Linux学习笔记之超详细基础linux命令
---------------------------------接Part 1------------------------------
less命令
方法：less文件
功能：分屏显示文本文件的内容
例子：分屏显示文本文件.bash_history的内容
[laiyu@localhost ~]$ less .bash_history
yum install scim -lang -chinese
cd /
ls
cd documents
cd /documents
cd /root
cd /desktop
cd desktop
mo laiyu's home
cd
//
//
exit
ls
cd /home
cd /laiyu
ls
cd laiyu
cd Documents
ls
rpm -ivh fcitx-3.0.0-1.i386.rpm
cd 1
cd desktop
.bash_history
说明：less命令后，首先显示第一屏的内容，并在屏幕的底部出现文件名
按上下键，【Enter】键，【Space】键，【PgUp】,【PgDn】键，滚动鼠标滚轮可前后浏览文本内容，并在最下角出现提示符号“：”，提示符号下按【q】键可以退出less命令
tail命令
方法：tail [选项]文件
主要选项：-n(number) 制定显示行数
功能：显示文本文件的结尾部分，默认显示文件的最后10行
例子：显示.bash_history文件的最后5行内容
[laiyu@localhost ~]$ tail -5 .bash_history
more .bashrc
more .bash_profile
more .bash_history
shutdown -r now
halt
head命令
方法：head [选项]文件
主要选项：-n(number) 定制显示的行数
功能：显示文本文件的开头部分，默认显示文件的开头10行
例子：显示/user/t.txt文件的最开头5行内容
[laiyu@localhost ~]$ head -5 .bash_history
yum install scim -lang -chinese
cd /
ls
cd documents
cd /documents
--与帮助信息相关的Shell命令
man命令
方法：man命令名
功能：显示指定命令在手册页的帮助信息
例子：查看ls命令的手册页帮助信息
[laiyu@localhost ~]$ man ls
LS(1) User Commands LS(1)
NAME
ls - list directory contents
SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options
too.
-a, --all
do not ignore entries starting with .
...
AUTHOR
Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
REPORTING BUGS
Report ls bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
Report ls translation bugs to
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 漏 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU
GPL version 3 or later .
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
SEE ALSO
The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If
the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the com-
mand info coreutils 'ls invocation'
should give you access to the complete manual.
GNU coreutils 8.4 April 2012 LS(1)
:
说明：屏幕显示出该命令在Shell手册页的第一屏帮助信息，用户可以使用上下方向键，【PgDn】、【PgUp】键，滚动鼠标滚轮，前后翻阅帮助信息，按【q】键退出man命令
man帮助文档一般包含命令名，命令的语法格式，各选项说明、帮助文档的作者信息、报告bugs到联系地址等
-help命令
方法：命令名--help
功能：显示指定命令的帮助信息
说明：不是所有命令都有-help选项
例子：查看ls命令到帮助信息
[laiyu@localhost ~]$ ls --help
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
modification of file status information)
with -l: show ctime and sort by name
otherwise: sort by ctime
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always'
or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below
-d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents,
and do not dereference symbolic links
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
--file-type likewise, except do not append `*'
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first
group directories before files.
augment with a --sort option, but any
use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names
-h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format
(e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
(overridden by -a or -A)
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (-p),
file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k like --block-size=1K
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic
link, show information for the file the link
references rather than for the link itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control
characters specially)
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default
unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size
--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U,
extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v
--time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification
time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c,
or status -c; use specified time as sort key
if --sort=time
--time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT.
FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is
FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to
non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;
if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE
takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time
with -l: show access time and sort by name
otherwise: sort by access time
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text
-w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1 list one file per line
SELinux options:
--lcontext Display security context. Enable -l. Lines
will probably be too wide for most displays.
-Z, --context Display security context so it fits on most
displays. Displays only mode, user, group,
security context and file name.
--scontext Display only security context and file name.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:
KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when
standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment
variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.
Exit status:
0 if OK,
1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
Report ls bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'ls invocation'
说明：
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
Usage部分是命令的格式，接着是解释，而-a,--all，这表示等价的选项，即ls -a和ls -all命令是一样的，二选一，do not……是对选项解释，该选项有何作用
例子：查看ethtool的帮助文档[Debian下测试]
builder:/etc/sysconfig# ethtool --help
ethtool version 6
Usage:
ethtool DEVNAME Display standard information about device
ethtool -s|--change DEVNAME Change generic options
[ speed 10|100|1000|2500|10000 ]
[ duplex half|full ]
[ port tp|aui|bnc|mii|fibre ]
[ autoneg on|off ]
[ advertise %%x ]
[ phyad %%d ]
[ xcvr internal|external ]
[ wol p|u|m|b|a|g|s|d... ]
[ sopass %%x:%%x:%%x:%%x:%%x:%%x ]
[ msglvl %%d ]
ethtool -a|--show-pause DEVNAME Show pause options
ethtool -A|--pause DEVNAME Set pause options
[ autoneg on|off ]
[ rx on|off ]
[ tx on|off ]
ethtool -c|--show-coalesce DEVNAME Show coalesce options
ethtool -C|--coalesce DEVNAME Set coalesce options
[adaptive-rx on|off]
[adaptive-tx on|off]
[rx-usecs N]
[rx-frames N]
[rx-usecs-irq N]
[rx-frames-irq N]
[tx-usecs N]
[tx-frames N]
[tx-usecs-irq N]
[tx-frames-irq N]
[stats-block-usecs N]
[pkt-rate-low N]
[rx-usecs-low N]
[rx-frames-low N]
[tx-usecs-low N]
[tx-frames-low N]
[pkt-rate-high N]
[rx-usecs-high N]
[rx-frames-high N]
[tx-usecs-high N]
[tx-frames-high N]
[sample-interval N]
ethtool -g|--show-ring DEVNAME Query RX/TX ring parameters
ethtool -G|--set-ring DEVNAME Set RX/TX ring parameters
..............
说明：
ethtool version 6 #命令版本
Usage: #用法
ethtool DEVNAME Display standard information about device #ethtoo设备名显示关于这个设备的标准信息
ethtool -s|--change DEVNAME Change generic options #ethtool -s|--change设备名change通用选项
[ speed 10|100|1000|2500|10000 ]
[ duplex half|full ]
[ port tp|aui|bnc|mii|fibre ]
[ autoneg on|off ]
[ advertise %%x ]
[ phyad %%d ]
[ xcvr internal|external ]
[ wol p|u|m|b|a|g|s|d... ]
[ sopass %%x:%%x:%%x:%%x:%%x:%%x ]
[ msglvl %%d ]
ethtool -a|--show-pause DEVNAME Show pause options
ethtool -A|--pause DEVNAME Set pause options
[ autoneg on|off ]
[ rx on|off ]
[ tx on|off ]
......
