LXD 2.0 系列（十）：LXD 和 Juju

介绍

Juju 是 Canonical 的服务建模和部署工具。 它支持非常广泛的云服务提供商，使您能够轻松地在任何云上部署任何您想要的服务。

此外，Juju 2.0 还支持 LXD，既适用于本地部署，也适合开发，并且可以在云实例或物理机上共同协作。

本篇文章将关注本地使用，通过一个没有任何Juju经验的LXD用户来体验。

要求

本篇文章假设你已经安装了 LXD 2.0 并且配置完毕（看前面的文章），并且是在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 上运行的。

设置 Juju

第一件事是在 Ubuntu 16.04 上安装 Juju 2.0。这个很简单：

1. stgraber@dakara:~$ sudo apt install juju
2. Reading package lists... Done
3. Building dependency tree
4. Reading state information... Done
5. The following additional packages will be installed:
6. juju-2.0
7. Suggested packages:
8. juju-core
9. The following NEW packages will be installed:
10. juju juju-2.0
11. 0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
12. Need to get 39.7 MB of archives.
13. After this operation, 269 MB of additional disk space will be used.
14. Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
15. Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 juju-2.0 amd64 2.0~beta7-0ubuntu1.16.04.1 [39.6 MB]
16. Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 juju all 2.0~beta7-0ubuntu1.16.04.1 [9,556 B]
17. Fetched 39.7 MB in 0s (53.4 MB/s)
18. Selecting previously unselected package juju-2.0.
19. (Reading database ... 255132 files and directories currently installed.)
20. Preparing to unpack .../juju-2.0_2.0~beta7-0ubuntu1.16.04.1_amd64.deb ...
21. Unpacking juju-2.0 (2.0~beta7-0ubuntu1.16.04.1) ...
22. Selecting previously unselected package juju.
23. Preparing to unpack .../juju_2.0~beta7-0ubuntu1.16.04.1_all.deb ...
24. Unpacking juju (2.0~beta7-0ubuntu1.16.04.1) ...
25. Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
26. Setting up juju-2.0 (2.0~beta7-0ubuntu1.16.04.1) ...
27. Setting up juju (2.0~beta7-0ubuntu1.16.04.1) ...

安装完成后，我们可以使用 LXD 启动一个新的“控制器”。这意味着 Juju 不会修改你主机上的任何东西，它会在 LXD 容器中安装它的管理服务。

现在我们创建一个“test”控制器：

1. stgraber@dakara:~$ juju bootstrap localhost test
2. Creating Juju controller "local.test" on localhost/localhost
3. Bootstrapping model "admin"
4. Starting new instance for initial controller
5. Launching instance
6. - juju-745d1be3-e93d-41a2-80d4-fbe8714230dd-machine-0
7. Installing Juju agent on bootstrap instance
8. Preparing for Juju GUI 2.1.2 release installation
9. Waiting for address
10. Attempting to connect to 10.178.150.72:22
11. Logging to /var/log/cloud-init-output.log on remote host
12. Running apt-get update
13. Running apt-get upgrade
14. Installing package: curl
15. Installing package: cpu-checker
16. Installing package: bridge-utils
17. Installing package: cloud-utils
18. Installing package: cloud-image-utils
19. Installing package: tmux
20. Fetching tools: curl -sSfw 'tools from %{url_effective} downloaded: HTTP %{http_code}; time %{time_total}s; size %{size_download} bytes; speed %{speed_download} bytes/s ' --retry 10 -o $bin/tools.tar.gz <[https://streams.canonical.com/juju/tools/agent/2.0-beta7/juju-2.0-beta7-xenial-amd64.tgz]>
21. Bootstrapping Juju machine agent
22. Starting Juju machine agent (jujud-machine-0)
23. Bootstrap agent installed
24. Waiting for API to become available: upgrade in progress (upgrade in progress)
25. Waiting for API to become available: upgrade in progress (upgrade in progress)
26. Waiting for API to become available: upgrade in progress (upgrade in progress)
27. Bootstrap complete, local.test now available.

这会花费一点时间，这时你可以看到一个正在运行的一个新的 LXD 容器：

1. stgraber@dakara:~$ lxc list juju-
2. +-----------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------------+-----------+
3. | NAME | STATE | IPV4 | IPV6 | TYPE | SNAPSHOTS |
4. +-----------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------------+-----------+
5. | juju-745d1be3-e93d-41a2-80d4-fbe8714230dd-machine-0 | RUNNING | 10.178.150.72 (eth0) | | PERSISTENT | 0 |
6. +-----------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------------+-----------+

在 Juju 这边，你可以确认它是有响应的，并且还没有服务运行：

1. stgraber@dakara:~$ juju status
2. [Services]
3. NAME STATUS EXPOSED CHARM
5. [Units]
6. ID WORKLOAD-STATUS JUJU-STATUS VERSION MACHINE PORTS PUBLIC-ADDRESS MESSAGE
8. [Machines]
9. ID STATE DNS INS-ID SERIES AZ

你也可以在浏览器中访问 Juju 的 GUI 界面：

1. stgraber@dakara:~$ juju gui
2. Opening the Juju GUI in your browser.
3. If it does not open, open this URL:
4. https://10.178.150.72:17070/gui/97fa390d-96ad-44df-8b59-e15fdcfc636b/

Juju web UI

不过我更倾向使用命令行，因此我会在接下来使用。

部署一个 minecraft 服务

让我们先来一个简单的，部署在一个容器中使用一个 Juju 单元的服务。

1. stgraber@dakara:~$ juju deploy cs:trusty/minecraft
2. Added charm "cs:trusty/minecraft-3" to the model.
3. Deploying charm "cs:trusty/minecraft-3" with the charm series "trusty".

命令返回会很快，然而这不意味着服务已经启动并运行了。你应该使用 juju status 来查看：

1. stgraber@dakara:~$ juju status
2. [Services]
3. NAME STATUS EXPOSED CHARM
4. minecraft maintenance false cs:trusty/minecraft-3
6. [Units]
7. ID WORKLOAD-STATUS JUJU-STATUS VERSION MACHINE PORTS PUBLIC-ADDRESS MESSAGE
8. minecraft/1 maintenance executing 2.0-beta7 1 10.178.150.74 (install) Installing java
10. [Machines]
11. ID STATE DNS INS-ID SERIES AZ
12. 1 started 10.178.150.74 juju-97fa390d-96ad-44df-8b59-e15fdcfc636b-machine-1 trusty

我们可以看到它正在忙于在刚刚创建的 LXD 容器中安装 java。

1. stgraber@dakara:~$ lxc list juju-
2. +-----------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------------+-----------+
3. | NAME | STATE | IPV4 | IPV6 | TYPE | SNAPSHOTS |
4. +-----------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------------+-----------+
5. | juju-745d1be3-e93d-41a2-80d4-fbe8714230dd-machine-0 | RUNNING | 10.178.150.72 (eth0) | | PERSISTENT | 0 |
6. +-----------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------------+-----------+
7. | juju-97fa390d-96ad-44df-8b59-e15fdcfc636b-machine-1 | RUNNING | 10.178.150.74 (eth0) | | PERSISTENT | 0 |
8. +-----------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------------+-----------+

过一会之后，如我们所见服务就部署完毕了：

1. stgraber@dakara:~$ juju status
2. [Services]
3. NAME STATUS EXPOSED CHARM
4. minecraft active false cs:trusty/minecraft-3
6. [Units]
7. ID WORKLOAD-STATUS JUJU-STATUS VERSION MACHINE PORTS PUBLIC-ADDRESS MESSAGE
8. minecraft/1 active idle 2.0-beta7 1 25565/tcp 10.178.150.74 Ready
10. [Machines]
11. ID STATE DNS INS-ID SERIES AZ
12. 1 started 10.178.150.74 juju-97fa390d-96ad-44df-8b59-e15fdcfc636b-machine-1 trusty

这时你就可以启动你的 Minecraft 客户端了，将其指向 10.178.150.74，端口是 25565。现在可以在新的 minecraft 服务器上玩了！

当你不再需要它，只需运行：

1. stgraber@dakara:~$ juju destroy-service minecraft

只要等待几秒就好了。

部署一个更复杂的 web 应用

Juju 的主要工作是建模复杂的服务，并以可扩展的方式部署它们。

为了更好地展示，让我们部署一个 Juju “组合”。 这个组合是由网站，API，数据库，静态 Web 服务器和反向代理组成的基本 Web 服务。

所以这将扩展到 4 个互联的 LXD 容器。

1. stgraber@dakara:~$ juju deploy cs:~charmers/bundle/web-infrastructure-in-a-box
2. added charm cs:~hp-discover/trusty/node-app-1
3. service api deployed (charm cs:~hp-discover/trusty/node-app-1 with the series "trusty" defined by the bundle)
4. annotations set for service api
5. added charm cs:trusty/mongodb-3
6. service mongodb deployed (charm cs:trusty/mongodb-3 with the series "trusty" defined by the bundle)
7. annotations set for service mongodb
8. added charm cs:~hp-discover/trusty/nginx-4
9. service nginx deployed (charm cs:~hp-discover/trusty/nginx-4 with the series "trusty" defined by the bundle)
10. annotations set for service nginx
11. added charm cs:~hp-discover/trusty/nginx-proxy-3
12. service nginx-proxy deployed (charm cs:~hp-discover/trusty/nginx-proxy-3 with the series "trusty" defined by the bundle)
13. annotations set for service nginx-proxy
14. added charm cs:~hp-discover/trusty/website-3
15. service website deployed (charm cs:~hp-discover/trusty/website-3 with the series "trusty" defined by the bundle)
16. annotations set for service website
17. related mongodb:database and api:mongodb
18. related website:nginx-engine and nginx:web-engine
19. related api:website and nginx-proxy:website
20. related nginx-proxy:website and website:website
21. added api/0 unit to new machine
22. added mongodb/0 unit to new machine
23. added nginx/0 unit to new machine
24. added nginx-proxy/0 unit to new machine
25. deployment of bundle "cs:~charmers/bundle/web-infrastructure-in-a-box-10" completed

几秒后，你会看到 LXD 容器在运行了：

1. stgraber@dakara:~$ lxc list juju-
2. +-----------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------+------+------------+-----------+
3. | NAME | STATE | IPV4 | IPV6 | TYPE | SNAPSHOTS |
4. +-----------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------+------+------------+-----------+
5. | juju-745d1be3-e93d-41a2-80d4-fbe8714230dd-machine-0 | RUNNING | 10.178.150.72 (eth0) | | PERSISTENT | 0 |
6. +-----------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------+------+------------+-----------+
7. | juju-97fa390d-96ad-44df-8b59-e15fdcfc636b-machine-2 | RUNNING | 10.178.150.98 (eth0) | | PERSISTENT | 0 |
8. +-----------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------+------+------------+-----------+
9. | juju-97fa390d-96ad-44df-8b59-e15fdcfc636b-machine-3 | RUNNING | 10.178.150.29 (eth0) | | PERSISTENT | 0 |
10. +-----------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------+------+------------+-----------+
11. | juju-97fa390d-96ad-44df-8b59-e15fdcfc636b-machine-4 | RUNNING | 10.178.150.202 (eth0) | | PERSISTENT | 0 |
12. +-----------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------+------+------------+-----------+
13. | juju-97fa390d-96ad-44df-8b59-e15fdcfc636b-machine-5 | RUNNING | 10.178.150.214 (eth0) | | PERSISTENT | 0 |
14. +-----------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------+------+------------+-----------+

几分钟后，所有的服务应该部署完毕并运行了：

1. stgraber@dakara:~$ juju status
2. [Services]
3. NAME STATUS EXPOSED CHARM
4. api unknown false cs:~hp-discover/trusty/node-app-1
5. mongodb unknown false cs:trusty/mongodb-3
6. nginx unknown false cs:~hp-discover/trusty/nginx-4
7. nginx-proxy unknown false cs:~hp-discover/trusty/nginx-proxy-3
8. website false cs:~hp-discover/trusty/website-3
10. [Relations]
11. SERVICE1 SERVICE2 RELATION TYPE
12. api mongodb database regular
13. api nginx-proxy website regular
14. mongodb mongodb replica-set peer
15. nginx website nginx-engine subordinate
16. nginx-proxy website website regular
18. [Units]
19. ID WORKLOAD-STATUS JUJU-STATUS VERSION MACHINE PORTS PUBLIC-ADDRESS MESSAGE
20. api/0 unknown idle 2.0-beta7 2 8000/tcp 10.178.150.98
21. mongodb/0 unknown idle 2.0-beta7 3 27017/tcp,27019/tcp,27021/tcp,28017/tcp 10.178.150.29
22. nginx-proxy/0 unknown idle 2.0-beta7 5 80/tcp 10.178.150.214
23. nginx/0 unknown idle 2.0-beta7 4 10.178.150.202
24. website/0 unknown idle 2.0-beta7 10.178.150.202
26. [Machines]
27. ID STATE DNS INS-ID SERIES AZ
28. 2 started 10.178.150.98 juju-97fa390d-96ad-44df-8b59-e15fdcfc636b-machine-2 trusty
29. 3 started 10.178.150.29 juju-97fa390d-96ad-44df-8b59-e15fdcfc636b-machine-3 trusty
30. 4 started 10.178.150.202 juju-97fa390d-96ad-44df-8b59-e15fdcfc636b-machine-4 trusty
31. 5 started 10.178.150.214 juju-97fa390d-96ad-44df-8b59-e15fdcfc636b-machine-5 trusty

这时你就可以在 80 端口访问 http://10.178.150.214，并且会看到一个 Juju 学院页面。

Juju Academy web service

清理所有东西

如果你不需要 Juju 创建的容器并且不在乎下次需要再次启动，最简单的方法是：

1. stgraber@dakara:~$ juju destroy-controller test --destroy-all-models
2. WARNING! This command will destroy the "local.test" controller.
3. This includes all machines, services, data and other resources.
5. Continue [y/N]? y
6. Destroying controller
7. Waiting for hosted model resources to be reclaimed
8. Waiting on 1 model, 4 machines, 5 services
9. Waiting on 1 model, 4 machines, 5 services
10. Waiting on 1 model, 4 machines, 5 services
11. Waiting on 1 model, 4 machines, 5 services
12. Waiting on 1 model, 4 machines, 5 services
13. Waiting on 1 model, 4 machines, 5 services
14. Waiting on 1 model, 4 machines
15. Waiting on 1 model, 4 machines
16. Waiting on 1 model, 4 machines
17. Waiting on 1 model, 4 machines
18. Waiting on 1 model, 4 machines
19. Waiting on 1 model, 4 machines
20. Waiting on 1 model, 2 machines
21. Waiting on 1 model
22. Waiting on 1 model
23. All hosted models reclaimed, cleaning up controller machines

我们用下面的方式确认：

1. stgraber@dakara:~$ lxc list juju-
2. +------+-------+------+------+------+-----------+
3. | NAME | STATE | IPV4 | IPV6 | TYPE | SNAPSHOTS |
4. +------+-------+------+------+------+-----------+

总结

Juju 2.0 内置的 LXD 支持使得可以用一种非常干净的方式来测试各种服务。

在 Juju charm store 中有很多预制的“组合”可以用来部署，甚至可以用多个“charm”来组合你想要的架构。

Juju 与 LXD 是一个完美的解决方案，从一个小的 Web 服务到大规模的基础设施都可以简单开发，这些都在你自己的机器上，并且不会在你的系统上造成混乱！

原文发布时间为：2017-03-07

本文来自云栖社区合作伙伴“Linux中国”