1. 连接公链
以太坊公链除了主网,还有多个测试网络。主网(Mainnet)是正式的以太坊网络,里面的以太币是真正有价值的,测试网络中的以太币没有价值,只用于测试。
我们最终目标是连接到主网,但先连接到测试网络Kovan,虽然本地区块链网络(Ganache)也能测试,但与公链还是有区别的。
连接到公链的步骤如下:
- 设置钱包来管理公链帐户
- 连接到以太坊节点
- 更新项目设置
- 访问以太坊节点
1.1设置钱包
首先需要设置一个钱包,来管理我们的公链帐户。
简单起见,可以借用Ganache本地区块链钱包,由于区块链的工作原理,这个钱包在公共区块链和本地区块链上都是有效的。
打开Ganache,主界面上可以看到一个名为“MNEMONIC”的部分:
这是一个种子短语,用于构建由Ganache管理的钱包。我们可以使用这个种子短语加密重建钱包,来连接到公链。
复制这个值,保存到一个秘密文件,MNEMONIC是一个秘密值,需要保密。在项目根目录中创建一个.env
文件,保存MNEMONIC值,如下所示:
MNEMONIC="你的mnemonic"
1.2 连接以太坊节点
现在已经创建了钱包,下一步需要访问Ethereum节点,以便连接到公共区块链网络。
有几种方法可以做到这一点,可以使用Geth或Parity运行自己的Ethereum节点。但这需要从区块链下载大量数据并保持同步,很麻烦。
比较方便的方法是,使用Infura访问Ethereum节点。Infura是一个免费提供Ethereum节点的服务。
在Infura上注册账号,创建项目,在项目详情页上可以查看API KEY:
使用API KEY,就可以访问以太坊网络节点。
在.env
文件中添加Infura api key的配置:
INFURA_API_KEY="https://kovan.infura.io/v3/543526cd4d3846acbc3826484e934564" MNEMONIC="你的mnemonic"
1.3 更新项目设置
接下来使用MNEMONIC
与INFURA_API_KEY
,更新项目的网络配置,以便连接到公共区块链网络。
修改truffle-config.js
文件:
// 导入dotenv库创用于读取`.env`文件中的设置 require('dotenv').config(); // 导入truffle-hdwallet-provider库重建钱包 const HDWalletProvider = require('truffle-hdwallet-provider'); module.exports = { networks: { development: { host: "127.0.0.1", // Localhost (default: none) port: 7545, // Standard Ethereum port (default: none) network_id: "*", // Any network (default: none) }, // Useful for deploying to a public network. // NB: It's important to wrap the provider as a function. kovan: { provider: () => new HDWalletProvider( process.env.MNEMONIC, process.env.INFURA_API_KEY ), gas: 5000000, gasPrice: 25000000000, network_id: 42 }, }, solc: { optimizer: { enabled: true, runs: 200 } } }
可以看到,我们使用了.env
配置文件中的MNEMONIC
与INFURA_API_KEY
配置了kovan网络。
由于用到了dotenv与truffle-hdwallet-provider这2个库,我们需要先安装:
切换到项目目录,执行以下命令
npm install dotenv --save-dev
npm install truffle-hdwallet-provider --save-dev
注意 安装truffle-hdwallet-provider时,如果出现node-gyp相关的错误,可参考这里解决。
1.4 访问以太坊节点
使用truffle console
连接到公共区块链网络:
$ truffle console --network kovan
要验证连接,可以从区块链中读取一些数据,获取一些关于最新区块的信息,在控制台上执行:
web3.eth.getBlock('latest').then(console.log)
输出:
{ author: '0x03801efb0efe2a25ede5dd3a003ae880c0292e4d', difficulty: '340282366920938463463374607431768211454', extraData: '0xde830206028f5061726974792d457468657265756d86312e33362e30826c69', gasLimit: '0x7a1200', gasUsed: '0x17d23', hash: '0xc7390c4f492c8c1da60608135fc9e05930123b645b39f221cba33d8b3c577b2a', logsBloom: '0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000800000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000100000008000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400800000000000010000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009000000008000000', receiptsRoot: '0x3d05bb2ed4fcc90234eea6d840e7d0e3ce7f598a15e5314536b17bcd11c78b5b', sealFields: [ '0x84175e8801', '0xb84155a8cdb108dccec1d314124058fa6f22e7400ee200db0a94b7b165e4c3454c1818cc05f815cb7ce48f7a88b8401515740311a3566d9cf079428d506a6daca50101' ], sha3Uncles: '0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347', signature: '55a8cdb108dccec1d314124058fa6f22e7400ee200db0a94b7b165e4c3454c1818cc05f815cb7ce48f7a88b8401515740311a3566d9cf079428d506a6daca50101', size: 877, stateRoot: '0x03af5adce52a81ce5d332cddb9955e344214bff00859b78868116e1e839efdf7', step: '392071169', timestamp: 1568284676, totalDifficulty: '4524524338444961608702071789512829094373049115', transactions: [ '0xded7fed0842fd65ec808bc3652ec4175bc190acc11345c49c44b1fb5d954610f', '0x7e9112a46fa3c07aad813ea86355b15eebb44023c040d198ee7d15d379bbc2be' ], transactionsRoot: '0x0dd10d90686dda2684bd0ba70d1c9e1d9a5302c30ca75eb2c5b07a7b6e4498b9', uncles: [] }
可以看到,已经成功连接到了公链。
2. 部署智能合约到公链
现在,我们将智能合约部署到公链。步骤如下:
- 部署需要消耗Gas,获取测试以太币用于部署
- 部署智能合约
- 验证部署
2.1获取测试以太币
部署需要消耗Gas,Gas需要支付以太币,我们部署到的是公链测试网Kovan,网络中的以太币没有市场价值。
可以从Kovan faucet Gitter聊天室获取测试用的伪以太币。只需把钱包地址发送出去,约5分钟内,有人会给你发测试用的伪以太币。
打开Ganache并复制列表中第一个帐户的地址(钱包地址),类似下面所示:
0x29920e756f41F8e691aE0b12D417C19204371E91
发送到聊天室内,稍等片刻,你的账号将收到一笔以太币。
2.2 部署智能合约
现在帐户里已经有了资金,可以进行部署了。
执行部署命令:
truffle migrate --network kovan
一旦部署完成,应该会看到部署成功的消息。
部署命令执行详情:
G:\qikegu\ethereum\mydapp>truffle migrate --network kovan Compiling your contracts... =========================== > Everything is up to date, there is nothing to compile. Migrations dry-run (simulation) =============================== > Network name: 'kovan-fork' > Network id: 42 > Block gas limit: 0x7a1200 ... Starting migrations... ====================== > Network name: 'kovan' > Network id: 42 > Block gas limit: 0x7a1200 1_initial_migration.js ====================== Deploying 'Migrations' ---------------------- > transaction hash: 0x7e30b5c716afed45888a9dd2d6af7e6f52a9fade0346e8ad7d0c268de508a26a > Blocks: 2 Seconds: 9 > contract address: 0x168A7247B58786edd259502948f5Bf9449C863AD > block number: 13447029 > block timestamp: 1568294312 > account: 0x29920e756f41F8e691aE0b12D417C19204371E91 > balance: 2.993465175 > gas used: 261393 > gas price: 25 gwei > value sent: 0 ETH > total cost: 0.006534825 ETH > Saving migration to chain. > Saving artifacts ------------------------------------- > Total cost: 0.006534825 ETH 2_deploy_contracts.js ===================== Deploying 'MyContract' ---------------------- > transaction hash: 0xc1f7ec8fee1a23e3d08d0c9e9d6e15fef24feb8ba163e0071dccb1bb90cc0eca > Blocks: 0 Seconds: 0 > contract address: 0x4D3CFaF8457CEA76c0409f989f9870115B4d2d82 > block number: 13447036 > block timestamp: 1568294340 > account: 0x29920e756f41F8e691aE0b12D417C19204371E91 > balance: 2.9850534 > gas used: 294448 > gas price: 25 gwei > value sent: 0 ETH > total cost: 0.0073612 ETH > Saving migration to chain. > Saving artifacts ------------------------------------- > Total cost: 0.0073612 ETH Summary ======= > Total deployments: 2 > Final cost: 0.013896025 ETH Summary ======= > Total deployments: 2 > Final cost: 0.013896025 ETH
2.3 验证部署
现在打开truffle控制台,与kovan测试网络上的智能合约进行交互:
$ truffle console --network kovan
在控制台中执行:
truffle(kovan)> MyContract.deployed().then((c) => { contract = c })
然后:
truffle(kovan)> contract.get() 'myValue' truffle(kovan)> contract.set("hello world") { tx: '0x7bf63444f3a7bd70e981a7bd49228b1cf1a8c3754daf64c4c7765b8eee46bf37', receipt: { blockHash: '0xe03d0f43d85f4e41c18a90aa563ebda08899c6b9c38d0cd7779937046e2aed0c', blockNumber: 13447763, contractAddress: null, cumulativeGasUsed: 33629, from: '0x29920e756f41f8e691ae0b12d417c19204371e91', gasUsed: 33629, logs: [], logsBloom: '0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', root: null, status: true, to: '0x4d3cfaf8457cea76c0409f989f9870115b4d2d82', transactionHash: '0x7bf63444f3a7bd70e981a7bd49228b1cf1a8c3754daf64c4c7765b8eee46bf37', transactionIndex: 0, rawLogs: [] }, logs: [] } truffle(kovan)> contract.get() 'hello world'
可以看到智能合约已经成功部署。
3. truffle脚本
Truffle包含一个脚本运行器,可对以太坊网络执行自定义脚本。
让我们创建一个脚本并执行。
在项目根目录下,创建script.js
文件,内容如下:
module.exports = function(callback) { web3.eth.getBlock('latest').then(console.log) }
该脚本将从Kovan测试网络获取最新区块的信息。
执行脚本:
truffle exec script.js --network kovan
输出:
{ author: '0x596e8221a30bfe6e7eff67fee664a01c73ba3c56', difficulty: '340282366920938463463374607431768211454', extraData: '0xde830205058f5061726974792d457468657265756d86312e33362e30826c69', gasLimit: '0x7a1200', gasUsed: '0x5e61', hash: '0x225a1e0b13fd20396af60d049ce9bb94c2f3f7df06c7db260880b62c91997004', logsBloom: '0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', miner: '0x596e8221A30bFe6e7eFF67Fee664A01C73BA3C56', number: 13448162, parentHash: '0x28d00fd7b66771130ed98de5073c7797ee293e7bee4b546793a4b79171555066', receiptsRoot: '0x44617b5733ee59bde159af08ffd6edae36e0964f1724c333f3d1bef0808dee15', sealFields: [ '0x84175e95d7', '0xb8412ed900e67f4a72925fb3b495efb3f547411f40d26e972cc0e8b2cf26e40cf84a545e0328199d4880b79c62670129a7db12ac58234bee0866c6376b46ab99e8a200' ], sha3Uncles: '0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347', signature: '2ed900e67f4a72925fb3b495efb3f547411f40d26e972cc0e8b2cf26e40cf84a545e0328199d4880b79c62670129a7db12ac58234bee0866c6376b46ab99e8a200', size: 797, stateRoot: '0xe1bbaacfb950361bec70f4ad53a2605e1ac1d2ff0bfd913fe063dc6c5f3252a0', step: '392074711', timestamp: 1568298844, totalDifficulty: '4525729278306228651801195598997744985609807728', transactions: [ '0xf1ae41eac6b32419bc62a6cde9cab4b4ca244899a3d49b4a2461bcf94f504176' ], transactionsRoot: '0xf08c8097ea946f84ce9594ce73648fc0f9f683adef105a5db00c5f1f15e61c2c', uncles: [] }
下面的代码智能合约MyContract
中,读取value值,将script.js
脚本文件中的代码替换为:
const MyContract = artifacts.require("./MyContract.sol"); module.exports = async function(callback) { const contract = await MyContract.deployed() const value = await contract.get() console.log("Value:", value) }
执行脚本:
truffle exec script.js --network kovan
输出:
Value: hello world
脚本运行器是一个非常有用的功能。