CFA - Ethical & Professional Standards 职业伦理道德(下)

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简介: CFA - Ethical & Professional Standards 职业伦理道德(下)

三、Guidance for Standards I-VII(准则I-VII指南)

七大条(Standards of Professional Conduct),核心部分,三星级。

3.1Professionalism 专业性

三种常见考试形式:
1.阐述论证 给出一个具体情节的描述,判断主人公是否符合该准则,及细则
2.区分行为是否符合准则
3.推荐做法
细则序号的标注方法:罗马数字+大写英文字母

原版书中,每条细则分为Content, Guidance, Recommendation三个部分。
这里只列出的重要的Recommendation部分,其他的略去了。详情参考原版书。最重要的部分是Guidance。

四条细则

  • IA Knowledge of the Law 知法守法
  • IB Independence and Objectivity 独立客观性
  • IC Misrepresentation 不当陈述
  • ID Misconduct 不当行为

3.1.1 Knowledge of the Law

3.1.1.1 Content

①Members and Candidates must understand and comply with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations (including the CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct) of any government, regulatory organization, licensing agency, or professional association governing their professional activities.
成员和考生必须理解并遵守任何政府、监管组织、许可机构或专业协会管理其专业活动的所有适用法律、规则和法规(包括CFA协会道德规范和专业行为标准)。

②In the event of conflict, Members and Candidates must comply with the more strict law, rule, or regulation.
如果发生冲突,成员和考生必须遵守更严格的法律、规则或规定。

③Members and Candidates must not knowingly participate or assist in and must dissociate from any violation of such laws, rules, or regulation.
成员和考生不得故意参与或协助违反此类法律、规则或条例的行为,并且不得与之有任何关联。
knowingly 知情地,故意地

3.1.1.2 Guidance

①Relationship between the Code and Standards andapplicable law
准则和标准与适用法律之间的关系

  • Applicable law is the law that governs the member’s or candidate’s conduct.
    适用法律是管理成员或考生行为的法律。
  • Must follow the more strict of the applicable law or the Code and Standards.
    必须遵循更严格的适用法律或规范和标准。
    如国际上没有规定,但是在某国从事证券行业需要证券从业资格证,该国的法律更为严格,这个时候就要遵循该国的法律。

②Association with violations by others
与他人违法行为的关联

  • Report to supervisor or compliance department.
    向主管或合规部门汇报。
  • Must dissociate from the illegal/unethical activity.
    必须与非法/不道德的活动分离。
    E.g., removing member’s or candidate’s name from research report, asking for a different assignment, etc.如从研究报告中删除成员或候选人(自己)的名字,要求不同的任务等(不做这个了,去干别的工作)。
  • In extreme case, dissociation may require resignation.
    在极端情况下,分离可能需要辞职
  • Inaction may be construed as participation.
    不作为可以被理解为参与。
  • It is encouraged (not required) to report violations by fellow members and candidates to CFA Institute.
    鼓励(不要求)向CFA协会报告会员和考生的违规行为。
  • No requirement to report violations to government authorities.
    没有向政府当局报告违法行为的要求。
  • Should consult legal and compliance advisers when there is doubt whether a violation occurred.
    当对是否发生违规有疑问时,应咨询法律和合规顾问。

③Investment products and applicable laws
投资产品和适用法律

  • Understand and comply with the laws and regulations of the countries of origination and expected sale.
    理解并遵守来源国和预期销售国的法律法规。
  • Review whether associated firms responsible for distributing products also abide by the laws and regulations.
    审查负责分销产品的关联公司是否也遵守法律法规。

④Others

  • No requirement to be experts on all the applicable laws.
    无需成为所有适用法律的专家。
    只是知法守法,不是让成为法律专家。

3.1.2Independence and Objectivity

3.1.2.1 Content

  • Members and Candidates must use reasonable care and judgment to achieve and maintain independence and objectivity in their professional activities.
    成员和候选人必须使用合理的谨慎和判断来实现和保持其专业活动的独立性和客观性。
  • Members and Candidates must not offer, solicit, or accept any gift, benefit, compensation, or consideration that reasonably could be expected to compromise their own or another’s independence and objectivity.
    成员和候选人不得提供索取接受任何礼物利益补偿合理预期会损害其自身或他人独立性和客观性的对价
    consideration n.报酬;酬资;酬金;对价

3.1.2.2 Guidance

①买方影响角度
Buy-side clients may influence sell-side analyst’s independence because:
买方作为客户可能会影响卖方分析师的独立客观性。
买方卖方补充介绍:
在这里插入图片描述
买方指的是市场上有资产,去购买金融服务、产品的,
卖方指自己研发一些产品、服务,然后去销售的
通常来说,买方就可以想成是基金公司里的基金经理,卖方就是投行或者证券公司里的研究员
假设某研究员的研报看空了某一只股票,则这对该股票大量持有的基金经理是不利的。

  • portfolio managers have significant positions in the security under review.
    投资组合经理在所审查的证券中拥有重要的地位。
  • a downgrade may affect the manager’s compensation.
    降级可能会影响经理的薪酬。
  • bad performance may affect the manager’s professional reputation.
    糟糕的表现可能会影响经理的职业声誉。

这三点综合起来,基金经理可能会无法接受而向分析师施压,以求影响或改变研究报告内容。
这个时候作为卖方分析师,一定要顶住压力,保持自己的独立客观性,道德层面一定不能妥协。(现实中的威逼利诱会更复杂)

②投行关系角度
Investment banking relationships
这里是在同一个公司内的,投行部门与研究部门的分析师之间的关系,也会有施压和被施压的关系。
如某客户要上市,投行为了讨好、拿到客户(要IPO的公司),来要求研究部门的分析师给客户写一个好看的报告(积极、利好、未来股价涨涨涨…), 研究部的分析师被施压。

  • Analysts must not be pressured to issue favorable report on current or prospective clients by their firms.
    分析师不得被迫发布对其公司当前或潜在客户有利的报告。
  • Having analysts work with investment banking colleagues is appropriate only when the conflicts are adequately managed and disclosed.
    只有当冲突得到充分管理和披露时,让分析师与投资银行同事合作才是合适的。
    (就是说,只有冲突被化解了才能合作)
  • Compensation arrangements and “firewalls(防火墙)” are used to minimize conflicts of interest. (e.g., separate reporting structures)
    薪酬安排“防火墙” 用于最大限度地减少利益冲突。(例如,独立的报告结构)
    薪酬安排,即把蛋糕分得投行部门和研究部门都满意。
    防火墙,如独立的报告结构:如通常投行部门的老大不能接任研究部门的老大,如果是同一个人,两边的员工都向这一个人汇报,就很难办。这种情况下通过设置防火墙,去向不同的领导汇报,将其隔离开。
    再或者吧投行部门和研究部门放在不同的大楼,不同的城市,不能直接沟通,经过批准才可以对话。
    以及在社交媒体上设置防火墙,不能直接对话,要经过批准才能。

③公司后台角度
Performance measurement and attribution
绩效衡量和归因
Performance analysts must not allow internal or external influence to affect their independence and objectivity.
业绩分析师不得让内部或外部影响影响其独立性和客观性。
业绩影响到利益相关方,利益相关方的态度从而影响到分析师自己,分析师要保持不受影响。

④ 上市公司角度
Public companies
上市公司
Analysts must not be pressured to issue favorable reports by the companies they follow.
分析师不得被迫发布他们关注的公司的有利报告。
分析师不要被上市公司的诱惑,保持独立客观性

⑤ 评级机构角度
Credit rating agency opinions
信用评级机构意见
Members and candidates must prevent influences from the company requesting the rating.
成员和候选人必须防止来自申请评级的公司的影响。
信用评级机构由被评级的机构付费。被评级的机构更愿意选择给予评级级别高的评级机构付费,不愿意给评级低的机构付费。评级机构也是,收了人家的钱,倾向于给其评好一点。但是道德上,分析师应保持独立客观性。

⑥ 发行付费研究角度
Issuer-paid research
Analysts must disclose potential conflicts of interest.
分析师必须披露潜在的利益冲突。
A flat fee (固定费用) not linked to recommendations should be determined prior to writing the reports.
固定费用未链接到建议的内容应在撰写报告之前确定。
上市公司为了吸引投资者,请分析师去写研究报告,分析师可以获得报酬,报酬必须是固定费用。
如可以是20万元,但是不可以是10万元+10000股股票。
也不能写好后拿着报告的结果去谈给多少钱。费用必须先固定好。

⑦ 差旅费角度
Travel funding

  • Best practice is to pay by themselves or pay by their firms.
    最佳做法是由他们自己支付或由他们的公司支付。
  • May accept modestly arranged travel when commercial transportation is unavailable (e.g., the destination is remote), but disclosure is needed.
    当商业运输不可用时(例如,目的地很远),可以接受适度安排的旅行,但需要披露。

有的上市公司非常远,出差涉及费用,最好的方式是由分析师所在的公司承担一切差旅费用。这一点协会没有把话说死,在例外的情况下,可以接受上市公司提供的简朴的平时的安排。(如驴车,牛车,平板车)
有一次考试:如果是公司派helicopter直升飞机来接,则不符合modest(简朴) 要求,直升飞机太奢侈,完全不符合协会要求。

⑧经理/托管人选择过程中的影响
Influence during manager/custodian selection process

  • In a hiring capacity, should not solicit gifts, contributions, or other compensation; and refuse gifts, donations, and other offered compensation that may be perceived to influence decision-making process.
    以雇佣身份,不应索取礼物、捐款或其他报酬;拒绝礼物、捐赠和其他可能被认为影响决策过程的补偿。

  • When working to earn a new investment allocation, members and candidates should not offer gifts, contributions, or other compensation to influence the decision of the hiring representative. (e.g., pay-to-play)
    当努力赚取新的投资分配时,会员和候选人不应提供礼物、捐款或其他补偿来影响招聘代表的决定。(例如,付费播放)

⑨其他
Others

  • Modest gifts are acceptable, but special care must be taken to resist pressures to act in conflict with the interests of their clients.
    modest(适度)的礼物是可以接受的,但必须特别注意抵制与客户利益冲突的压力。
  • Best practice is to reject any offer of gift or entertainment that could be expected to threaten their independence and objectivity.
    最佳做法是拒绝任何可能威胁其独立性和客观性的礼物或娱乐提议。
  • A gift from a client is acceptable but should be disclosed to their employers prior to accepting such gift or benefit.
    客户的礼物是可以接受的,但应在接受礼物或利益之前向雇主披露。

可以要简朴的礼物
拒绝一切影响自己独立客观性的礼物
客户的礼物可以要,这里指当客户出于感激,而不是要求分析师做什么影响分析师自身独立客观性的事情时的礼物,,且需要雇主批准,再贵重也可以收。


3.1.2.3Recommendation(建议,做到更好,但不做到也不违反)

  • Create a restricted list (限制清单).
    创建限制清单
    还是投行部门和研究部门分析师利益冲突的情况。为了避免投行部向研究部门施压等情况,研究部去做客户调研的时候把投行部的客户名单拿过来,形成限制清单, 当调研涉及清单上的公司时,不能在清单上给出具体的投资建议(买或卖),只会陈述客观的事实。

  • Restrict special cost arrangements 限制特殊成本安排
    还是差旅的问题。如建议限制使用专机接送分析师,免得使分析师受宠若惊,影响独立客观性。
    For example, members should encourage issuers to limit use of corporate aircraft to situations in which commercial transportation is not available.
    成员应鼓励发行人将公司飞机的使用限制在商业运输不可用的情况下。

  • Limit gifts 限制礼物
    The standard does not preclude customary and ordinary business-related entertainment as long as its purpose is not to influence members and candidates.
    只要目的不是影响会员和候选人,该标准不排除与商业相关的常规和普通娱乐活动。
    即不影响独立客观性的正常往来可以收。

  • Restrict investments 限制投资
    Strict limits should be imposed on personnel investment on IPOs or private placement.
    应该对首次公开募股或私募的人员投资施加严格的限制。
    即避免分析师发表了一个不独立客观的投资推荐,然后从IPO或私募中获利。也就是从结果杜绝其获利的可能性,当然这只是手段之一。


3.1.3Misrepresentation

不当陈述

3.1.3.1Content

Members and Candidates must not knowingly make any misrepresentations relating to investment analysis, recommendations, actions, or other professional activities.
成员和候选人不得故意做出任何与投资分析、建议、行动或其他专业活动相关的虚假陈述。

knowingly 知情地,故意地

3.1.3.2Guidance

①虚假陈述含义
A misrepresentation is any untrue statement or omission of a fact or any statement that is otherwise false or misleading.
虚假陈述是指任何不真实的陈述或对事实的遗漏,或任何虚假或误导的陈述。

misleading 误导性的

②对投资实践的影响
Impact on Investment Practice

  • Members and candidates must not misrepresent both their and their employer’s qualifications or services.
    会员和候选人不得歪曲他们和他们的雇主的资格或服务。
    如,不能夸大自己公司的实力和资质,未持证的三级考生也不能说自己是持证人,不能乱用称号。

  • Misrepresentations resulting from the use of third-party information become the responsibility of the members and candidates.
    因使用第三方信息而导致的虚假陈述成为会员和候选人的责任。
    即没有做好核实第三方信息真实性的工作而去使用造成坏的后果,也是自己的责任。(以讹传讹)

  • Members and candidates must disclose their intended use of external managers and must not represent those managers’investment practices as their own.
    成员和候选人必须披露他们对外部经理的预期使用,不得将这些经理的投资行为视为自己的行为。
    即,当做一些自己公司没有或不熟悉的业务的时候(比如业务只涉及A股的公司想满足客户的房地产业务),找到外包manager来做,然后在宣传的时候不能把外包manager的业绩说成是自己公司的,否则是违反道德的。宣传的时候一定要披露清楚真实是由谁来完成的。

③业绩报告
Performance reporting

  • Members and candidates must ensure that performance is accurate and complete,
    e.g., cherry picking is not allowed.
    成员和候选人必须确保表现准确和完整,例如,不允许采摘樱桃。
    摘樱桃:指只摘又红又大的,对于别的视而不见。即只宣传好的,对不好的视而不见。
  • The standard prohibits members and candidates from making any return guarantee on volatile investments.
    该标准禁止会员和候选人对波动性投资做出任何回报保证。
    即在宣传的时候禁止任何收益率的保证。
    volatile investments 指波动大的投资,包括股票、债券、衍生品、另类投资等。存款不是volatile investments。
  • When performance benchmark is required, select the most appropriate benchmark.
    当需要绩效基准时,选择最合适的基准。
    如投资医药,可以选择医药方面的指数比较,来判断业绩的高低。而不能选择沪深300,创业板指数什么的。
  • Valuations for illiquid or non-traded securities, shopping for values is not allowed.
    非流动性或非交易证券的估值,不允许购买估值。
    估值比较主观,选择估值机构不能根据哪家的估值高,符合自己的利益,就选择哪家的估值。而应看其的估值方法,判断哪家估值更严谨更合理。而且,估值是不允许购买的。

④社交媒体
Social media

  • When communicating through social media channels, members and candidates should provide only the same information.
    在通过社交媒体渠道交流时,会员和候选人应只提供相同的信息。
    在不同的地方,讲的话的内容要一样,不能见人说人话,见鬼说鬼话,在朋友圈说买入,在博客说卖出。
  • The perceived anonymity granted through social media platforms may entice individuals to misrepresent their qualifications or abilities or those of their employer.
    通过社交媒体平台获得的匿名可能会诱使个人谎报自己或雇主的资格或能力。
    在社交媒体上匿名吹嘘自己和自己的老板也是违反道德的。

⑤遗漏/删除
Omissions
常常是在做模型的情形下,

  • 1.The omission of a fact or outcome can be misleading, especially in the use of models and technical analysis.
    忽略一个事实或结果可能会产生误导,尤其是在使用模型和技术分析时。
    如基金经理开发某新投资策略,做回测结果显示5%的可能性客户可能会承受较大的损失,基金经理在路演、宣传的时候,对这个5%故意不说,即违反了该条道德。
  • 2.Outcomes from models shall not be presented as fact.
    模型的结果不应作为事实呈现。如模型表明过去三年收益率都达到20%,而不是过去三年真的都达到了20%。
    分清模型和事实
  • 3.Develop strict policies for composite development to prevent cherry picking.
    制定严格的复合发展政策,防止樱桃采摘。
  • 4.The omission of any accounts appropriate for the defined composite may misrepresent to clients the success of the manager’s implementation of its strategy.
    遗漏任何适用于定义的组合的账户可能会向客户误传经理实施其战略的成功。
    3和4后边还会说,涉及组合群的概念。即构建组合群的时候,避免把最好的拿给客户看。

⑥抄袭
Plagiarism(抄袭)

  • 1.The standard prohibits plagiarism.
    该标准禁止抄袭。
  • 2.Plagiarism practices include:
    抄袭行为包括:
    • taking other research.
    拿别人的研究报告。
    • using excerpts without acknowledgment.
    使用节选没有引用出处。
    • citing quotations without naming the references
    引用引文,但不指明参考文献。
    .• using charts and graphs without stating the sources.
    使用图表,但不说明来源。
    不说明来源的一般就粗暴地认为是自己抄的。
    • coping spreadsheets or algorithms without seeking the creators.
    处理电子表格或算法,不寻找创作者授权。
  • 3.Third-party research may be distributed without changing the names of the authors.
    第三方的研究报告不改变作者的名字,是可以传播的。
  • 4.The standard applies to oral communications.
    标准不仅仅适用于文字,也适用于口头。如路演的时候讲的话。
  • 5.Violation occurs when preparing research reports based on multiple sources of information without acknowledging the sources (although there is no monopoly on ideas, members and candidates must give credit where it is clearly due).
    当在不声明来源的情况下,根据多个信息来源准备研究报告时,就会发生违规行为
    (虽然没有垄断思想,但成员和候选人必须在明显应得的地方给予肯定)。
    即东找一段,西抄一段,东拼西凑,多种来源,写在自己的研究报告里而不声明来源。这依然是错误的抄袭行为。思想没有被垄断,但必须尊重原作者。
    ⑦为雇主完成的工作角度
    Work completed for employers
    Members or candidates may use research conducted or models developed by others within the same firm without committing a violation. The firm may issue future reports without providing attribution to the prior analysts.
    成员或候选人可以使用同一公司内其他人进行的研究或开发的模型,而不会违反规定。该公司可能会发布未来的报告,而不会向之前的分析师提供归属。
    即员工在工作期间写的报告、开发的模型是属于公司的财产,同公司的同事研究出来的东西是可以直接用的,不用注明的。因为这是公司的财产,在同一个公司工作使用公司的财产是没有问题的。
    前员工留下的内容也是公司的财产,也是可以直接使用的,不违反准则。

3.1.3.3 Recommendation

  • Providing a written list of the firm’s available services and a description of the firm’s qualifications.
    提供公司可用服务的书面清单和公司资质说明。
  • Verify outside information.
    核实外部信息。
  • To avoid plagiarism, members or candidates should:
    为避免抄袭,会员或候选人应:
    • maintain copies.
    保存副本。 保存好文章的副本。复印件…
    • attribute quotations.
    属性引用。 即写明出处。
    • attribute summaries of material prepared by others other than recognized financial and statistical reporting services.
    认可的财务和统计报告服务以外的其他机构编制的材料属性摘要。
    recognized financial and statistical reporting services —具有影响力的、广泛传播力的数据供应商,如国家统计局,使用GDP数据,这是默认来自官方渠道的,可以不用引用,直接拿来用。

3.1.4Misconduct

不当行为

3.1.4.1Content

Members and Candidates must not engage in any professional conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, or deceit or commit any act that reflects adversely on their professional reputation, integrity, or competence.
会员和候选人不得从事任何涉及不诚实欺诈欺骗的职业行为,或做出任何对其职业声誉、诚信或能力有负面影响的行为

3.1.4.2Guidance

  • ①The standards are primarily aimed at conduct related to a member’s or candidate’s professional life.
    这些标准主要针对与成员或候选人职业生活相关的行为。
    这里限制了范围,要和个人职业生涯相关
  • ②Any act that involves lying, stealing, or other dishonest conduct is a violation if the offense reflects adversely on a member’s or candidate’s professional activities.
    任何涉及说谎、偷窃或其他不诚实行为的行为,如果对成员或候选人的职业活动造成负面影响,都是违规行为。
    和私生活相关的,严重不诚信,偷窃等,即使和职业无关,但是如果私生活太混乱,影响到职业活动的,也是Misconduct违规的。
  • ③Do not seek the standards as a method of settling personal, political, or other disputes unrelated to professional ethics.
    不要将标准作为解决个人、政治或其他与职业道德无关的争议的方法。
    不能拿这个细则乱扣帽子,不能乱说别人的行为是misconduct。
  • ④Conduct that, although not illegal, but negatively affects a member’s or candidate’s trustworthiness or competence, is a violation.
    虽然不违法,但对成员或候选人的可信度或能力有负面影响的行为是违规行为。
  • ⑤The lack of diligence (sufficient effort) in providing professional services may be a violation.
    在提供专业服务时缺乏勤奋(足够的努力)可能是一种违规行为。不仅违反了ID,也违反了VA(勤勉尽责)。
  • Personal bankruptcy may violate the standard if it involves fraudulent or deceitful business conduct.
    如果涉及欺诈性或欺骗性商业行为,个人破产可能违反标准。
    如果没有欺诈,因为不幸而破产,则不是misconduct。


3.2Integrity of Capital Markets 资本市场的诚信

涉及两条细则:

  • IIA Material Nonpublic Information 重大非公开信息
  • IIB Market Manipulation 市场操纵

3.2.1 Material Nonpublic Information

重大非公开信息

3.2.1.1 Content

Members and Candidates who possess material nonpublic information that could affect the value of an investment must not act or cause others to act on the information.
拥有可能影响投资价值的重大非公开信息的成员和候选人不得根据该信息采取行动或促使他人采取行动。
即 既不能自己用,也不能让别人去获利。

3.2.1.2 Guidance

①什么是重大信息
What is “material” information?
The information is “material” if:
• its disclosure would have an impact on the price of a security; or investors would want to know the information before making an investment decision.
披露信息会对证券价格产生影响;或者投资者在做出投资决定之前想知道这些信息。
• the source of the information is reliable.
信息来源可靠。 可以是高管层口中得到的才是靠谱的来源,不能是小道消息。
Examples: earnings, merger & acquisition, innovative products, changes in management, legal disputes, etc.
举例:盈利、并购、创新产品、管理层变动、法律纠纷等。

②什么是非公开信息
What constitutes “nonpublic” information?

  • Information is “nonpublic” until it has been disseminated to the marketplace in general.
    信息在被传播到市场之前是“非公开的”。
  • Information that is made available to a select group of people remains nonpublic.
    可供特定人群使用的信息仍然是非公开的。(一小部分人先知道)
  • Members and candidates may use insider information legitimately for the specific purpose of conducting due diligence for such activities as mergers, security underwriting, credit ratings, etc.
    会员和候选人可以合法地使用内幕信息,用于对并购、证券承销、信用评级等活动进行尽职调查的特定目的。
    如做尽职调查的时候是可以合法地使用非公开重大信息的,

③马赛克理论
Mosaic theory(马赛克理论)
Members and candidates do not violate the standard when they reach a material conclusion about a corporate action or event through an analysis of public information and nonmaterial nonpublic information.
当成员和候选人通过对公开信息非重大非公开信息的分析得出关于公司行为或事件的重要结论时,他们不会违反标准。

④社交媒体角度
Social media

  • Information from internet and social media platforms may not be considered public.
    Example: social media that requires membership in order to access the published content.
    来自互联网和社交媒体平台的信息可能不被认为是公开的。
    例如:社交媒体需要会员才能访问发布的内容。以及需要其他访问门槛的,需要达到什么条件才能看的。
  • Members and candidates should verify that material information obtained from these sources can also be accessed from a source that is available to the public
    (e.g., webpages, press releases).
    成员和候选人应核实从这些来源获得的材料信息 也可从公众可获得的来源获得。
    (如网页、新闻稿)
    obtain v. 得到;获得;通用;流行;合乎习俗;得到公认

⑤使用行业专家角度
Using industry experts

  • Members and candidates may speak with experts regarding economic conditions, industry trends, and technical issues relating to products and services.
    会员和候选人可以与专家就经济状况、行业趋势以及与产品和服务相关的技术问题进行交流。
  • Members and candidates are prohibited from taking investment actions based on material nonpublic information provided by industry experts.
    禁止会员和候选人根据行业专家提供的重大非公开信息采取投资行动。

⑥投资研究报告角度
Investment research reports
When a particularly well-known analyst issues a report or makes changes to his or her recommendation, that information alone may have an effect on the market and thus may be considered material.
当一个特别知名的分析师发布一份报告或对他或她的建议进行修改时,这些信息本身可能会对市场产生影响,因此可能被认为是重要的。
因为发报告前要先经过审核,对于特别有影响力的分析师写的报告,审核会议上在场的同事会事先得到消息,他们不能利用这个距离报告发出的时间差去获利。

3.2.1.3Recommendation

①实现公开传播
Achieve public dissemination
Members and candidates should make reasonable efforts to achieve public dissemination of material information.
成员和候选人应尽合理努力实现公开传播材料信息。
If public dissemination is not available, members and candidates must communicate the information only to their supervisory and compliance personnel of their firm.
如果无法公开传播,成员和候选人必须只向其公司的监督和合规人员传达信息。

②采用合规和披露程序
Adopt compliance and disclosure procedures.

③防火墙用于防止公司内部重大非公开信息的交流。
Firewall is used for preventing the communication of material nonpublic information within firms.
保证有些部门的人不容易接触到一些重大非公开信息。

④个人交易限制
Personal trading limitations.

⑤自营交易程序
Proprietary trading procedures.
A prohibition on all types of proprietary activity when a firm possesses material nonpublic information is notappropriate.
e.g., market making(做市).
当公司拥有重要的非公开信息时,禁止所有类型的专有活动。
例如 做市。
如果公司知道了重大非公开信息,做市是自营部门的一个业务,是去被动地买卖股票满足客户的需求,这种情况下自营交易不应该受到限制。只要不去以此试图获利,就是可以的。

3.2.2Market Manipulation

市场操纵

3.2.2.1 Content

Members and Candidates must not engage in practices that distort prices or artificially inflate trading volume with the intent to mislead market participants.
会员及候选人不得从事扭曲价格或人为抬高交易量以误导市场参与者的行为。

3.2.2.2 Guidance

①基于信息的操纵
Information-based manipulation
Spreading false rumors to induce trading.
散布虚假谣言引诱交易
②基于交易本身的操纵
Transaction-based manipulation

  • Securing a controlling and dominant position in a financial instrument to manipulate the price of a related derivative or the underlying asset.
    取得金融工具的控制及支配地位,以操控相关衍生工具或相关资产的价格。
  • The standard is not intended to preclude transactions undertaken on legitimate trading strategies.
    该标准并非旨在排除根据合法交易策略进行的交易。
    一般是当持大仓,坐庄的时候。

3.3Duties to Clients

五条细则
IIIA Loyalty, Prudence, and Care 忠诚,谨慎 与 关怀 强调的重点是忠诚
IIIB Fair Dealing 公平地对待客户
IIIC Suitability 合适性
IIID Performance Presentation 业绩的陈述
IIIE Preservation of Confidentiality 对机密信息的保护

3.3.1 IIIA Loyalty, Prudence, and Care

3.3.1.1 Content

  • Members and Candidates have a duty of loyalty to their clients and must act with reasonable care and exercise prudent judgment.
    会员和候选人有义务对其客户忠诚,必须以合理的谨慎行事,并做出审慎的判断。
  • Members and Candidates must act for the benefits of their clients and place their client’s interests before their employer’s or their own interests.
    成员和候选人必须为客户的利益而行动,将客户的利益置于雇主或自己的利益之前

3.3.1.2 Guidance

①了解应用
Understanding the application
A minimum benchmark for the duties of loyalty, prudence, and care that are required of all members and candidates regardless of whether a legal fiduciary duty applies.
对所有成员和诚实者要求的忠诚、审慎和谨慎责任的最低基准,无论是否适用法定信托责任
Fiduciary duties are often imposed by law or regulation when an individual or institution is charged with the duty of acting for the benefit of another party.
当个人或机构被控有义务为另一方的利益行事时,信托义务通常由法律或法规规定。

minimum benchmark 最低标准
legal fiduciary duty 信托责任
Fiduciary duties 受托责任

②确定实际投资客户
Identifying the actual investment client

Special cases:
特殊情况:
• when the manager is responsible for the portfolios of pension plans or trusts, however, the client is not the person or entity who hires the manager but rather the beneficiaries of the plan or trust.
然而,当经理负责退休金计划或信托的投资组合时,客户 不是雇用经理的个人或实体,而是计划或信托的受益人。
• if an actual client or group of beneficiaries does not exist, investment should be consistent with the stated mandate.
如果不存在实际的客户或受益人群体,投资应符合规定的章程

③开发客户的投资组合
Developing the client’s portfolio

Members and candidates should ensure:
成员和候选人应确保:
• investment recommendations and transactions are suitable to clients’ objectives and circumstances.
投资建议和交易适合客户的目标和情况。(关联到IIIC)
• particular care must be taken on the potential conflict between the members and candidates or their firms and clients’interests.
必须特别注意成员与候选人或其公司与客户利益之间的潜在冲突。(一定客户利益优先)
• investment decisions are judged in the context of the total portfolio, rather than by individual investment.
判断投资决策的依据是总体投资组合,而不是个人投资。

④软美元政策
Soft dollar/commission(软美元)policies

  • Soft dollar is the practice that an investment manager uses client brokerage to purchase research services.
  • 软美元是一个投资经理使用客户经纪费购买研究服务的做法。
    股票交易交易的时候是需要给券商佣金的,客户将钱交给基金经理购买股票时,这个佣金是由买基金的客户来出的,基金经理可以多收取一部分佣金,去购买一些其他对客户有益的服务,比如研究报告,这部分资金被称为软美元,这样的操作是允许的。
  • Brokerage is client’s asset, its uses must benefit client.
  • 佣金是客户的资产,其使用必须有利于客户。
  • “Directed brokerage”(客户指定经纪费) is a practice that a client directs a manager to use the client’s brokerage to purchase services or goods for the client.
    客户指定经纪费 是客户 指示 经理使用客户的经纪业务为客户购买服务或商品的做法。
    如客户指定经纪商,基金经理必须按照客户的意愿来。基金经理也可以先给客户一些自己的建议,引导,如果客户不采纳,则还是要按照客户的意愿来执行。
  • When selecting broker for clients, members must seek “best transaction cost” and “best execution”.
    在为客户选择broker经纪人时,会员必须寻求 “最佳交易成本”“最佳执行质量”。(客户没有指定broker时)

brokerage n.经纪业;掮客业务;经纪公司;手续费;佣金;回扣

⑤代理投票政策
Proxy voting(代理投票)policies
A cost-benefit analysis must be made prior to any proxy voting.
在进行任何代理投票之前,必须进行成本效益分析
Voting proxies may not be necessary in all instances.
并非在所有情况下都需要投票代理。

3.3.1.3 Recommendation

①Regular account information (at least quarterly)
常规账户信息(至少每季度披露一次)
②Client approval
客户认可 多听客户建议,想法,再做决策
③Firm policy
公司的政策

  • Follow all applicable rules and laws
    遵守所有适用的规则和法律
  • Establish the investment objectives of the client
    确立客户的投资目标
  • Consider all the information when taking actions
    采取行动时考虑所有信息
  • Diversify
    多样化,分散化
  • Carry out regular reviews
    进行定期审查(复盘)
  • Vote proxies and so on
    代理投票等等

3.3.2 IIIA Fair Dealing

3.3.2.1Content

3.3.2.2Guidance

3.3.3 IIIA Suitability

3.3.3.1

3.3.3.2

3.3.4 IIIA Performance Presentation

3.3.4.1

3.3.4.2

3.3.5 IIIA Preservation of Confidentiality

3.3.5.1

3.3.5.2

3.4Duties to Employers

3.5Investment Analysis, Recommendations, and Actions

3.6Conflicts of Interests

3.7Responsibilities as a CFA Institute Member or CFA Candidate

四、Introduction to the Global Investment Performance Standards(GIPS) 全球投资绩效标准简介

Investment Performance Standards(GIPS) 全球投资绩效标准

五、Ethics Application (道德应用)

练习题部分。该部分即一个题库,是对上边的练习。

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