1 三大组件
non-blocking io 非阻塞 IO
1.1 Channel & Buffer
channel 有一点类似于 stream，它就是读写数据的双向通道，可以从 channel 将数据读入 buffer，也可以将 buffer 的数据写入 channel，而之前的 stream 要么是输入，要么是输出，channel 比 stream 更为底层
常见的 Channel 有
- FileChannel
- DatagramChannel
- SocketChannel
- ServerSocketChannel
buffer 则用来缓冲读写数据，常见的 buffer 有
- ByteBuffer
- MappedByteBuffer
- DirectByteBuffer
- HeapByteBuffer
- ShortBuffer
- IntBuffer
- LongBuffer
- FloatBuffer
- DoubleBuffer
- CharBuffer
1.2 Selector
selector 单从字面意思不好理解，需要结合服务器的设计演化来理解它的用途
1.3 多线程版设计
1.4 多线程版缺点
- 内存占用高
- 线程上下文切换成本高
- 只适合连接数少的场景
1.5 线程池版设计
1.6 线程池版缺点
- 阻塞模式下，线程仅能处理一个 socket 连接
- 仅适合短连接场景
1.7 selector 版设计
selector 的作用就是配合一个线程来管理多个 channel，获取这些 channel 上发生的事件，这些 channel 工作在非阻塞模式下，不会让线程吊死在一个 channel 上。适合连接数特别多，但流量低的场景（low traffic）
调用 selector 的 select() 会阻塞直到 channel 发生了读写就绪事件，这些事件发生，select 方法就会返回这些事件交给 thread 来处理
2 ByteBuffer
有一普通文本文件 data.txt，内容为
1234567890abcd
使用 FileChannel 来读取文件内容
@Slf4j public class ChannelDemo1 { public static void main(String[] args) { try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/data.txt", "rw")) { FileChannel channel = file.getChannel(); ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(10); do { // 向 buffer 写入 int len = channel.read(buffer); log.debug("读到字节数：{}", len); if (len == -1) { break; } // 切换 buffer 读模式 buffer.flip(); while(buffer.hasRemaining()) { log.debug("{}", (char)buffer.get()); } // 切换 buffer 写模式 buffer.clear(); } while (true); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
输出
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数：10 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 1 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 2 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 3 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 4 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 5 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 6 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 7 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 8 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 9 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 0 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数：4 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - a 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - b 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - c 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - d 10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数：-1
2.1 ByteBuffer 正确使用姿势
- 向 buffer 写入数据，例如调用 channel.read(buffer)
- 调用 flip() 切换至读模式
- 从 buffer 读取数据，例如调用 buffer.get()
- 调用 clear() 或 compact() 切换至写模式
- 重复 1~4 步骤
2.2 ByteBuffer 结构
ByteBuffer 有以下重要属性
- capacity
- position
- limit
一开始
写模式下，position 是写入位置，limit 等于容量，下图表示写入了 4 个字节后的状态
flip 动作发生后，position 切换为读取位置，limit 切换为读取限制
读取 4 个字节后，状态
clear 动作发生后，状态
compact 方法，是把未读完的部分向前压缩，然后切换至写模式
2.3 调试工具类
public class ByteBufferUtil { private static final char[] BYTE2CHAR = new char[256]; private static final char[] HEXDUMP_TABLE = new char[256 * 4]; private static final String[] HEXPADDING = new String[16]; private static final String[] HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES = new String[65536 >>> 4]; private static final String[] BYTE2HEX = new String[256]; private static final String[] BYTEPADDING = new String[16]; static { final char[] DIGITS = "0123456789abcdef".toCharArray(); for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) { HEXDUMP_TABLE[i << 1] = DIGITS[i >>> 4 & 0x0F]; HEXDUMP_TABLE[(i << 1) + 1] = DIGITS[i & 0x0F]; } int i; // Generate the lookup table for hex dump paddings for (i = 0; i < HEXPADDING.length; i++) { int padding = HEXPADDING.length - i; StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(padding * 3); for (int j = 0; j < padding; j++) { buf.append(" "); } HEXPADDING[i] = buf.toString(); } // Generate the lookup table for the start-offset header in each row (up to 64KiB). for (i = 0; i < HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES.length; i++) { StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(12); buf.append(NEWLINE); buf.append(Long.toHexString(i << 4 & 0xFFFFFFFFL | 0x100000000L)); buf.setCharAt(buf.length() - 9, '|'); buf.append('|'); HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES[i] = buf.toString(); } // Generate the lookup table for byte-to-hex-dump conversion for (i = 0; i < BYTE2HEX.length; i++) { BYTE2HEX[i] = ' ' + StringUtil.byteToHexStringPadded(i); } // Generate the lookup table for byte dump paddings for (i = 0; i < BYTEPADDING.length; i++) { int padding = BYTEPADDING.length - i; StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(padding); for (int j = 0; j < padding; j++) { buf.append(' '); } BYTEPADDING[i] = buf.toString(); } // Generate the lookup table for byte-to-char conversion for (i = 0; i < BYTE2CHAR.length; i++) { if (i <= 0x1f || i >= 0x7f) { BYTE2CHAR[i] = '.'; } else { BYTE2CHAR[i] = (char) i; } } } /** * 打印所有内容 * @param buffer */ public static void debugAll(ByteBuffer buffer) { int oldlimit = buffer.limit(); buffer.limit(buffer.capacity()); StringBuilder origin = new StringBuilder(256); appendPrettyHexDump(origin, buffer, 0, buffer.capacity()); System.out.println("+--------+-------------------- all ------------------------+----------------+"); System.out.printf("position: [%d], limit: [%d]\n", buffer.position(), oldlimit); System.out.println(origin); buffer.limit(oldlimit); } /** * 打印可读取内容 * @param buffer */ public static void debugRead(ByteBuffer buffer) { StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(256); appendPrettyHexDump(builder, buffer, buffer.position(), buffer.limit() - buffer.position()); System.out.println("+--------+-------------------- read -----------------------+----------------+"); System.out.printf("position: [%d], limit: [%d]\n", buffer.position(), buffer.limit()); System.out.println(builder); } private static void appendPrettyHexDump(StringBuilder dump, ByteBuffer buf, int offset, int length) { if (isOutOfBounds(offset, length, buf.capacity())) { throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException( "expected: " + "0 <= offset(" + offset + ") <= offset + length(" + length + ") <= " + "buf.capacity(" + buf.capacity() + ')'); } if (length == 0) { return; } dump.append( " +-------------------------------------------------+" + NEWLINE + " | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |" + NEWLINE + "+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+"); final int startIndex = offset; final int fullRows = length >>> 4; final int remainder = length & 0xF; // Dump the rows which have 16 bytes. for (int row = 0; row < fullRows; row++) { int rowStartIndex = (row << 4) + startIndex; // Per-row prefix. appendHexDumpRowPrefix(dump, row, rowStartIndex); // Hex dump int rowEndIndex = rowStartIndex + 16; for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) { dump.append(BYTE2HEX[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]); } dump.append(" |"); // ASCII dump for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) { dump.append(BYTE2CHAR[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]); } dump.append('|'); } // Dump the last row which has less than 16 bytes. if (remainder != 0) { int rowStartIndex = (fullRows << 4) + startIndex; appendHexDumpRowPrefix(dump, fullRows, rowStartIndex); // Hex dump int rowEndIndex = rowStartIndex + remainder; for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) { dump.append(BYTE2HEX[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]); } dump.append(HEXPADDING[remainder]); dump.append(" |"); // Ascii dump for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) { dump.append(BYTE2CHAR[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]); } dump.append(BYTEPADDING[remainder]); dump.append('|'); } dump.append(NEWLINE + "+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+"); } private static void appendHexDumpRowPrefix(StringBuilder dump, int row, int rowStartIndex) { if (row < HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES.length) { dump.append(HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES[row]); } else { dump.append(NEWLINE); dump.append(Long.toHexString(rowStartIndex & 0xFFFFFFFFL | 0x100000000L)); dump.setCharAt(dump.length() - 9, '|'); dump.append('|'); } } public static short getUnsignedByte(ByteBuffer buffer, int index) { return (short) (buffer.get(index) & 0xFF); } }
