否故障,比如检测mysql 3306端口,如果故障则将这台服务器从热备组移除。
示例: ! Configuration File for keepalived global_defs { notification_email { example@163.com } notification_email_from example@example.com smtp_server 127.0.0.1 smtp_connect_timeout 30 router_id MYSQL_HA } vrrp_instance VI_1 { state BACKUP interface eth1 virtual_router_id 50 nopreempt #当主down时,备接管,主恢复,不自动接管 priority 100 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS ahth_pass 123 } virtual_ipaddress { 192.168.1.200 #虚拟IP地址 } } virtual_server 192.168.1.200 3306 { delay_loop 6 # lb_algo rr # lb_kind NAT persistence_timeout 50 protocol TCP real_server 192.168.1.201 3306 { #监控本机3306端口 weight 1 notify_down /etc/keepalived/kill_keepalived.sh #检测3306端口为down状态就执行此脚本(只有keepalived关闭,VIP才漂移 ) TCP_CHECK { #健康状态检测方式,可针对业务需求调整(TTP_GET|SSL_GET|TCP_CHECK|SMTP_CHECK|MISC_CHECK) connect_timeout 3 nb_get_retry 3 delay_before_retry 3 } } }
Layer7:工作在七层时,keepalived根据用户设定的策略判断服务器上的程序是否正常运行,如果故障则将这台服务器从热备组移除。
示例: ! Configuration File for keepalived global_defs { notification_email { example@163.com } notification_email_from example@example.com smtp_server 127.0.0.1 smtp_connect_timeout 30 router_id MYSQL_HA } vrrp_script check_nginx { script /etc/keepalived/check_nginx.sh #检测脚本 interval 2 #执行间隔时间 } vrrp_instance VI_1 { state BACKUP interface eth1 virtual_router_id 50 nopreempt #当主down时,备接管,主恢复,不自动接管 priority 100 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS ahth_pass 123 } virtual_ipaddress { 192.168.1.200 #虚拟IP地址 } track_script { #在实例中引用脚本 check_nginx } }
脚本内容如下: # cat /etc/keepalived/check_nginx.sh Count1=`netstat -antp |grep -v grep |grep nginx |wc -l` if [ $Count1 -eq 0 ]; then /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx sleep 2 Count2=`netstat -antp |grep -v grep |grep nginx |wc -l` if [ $Count2 -eq 0 ]; then service keepalived stop else exit 0 fi else exit 0 fi
4、健康状态检测方式
4.1 HTTP服务状态检测
HTTP_GET或SSL_GET { url { path /index.html #检测url,可写多个 digest 24326582a86bee478bac72d5af25089e #检测效验码 #digest效验码获取方法:genhash -s IP -p 80 -u http://IP/index.html status_code 200 #检测返回http状态码 } connect_port 80 #连接端口 connect_timeout 3 #连接超时时间 nb_get_retry 3 #重试次数 delay_before_retry 2 #连接间隔时间 }
4.2 TCP端口状态检测(使用TCP端口服务基本上都可以使用)
TCP_CHECK { connect_port 80 #健康检测端口,默认为real_server后跟端口 connect_timeout 5 nb_get_retry 3 delay_before_retry 3 }
4.3 邮件服务器SMTP检测
SMTP_CHECK { #健康检测邮件服务器smtp host { connect_ip connect_port } connect_timeout 5 retry 2 delay_before_retry 3 hello_name "mail.domain.com" }
4.4 用户自定义脚本检测real_server服务状态
MISC_CHECK { misc_path /script.sh #指定外部程序或脚本位置 misc_timeout 3 #执行脚本超时时间 !misc_dynamic #不动态调整服务器权重(weight),如果启用将通过退出状态码动态调整real_server权重值 }
5、状态转换通知功能
keepalived主配置邮件通知功能,默认当real_server宕机或者恢复时才会发出邮件。有时我们更想知道keepalived的主服务器故障切换后,VIP是否顺利漂移到备服务器,MySQL服务器是否正常?那写个监控脚本吧,可以,但没必要,因为keepalived具备状态检测功能,所以我们直接使用就行了。
主配置默认邮件通知配置模板如下: global_defs # Block id { notification_email # To: { admin@example1.com ... } # From: from address that will be in header notification_email_from admin@example.com smtp_server 127.0.0.1 # IP smtp_connect_timeout 30 # integer, seconds router_id my_hostname # string identifying the machine, # (doesn't have to be hostname). enable_traps # enable SNMP traps }
5.1 实例状态通知
a) notify_master :节点变为master时执行
b) notify_backup : 节点变为backup时执行
c) notify_fault : 节点变为故障时执行
5.2 虚拟服务器检测通知
a) notify_up : 虚拟服务器up时执行
b) notify_down : 虚拟服务器down时执行
示例: ! Configuration File for keepalived global_defs { notification_email { example@163.com } notification_email_from example@example.com smtp_server 127.0.0.1 smtp_connect_timeout 30 router_id MYSQL_HA } vrrp_instance VI_1 { state BACKUP interface eth1 virtual_router_id 50 nopreempt #当主down时,备接管,主恢复,不自动接管 priority 100 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS ahth_pass 123 } virtual_ipaddress { 192.168.1.200 } notify_master /etc/keepalived/to_master.sh notify_backup /etc/keepalived/to_backup.sh notify_fault /etc/keepalived/to_fault.sh } virtual_server 192.168.1.200 3306 { delay_loop 6 persistence_timeout 50 protocol TCP real_server 192.168.1.201 3306 { weight 1 notify_up /etc/keepalived/mysql_up.sh notify_down /etc/keepalived/mysql_down.sh TCP_CHECK { connect_timeout 3 nb_get_retry 3 delay_before_retry 3 } } }
状态参数后可以是bash命令,也可以是shell脚本,内容根据自己需求定义,以上示例中所涉及状态脚本如下:
1) 当服务器改变为主时执行此脚本
# cat to_master.sh #!/bin/bash Date=$(date +%F" "%T) IP=$(ifconfig eth0 |grep "inet addr" |cut -d":" -f2 |awk '{print $1}') Mail="baojingtongzhi@163.com" echo "$Date $IP change to master." |mail -s "Master-Backup Change Status" $Mail
2) 当服务器改变为备时执行此脚本
# cat to_backup.sh #!/bin/bash Date=$(date +%F" "%T) IP=$(ifconfig eth0 |grep "inet addr" |cut -d":" -f2 |awk '{print $1}') Mail="baojingtongzhi@163.com" echo "$Date $IP change to backup." |mail -s "Master-Backup Change Status" $Mail
3) 当服务器改变为故障时执行此脚本
# cat to_fault.sh #!/bin/bash Date=$(date +%F" "%T) IP=$(ifconfig eth0 |grep "inet addr" |cut -d":" -f2 |awk '{print $1}') Mail="baojingtongzhi@163.com" echo "$Date $IP change to fault." |mail -s "Master-Backup Change Status" $Mail
4) 当检测TCP端口3306为不可用时,执行此脚本,杀死keepalived,实现切换
# cat mysql_down.sh #!/bin/bash Date=$(date +%F" "%T) IP=$(ifconfig eth0 |grep "inet addr" |cut -d":" -f2 |awk '{print $1}') Mail="baojingtongzhi@163.com" pkill keepalived echo "$Date $IP The mysql service failure,kill keepalived." |mail -s "Master-Backup MySQL Monitor" $Mail
5) 当检测TCP端口3306可用时,执行此脚本
# cat mysql_up.sh #!/bin/bash Date=$(date +%F" "%T) IP=$(ifconfig eth0 |grep "inet addr" |cut -d":" -f2 |awk '{print $1}') Mail="baojingtongzhi@163.com" echo "$Date $IP The mysql service is recovery." |mail -s "Master-Backup MySQL Monitor" $Mail