概述
CronTrigger 比 SimpleTrigger 更有用,如果你需要基于日期的概念来触发任务的话,可以使用 CronTrigger。
使用 CronTrigger,你可以指定以下的这些日期:“每周五中午”,或“每天上午 9:30”,或者“每周一上午 9:00 到 10:00 每 5 分钟,一月的每个周四和周五”。
虽然如此,就像 SimpleTrigger 一样,CronTrigger 也可以设置 startTime 和 endTime。
Cron表达式的组成
Cron 表达式用于配置 CornTrigger 实例。Cron 表达式是一个字符串,由 7 个子表达式组成,这 7 个部分用空格分隔,它们分别表示:
- 秒
- 分钟
- 小时
- 日
- 月份
- 星期几
- 年(可选字段)
Cron Schedule用的了Cron表达式**【秒】【分】【时】【日】【月】【周】【年】**
例如,Cron 表达式 “0 0 12 ? * WED”
表示“每周三下午 12:00:00”。
cron表达式中的问号(?) 的含义
问号(?)的作用是指明该字段‘没有特定的值’
其实这也很好理解,比如:“0/5 * * 3 * SUN”,既指定了每个月的3号,并且又指定了每个星期天,那么并不可能存在每个3号都是星期天的可能性,所以,表达式也就不成立了。
cronExpression对日期和星期字段的处理规则是它们必须互斥,即只能且必须有一个字段有特定的值,另一个字段必须是‘没有特定的值’;
1、当星期和日期都为*或数字时,报错
Support for specifying both a day-of-week AND a day-of-month parameter is not implemented.
即两个字段不能都指明的特定的值,必须互斥。这里的*和数字是一样的,如果都指明特定的数字,也是报一样的错。
2、当星期和日期都为?时,报错
'?' can only be specfied for Day-of-Month -OR- Day-of-Week.
即两个字段不能都‘没有特定的值’。
时间格式
特殊字符
Cron 表达式样例
CronTrigger 样例 1 – 时钟从 0 分钟开始,每 5 分钟执行一次
0 0/5 * * * ?
CronTrigger 样例 2 – 时钟从 0 分钟开始,每 5 分钟执行一次,并且秒钟是 10(例如 10:00:10 am, 10:05:10 am 等)
10 0/5 * * * ?
CronTrigger 样例 3 – 每个周三和周五的 10:30, 11:30, 12:30 和 13:30 执行一次
0 30 10-13 ? * WED,FRI
CronTrigger 样例 4 – 每个月 5 日到 20 日,早上 8 点 到 10 点,时钟从 0 开始,每半小时执行一次。注意,不会在上午 10:00 执行,只会在 8:00, 8:30, 9:00 和 9:30 执行。
0 0/30 8-9 5,20 * ?
注意,有的时候使用一个单独的 Trigger 来执行任务将会很复杂,例如“早上 9 点到早上 10 点,每 5 分钟执行一次,下午 1 点到下午 10 点,每 20 分钟执行一次”。这样的话,你可以创建两个 Trigger,并且让两个 Trigger 都关联到同一个 Job。
创建 CronTrigger
可以使用 TriggerBuilder 来创建 CronTrigger(基于 Trigger 的主要属性),或使用 CronScheduleBuilder 来创建 CronTrigger(基于 CronTrigger 特殊属性)为了使用 DSL 风格,需要进行静态导入:
import static org.quartz.TriggerBuilder.*; import static org.quartz.CronScheduleBuilder.*; import static org.quartz.DateBuilder.*:
创建一个 Trigger,并且在每天的上午 8 点到下午 5 点,每隔 1 分钟执行一次:
trigger = newTrigger() .withIdentity("trigger3", "group1") .withSchedule(cronSchedule("0 0/2 8-17 * * ?")) .forJob("myJob", "group1") .build();
创建一个 Trigger,并且在每天的上午 10:42 执行一次:
trigger = newTrigger() .withIdentity("trigger3", "group1") .withSchedule(dailyAtHourAndMinute(10, 42)) .forJob(myJobKey) .build();
或
trigger = newTrigger() .withIdentity("trigger3", "group1") .withSchedule(cronSchedule("0 42 10 * * ?")) .forJob(myJobKey) .build();
创建一个 Trigger,并在每周三上午 10:42 执行,使用设置的时区而非系统默认时区:
trigger = newTrigger() .withIdentity("trigger3", "group1") .withSchedule(weeklyOnDayAndHourAndMinute(DateBuilder.WEDNESDAY, 10, 42)) .forJob(myJobKey) .inTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("America/Los_Angeles")) .build();
或
trigger = newTrigger() .withIdentity("trigger3", "group1") .withSchedule(cronSchedule("0 42 10 ? * WED")) .inTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("America/Los_Angeles")) .forJob(myJobKey) .build();
CronTrigger 错过触发机制
下面的策略将通知 Quartz 如果发生了错过触发将会如何处理(关于错过触发的概念可参看 Triggers 详解)。这些机制以常量形式定义在 CronTrigger 类中(JavaDoc 中详细描述了它们各自的行为)。
MISFIRE_INSTRUCTION_IGNORE_MISFIRE_POLICY MISFIRE_INSTRUCTION_DO_NOTHING MISFIRE_INSTRUCTION_FIRE_NOW
所有 Trigger 的默认总是使用 Trigger.MISFIRE_INSTRUCTION_SMART_POLICY (智能策略)。对于 CronTrigger 来说,只能策略就是 MISFIRE_INSTRUCTION_FIRE_NOW。CronTrigger.updateAfterMisfire() 方法的 JavaDoc 详细解释了这个行为的细节。
当创建 CronTrigger 的时候,可以通过 CronSchedulerBuilder 指定错过触发机制:
trigger = newTrigger() .withIdentity("trigger3", "group1") .withSchedule(cronSchedule("0 0/2 8-17 * * ?") .withMisfireHandlingInstructionFireAndProceed()) .forJob("myJob", "group1") .build();
Cron表达式生成器在线网站
http://www.pdtools.net/tools/becron.jsp
示例
package com.xgj.quartz.quartzItself.cronTriggerDemo; import static org.quartz.CronScheduleBuilder.cronSchedule; import static org.quartz.JobBuilder.newJob; import static org.quartz.TriggerBuilder.newTrigger; import java.util.Date; import org.apache.log4j.Logger; import org.quartz.CronTrigger; import org.quartz.JobDetail; import org.quartz.Scheduler; import org.quartz.SchedulerFactory; import org.quartz.SchedulerMetaData; import org.quartz.impl.StdSchedulerFactory; /** * * * @ClassName: CronTriggerExample * * @Description: This Example will demonstrate all of the basics of scheduling * capabilities of Quartz using Cron Triggers. * * @author: Mr.Yang * * @date: 2017年10月7日 下午10:46:05 */ public class CronTriggerExample { public void run() throws Exception { Logger log = Logger.getLogger(CronTriggerExample.class); log.info("------- Initializing -------------------"); // First we must get a reference to a scheduler SchedulerFactory sf = new StdSchedulerFactory(); Scheduler sched = sf.getScheduler(); log.info("------- Initialization Complete --------"); log.info("------- Scheduling Jobs ----------------"); // jobs can be scheduled before sched.start() has been called // job 1 will run every 20 seconds JobDetail job = newJob(SimpleJob.class).withIdentity("job1", "group1") .build(); CronTrigger trigger = newTrigger().withIdentity("trigger1", "group1") .withSchedule(cronSchedule("0/20 * * * * ?")).build(); Date ft = sched.scheduleJob(job, trigger); log.info(job.getKey() + " has been scheduled to run at: " + ft + " and repeat based on expression: " + trigger.getCronExpression()); // job 2 will run every other minute (at 15 seconds past the minute) job = newJob(SimpleJob.class).withIdentity("job2", "group1").build(); trigger = newTrigger().withIdentity("trigger2", "group1") .withSchedule(cronSchedule("15 0/2 * * * ?")).build(); ft = sched.scheduleJob(job, trigger); log.info(job.getKey() + " has been scheduled to run at: " + ft + " and repeat based on expression: " + trigger.getCronExpression()); // job 3 will run every other minute but only between 8am and 5pm job = newJob(SimpleJob.class).withIdentity("job3", "group1").build(); trigger = newTrigger().withIdentity("trigger3", "group1") .withSchedule(cronSchedule("0 0/2 8-17 * * ?")).build(); ft = sched.scheduleJob(job, trigger); log.info(job.getKey() + " has been scheduled to run at: " + ft + " and repeat based on expression: " + trigger.getCronExpression()); // job 4 will run every three minutes but only between 5pm and 11pm job = newJob(SimpleJob.class).withIdentity("job4", "group1").build(); trigger = newTrigger().withIdentity("trigger4", "group1") .withSchedule(cronSchedule("0 0/3 17-23 * * ?")).build(); ft = sched.scheduleJob(job, trigger); log.info(job.getKey() + " has been scheduled to run at: " + ft + " and repeat based on expression: " + trigger.getCronExpression()); // job 5 will run at 10am on the 1st and 15th days of the month job = newJob(SimpleJob.class).withIdentity("job5", "group1").build(); trigger = newTrigger().withIdentity("trigger5", "group1") .withSchedule(cronSchedule("0 0 10am 1,15 * ?")).build(); ft = sched.scheduleJob(job, trigger); log.info(job.getKey() + " has been scheduled to run at: " + ft + " and repeat based on expression: " + trigger.getCronExpression()); // job 6 will run every 30 seconds but only on Weekdays (Monday through // Friday) job = newJob(SimpleJob.class).withIdentity("job6", "group1").build(); trigger = newTrigger().withIdentity("trigger6", "group1") .withSchedule(cronSchedule("0,30 * * ? * MON-FRI")).build(); ft = sched.scheduleJob(job, trigger); log.info(job.getKey() + " has been scheduled to run at: " + ft + " and repeat based on expression: " + trigger.getCronExpression()); // job 7 will run every 30 seconds but only on Weekends (Saturday and // Sunday) job = newJob(SimpleJob.class).withIdentity("job7", "group1").build(); trigger = newTrigger().withIdentity("trigger7", "group1") .withSchedule(cronSchedule("0,30 * * ? * SAT,SUN")).build(); ft = sched.scheduleJob(job, trigger); log.info(job.getKey() + " has been scheduled to run at: " + ft + " and repeat based on expression: " + trigger.getCronExpression()); log.info("------- Starting Scheduler ----------------"); // All of the jobs have been added to the scheduler, but none of the // jobs // will run until the scheduler has been started sched.start(); log.info("------- Started Scheduler -----------------"); log.info("------- Waiting five minutes... ------------"); try { // wait five minutes to show jobs Thread.sleep(300L * 1000L); // executing... } catch (Exception e) { // } log.info("------- Shutting Down ---------------------"); sched.shutdown(true); log.info("------- Shutdown Complete -----------------"); SchedulerMetaData metaData = sched.getMetaData(); log.info("Executed " + metaData.getNumberOfJobsExecuted() + " jobs."); } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { CronTriggerExample example = new CronTriggerExample(); example.run(); } }
/* * All content copyright Terracotta, Inc., unless otherwise indicated. All rights reserved. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy * of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations * under the License. * */ package com.xgj.quartz.quartzItself.cronTriggerDemo; import java.util.Date; import org.apache.log4j.Logger; import org.quartz.Job; import org.quartz.JobExecutionContext; import org.quartz.JobExecutionException; import org.quartz.JobKey; /** * <p> * This is just a simple job that gets fired off many times by example 1 * </p> * */ public class SimpleJob implements Job { private static Logger _log = Logger.getLogger(SimpleJob.class); /** * Quartz requires a public empty constructor so that the * scheduler can instantiate the class whenever it needs. */ public SimpleJob() { } /** * <p> * Called by the <code>{@link org.quartz.Scheduler}</code> when a * <code>{@link org.quartz.Trigger}</code> fires that is associated with * the <code>Job</code>. * </p> * * @throws JobExecutionException * if there is an exception while executing the job. */ public void execute(JobExecutionContext context) throws JobExecutionException { // This job simply prints out its job name and the // date and time that it is running JobKey jobKey = context.getJobDetail().getKey(); _log.info("SimpleJob says: " + jobKey + " executing at " + new Date()); } }
示例源码
代码已托管到Github—> https://github.com/yangshangwei/SpringMaster