JavaScript 权威指南第七版（GPT 重译）（四）(1)

// This is a factory function that returns a new range object.
function range(from, to) {
    // Use Object.create() to create an object that inherits from the
    // prototype object defined below.  The prototype object is stored as
    // a property of this function, and defines the shared methods (behavior)
    // for all range objects.
    let r = Object.create(range.methods);
    // Store the start and end points (state) of this new range object.
    // These are noninherited properties that are unique to this object.
    r.from = from;
    r.to = to;
    // Finally return the new object
    return r;
}
// This prototype object defines methods inherited by all range objects.
range.methods = {
    // Return true if x is in the range, false otherwise
    // This method works for textual and Date ranges as well as numeric.
    includes(x) { return this.from <= x && x <= this.to; },
    // A generator function that makes instances of the class iterable.
    // Note that it only works for numeric ranges.
    *[Symbol.iterator]() {
        for(let x = Math.ceil(this.from); x <= this.to; x++) yield x;
    },
    // Return a string representation of the range
    toString() { return "(" + this.from + "..." + this.to + ")"; }
};
// Here are example uses of a range object.
let r = range(1,3);      // Create a range object
r.includes(2)            // => true: 2 is in the range
r.toString()             // => "(1...3)"
[...r]                   // => [1, 2, 3]; convert to an array via iterator

// This is a constructor function that initializes new Range objects.
// Note that it does not create or return the object. It just initializes this.
function Range(from, to) {
    // Store the start and end points (state) of this new range object.
    // These are noninherited properties that are unique to this object.
    this.from = from;
    this.to = to;
}
// All Range objects inherit from this object.
// Note that the property name must be "prototype" for this to work.
Range.prototype = {
    // Return true if x is in the range, false otherwise
    // This method works for textual and Date ranges as well as numeric.
    includes: function(x) { return this.from <= x && x <= this.to; },
    // A generator function that makes instances of the class iterable.
    // Note that it only works for numeric ranges.
    [Symbol.iterator]: function*() {
        for(let x = Math.ceil(this.from); x <= this.to; x++) yield x;
    },
    // Return a string representation of the range
    toString: function() { return "(" + this.from + "..." + this.to + ")"; }
};
// Here are example uses of this new Range class
let r = new Range(1,3);   // Create a Range object; note the use of new
r.includes(2)             // => true: 2 is in the range
r.toString()              // => "(1...3)"
[...r]                    // => [1, 2, 3]; convert to an array via iterator

r instanceof Range   // => true: r inherits from Range.prototype

function Strange() {}
Strange.prototype = Range.prototype;
new Strange() instanceof Range   // => true

range.methods.isPrototypeOf(r);  // range.methods is the prototype object.

let F = function() {}; // This is a function object.
let p = F.prototype;   // This is the prototype object associated with F.
let c = p.constructor; // This is the function associated with the prototype.
c === F                // => true: F.prototype.constructor === F for any F

let o = new F();      // Create an object o of class F
o.constructor === F   // => true: the constructor property specifies the class

Range.prototype = {
    constructor: Range,  // Explicitly set the constructor back-reference
    /* method definitions go here */
};

// Extend the predefined Range.prototype object so we don't overwrite
// the automatically created Range.prototype.constructor property.
Range.prototype.includes = function(x) {
    return this.from <= x && x <= this.to;
};
Range.prototype.toString = function() {
    return "(" + this.from + "..." + this.to + ")";
};

class Range {
    constructor(from, to) {
        // Store the start and end points (state) of this new range object.
        // These are noninherited properties that are unique to this object.
        this.from = from;
        this.to = to;
    }
    // Return true if x is in the range, false otherwise
    // This method works for textual and Date ranges as well as numeric.
    includes(x) { return this.from <= x && x <= this.to; }
    // A generator function that makes instances of the class iterable.
    // Note that it only works for numeric ranges.
    *[Symbol.iterator]() {
        for(let x = Math.ceil(this.from); x <= this.to; x++) yield x;
    }
    // Return a string representation of the range
    toString() { return `(${this.from}...${this.to})`; }
}
// Here are example uses of this new Range class
let r = new Range(1,3);   // Create a Range object
r.includes(2)             // => true: 2 is in the range
r.toString()              // => "(1...3)"
[...r]                    // => [1, 2, 3]; convert to an array via iterator

// A Span is like a Range, but instead of initializing it with
// a start and an end, we initialize it with a start and a length
class Span extends Range {
    constructor(start, length) {
        if (length >= 0) {
            super(start, start + length);
        } else {
            super(start + length, start);
        }
    }
}

let square = function(x) { return x * x; };
square(3)  // => 9

let Square = class { constructor(x) { this.area = x * x; } };
new Square(3).area  // => 9

static parse(s) {
    let matches = s.match(/^\((\d+)\.\.\.(\d+)\)$/);
    if (!matches) {
        throw new TypeError(`Cannot parse Range from "${s}".`)
    }
    return new Range(parseInt(matches[1]), parseInt(matches[2]));
}

let r = Range.parse('(1...10)'); // Returns a new Range object
r.parse('(1...10)');             // TypeError: r.parse is not a function

*[Symbol.iterator]() {
    for(let x = Math.ceil(this.from); x <= this.to; x++) yield x;
}

class Buffer {
    constructor() {
        this.size = 0;
        this.capacity = 4096;
        this.buffer = new Uint8Array(this.capacity);
    }
}

class Buffer {
    size = 0;
    capacity = 4096;
    buffer = new Uint8Array(this.capacity);
}

class Buffer {
    #size = 0;
    get size() { return this.#size; }
}

static integerRangePattern = /^\((\d+)\.\.\.(\d+)\)$/;
static parse(s) {
    let matches = s.match(Range.integerRangePattern);
    if (!matches) {
        throw new TypeError(`Cannot parse Range from "${s}".`)
    }
    return new Range(parseInt(matches[1]), matches[2]);
}

/**
 * Instances of this Complex class represent complex numbers.
 * Recall that a complex number is the sum of a real number and an
 * imaginary number and that the imaginary number i is the square root of -1.
 */
class Complex {
    // Once class field declarations are standardized, we could declare
    // private fields to hold the real and imaginary parts of a complex number
    // here, with code like this:
    //
    // #r = 0;
    // #i = 0;
    // This constructor function defines the instance fields r and i on every
    // instance it creates. These fields hold the real and imaginary parts of
    // the complex number: they are the state of the object.
    constructor(real, imaginary) {
        this.r = real;       // This field holds the real part of the number.
        this.i = imaginary;  // This field holds the imaginary part.
    }
    // Here are two instance methods for addition and multiplication
    // of complex numbers. If c and d are instances of this class, we
    // might write c.plus(d) or d.times(c)
    plus(that) {
        return new Complex(this.r + that.r, this.i + that.i);
    }
    times(that) {
        return new Complex(this.r * that.r - this.i * that.i,
                           this.r * that.i + this.i * that.r);
    }
    // And here are static variants of the complex arithmetic methods.
    // We could write Complex.sum(c,d) and Complex.product(c,d)
    static sum(c, d) { return c.plus(d); }
    static product(c, d) { return c.times(d); }
    // These are some instance methods that are defined as getters
    // so they're used like fields. The real and imaginary getters would
    // be useful if we were using private fields this.#r and this.#i
    get real() { return this.r; }
    get imaginary() { return this.i; }
    get magnitude() { return Math.hypot(this.r, this.i); }
    // Classes should almost always have a toString() method
    toString() { return `{${this.r},${this.i}}`; }
    // It is often useful to define a method for testing whether
    // two instances of your class represent the same value
    equals(that) {
        return that instanceof Complex &&
            this.r === that.r &&
            this.i === that.i;
    }
    // Once static fields are supported inside class bodies, we could
    // define a useful Complex.ZERO constant like this:
    // static ZERO = new Complex(0,0);
}
// Here are some class fields that hold useful predefined complex numbers.
Complex.ZERO = new Complex(0,0);
Complex.ONE = new Complex(1,0);
Complex.I = new Complex(0,1);

let c = new Complex(2, 3);     // Create a new object with the constructor
let d = new Complex(c.i, c.r); // Use instance fields of c
c.plus(d).toString()           // => "{5,5}"; use instance methods
c.magnitude                    // => Math.hypot(2,3); use a getter function
Complex.product(c, d)          // => new Complex(0, 13); a static method
Complex.ZERO.toString()        // => "{0,0}"; a static property

// Return a complex number that is the complex conjugate of this one.
Complex.prototype.conj = function() { return new Complex(this.r, -this.i); };

// If the new String method startsWith() is not already defined...
if (!String.prototype.startsWith) {
    // ...then define it like this using the older indexOf() method.
    String.prototype.startsWith = function(s) {
        return this.indexOf(s) === 0;
    };
}

// Invoke the function f this many times, passing the iteration number
// For example, to print "hello" 3 times:
//     let n = 3;
//     n.times(i => { console.log(`hello ${i}`); });
Number.prototype.times = function(f, context) {
    let n = this.valueOf();
    for(let i = 0; i < n; i++) f.call(context, i);
};

// This is the constructor function for our subclass
function Span(start, span) {
    if (span >= 0) {
        this.from = start;
        this.to = start + span;
    } else {
        this.to = start;
        this.from = start + span;
    }
}
// Ensure that the Span prototype inherits from the Range prototype
Span.prototype = Object.create(Range.prototype);
// We don't want to inherit Range.prototype.constructor, so we
// define our own constructor property.
Span.prototype.constructor = Span;
// By defining its own toString() method, Span overrides the
// toString() method that it would otherwise inherit from Range.
Span.prototype.toString = function() {
    return `(${this.from}... +${this.to - this.from})`;
};

Span.prototype = Object.create(Range.prototype);

// A trivial Array subclass that adds getters for the first and last elements.
class EZArray extends Array {
    get first() { return this[0]; }
    get last() { return this[this.length-1]; }
}
let a = new EZArray();
a instanceof EZArray  // => true: a is subclass instance
a instanceof Array    // => true: a is also a superclass instance.
a.push(1,2,3,4);      // a.length == 4; we can use inherited methods
a.pop()               // => 4: another inherited method
a.first               // => 1: first getter defined by subclass
a.last                // => 3: last getter defined by subclass
a[1]                  // => 2: regular array access syntax still works.
Array.isArray(a)      // => true: subclass instance really is an array
EZArray.isArray(a)    // => true: subclass inherits static methods, too!

// EZArray inherits instance methods because EZArray.prototype
// inherits from Array.prototype
Array.prototype.isPrototypeOf(EZArray.prototype) // => true
// And EZArray inherits static methods and properties because
// EZArray inherits from Array. This is a special feature of the
// extends keyword and is not possible before ES6.
Array.isPrototypeOf(EZArray) // => true

class TypedMap extends Map {
    constructor(keyType, valueType, entries) {
        // If entries are specified, check their types
        if (entries) {
            for(let [k, v] of entries) {
                if (typeof k !== keyType || typeof v !== valueType) {
                    throw new TypeError(`Wrong type for entry [${k}, ${v}]`);
                }
            }
        }
        // Initialize the superclass with the (type-checked) initial entries
        super(entries);
        // And then initialize this subclass by storing the types
        this.keyType = keyType;
        this.valueType = valueType;
    }
    // Now redefine the set() method to add type checking for any
    // new entries added to the map.
    set(key, value) {
        // Throw an error if the key or value are of the wrong type
        if (this.keyType && typeof key !== this.keyType) {
            throw new TypeError(`${key} is not of type ${this.keyType}`);
        }
        if (this.valueType && typeof value !== this.valueType) {
            throw new TypeError(`${value} is not of type ${this.valueType}`);
        }
        // If the types are correct, we invoke the superclass's version of
        // the set() method, to actually add the entry to the map. And we
        // return whatever the superclass method returns.
        return super.set(key, value);
    }
}