字符串拼接一般使用“+”，但是“+”不能满足大批量数据的处理，Java中有以下五种方法处理字符串拼接，各有优缺点，程序开发应选择合适的方法实现。
- 加号 “+”
- String contact() 方法
- StringUtils.join() 方法
- StringBuffer append() 方法
- StringBuilder append() 方法
由此可以看出：
- 方法1 加号 “+” 拼接 和 方法2 String contact() 方法 适用于小数据量的操作，代码简洁方便，加号“+” 更符合我们的编码和阅读习惯；
- 方法3 StringUtils.join() 方法 适用于将ArrayList转换成字符串，就算90万条数据也只需68ms，可以省掉循环读取ArrayList的代码；
- 方法4 StringBuffer append() 方法 和 方法5 StringBuilder append() 方法 其实他们的本质是一样的，都是继承自AbstractStringBuilder，效率最高，大批量的数据处理最好选择这两种方法。
- 方法1 加号 “+” 拼接 和 方法2 String contact() 方法 的时间和空间成本都很高（分析在本文末尾），不能用来做批量数据的处理。
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
public class TestString {
private static final int max = 100;
public void testPlus() {
System.out.println(">>> testPlus() <<<");
String str = "";
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
str = str + "a";
}
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
long cost = end - start;
System.out.println(" {str + \"a\"} cost=" + cost + " ms");
}
public void testConcat() {
System.out.println(">>> testConcat() <<<");
String str = "";
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
str = str.concat("a");
}
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
long cost = end - start;
System.out.println(" {str.concat(\"a\")} cost=" + cost + " ms");
}
public void testJoin() {
System.out.println(">>> testJoin() <<<");
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
list.add("a");
}
long end1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
long cost1 = end1 - start;
StringUtils.join(list, "");
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
long cost = end - end1;
System.out.println(" {list.add(\"a\")} cost1=" + cost1 + " ms");
System.out.println(" {StringUtils.join(list, \"\")} cost=" + cost
+ " ms");
}
public void testStringBuffer() {
System.out.println(">>> testStringBuffer() <<<");
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
StringBuffer strBuffer = new StringBuffer();
for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
strBuffer.append("a");
}
strBuffer.toString();
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
long cost = end - start;
System.out.println(" {strBuffer.append(\"a\")} cost=" + cost + " ms");
}
public void testStringBuilder() {
System.out.println(">>> testStringBuilder() <<<");
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
strBuilder.append("a");
}
strBuilder.toString();
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
long cost = end - start;
System.out
.println(" {strBuilder.append(\"a\")} cost=" + cost + " ms");
}
}- 执行100次， private static final int max = 100;
>>> testPlus() <<<
{str + "a"} cost=0 ms
>>> testConcat() <<<
{str.concat("a")} cost=0 ms
>>> testJoin() <<<
{list.add("a")} cost1=0 ms
{StringUtils.join(list, "")} cost=20 ms
>>> testStringBuffer() <<<
{strBuffer.append("a")} cost=0 ms
>>> testStringBuilder() <<<
{strBuilder.append("a")} cost=0 ms
- 执行1000次， private static final int max = 1000;
>>> testPlus() <<<
{str + "a"} cost=10 ms
>>> testConcat() <<<
{str.concat("a")} cost=0 ms
>>> testJoin() <<<
{list.add("a")} cost1=0 ms
{StringUtils.join(list, "")} cost=20 ms
>>> testStringBuffer() <<<
{strBuffer.append("a")} cost=0 ms
>>> testStringBuilder() <<<
{strBuilder.append("a")} cost=0 ms
- 执行1万次， private static final int max = 10000;
>>> testPlus() <<<
{str + "a"} cost=150 ms
>>> testConcat() <<<
{str.concat("a")} cost=70 ms
>>> testJoin() <<<
{list.add("a")} cost1=0 ms
{StringUtils.join(list, "")} cost=30 ms
>>> testStringBuffer() <<<
{strBuffer.append("a")} cost=0 ms
>>> testStringBuilder() <<<
{strBuilder.append("a")} cost=0 ms
- 执行10万次， private static final int max = 100000;
>>> testPlus() <<<
{str + "a"} cost=4198 ms
>>> testConcat() <<<
{str.concat("a")} cost=1862 ms
>>> testJoin() <<<
{list.add("a")} cost1=21 ms
{StringUtils.join(list, "")} cost=49 ms
>>> testStringBuffer() <<<
{strBuffer.append("a")} cost=10 ms
>>> testStringBuilder() <<<
{strBuilder.append("a")} cost=10 ms
- 执行20万次， private static final int max = 200000;
>>> testPlus() <<<
{str + "a"} cost=17196 ms
>>> testConcat() <<<
{str.concat("a")} cost=7653 ms
>>> testJoin() <<<
{list.add("a")} cost1=20 ms
{StringUtils.join(list, "")} cost=51 ms
>>> testStringBuffer() <<<
{strBuffer.append("a")} cost=20 ms
>>> testStringBuilder() <<<
{strBuilder.append("a")} cost=16 ms
- 执行50万次， private static final int max = 500000;
>>> testPlus() <<<
{str + "a"} cost=124693 ms
>>> testConcat() <<<
{str.concat("a")} cost=49439 ms
>>> testJoin() <<<
{list.add("a")} cost1=21 ms
{StringUtils.join(list, "")} cost=50 ms
>>> testStringBuffer() <<<
{strBuffer.append("a")} cost=20 ms
>>> testStringBuilder() <<<
{strBuilder.append("a")} cost=10 ms
- 执行90万次， private static final int max = 900000;
>>> testPlus() <<<
{str + "a"} cost=456739 ms
>>> testConcat() <<<
{str.concat("a")} cost=186252 ms
>>> testJoin() <<<
{list.add("a")} cost1=20 ms
{StringUtils.join(list, "")} cost=68 ms
>>> testStringBuffer() <<<
{strBuffer.append("a")} cost=30 ms
>>> testStringBuilder() <<<
{strBuilder.append("a")} cost=24 ms
查看源代码，以及简单分析
String contact 和 StringBuffer，StringBuilder 的源代码都可以在Java库里找到，有空可以研究研究。
- 其实每次调用contact()方法就是一次数组的拷贝，虽然在内存中是处理都是原子性操作，速度非常快，但是，最后的return语句会创建一个新String对象，限制了concat方法的速度。
public String concat(String str) {
int otherLen = str.length();
if (otherLen == 0) {
return this;
}
int len = value.length;
char buf[] = Arrays.copyOf(value, len + otherLen);
str.getChars(buf, len);
return new String(buf, true);
}
- StringBuffer 和 StringBuilder 的append方法都继承自AbstractStringBuilder，整个逻辑都只做字符数组的加长，拷贝，到最后也不会创建新的String对象，所以速度很快，完成拼接处理后在程序中用strBuffer.toString()来得到最终的字符串。
/**
* Appends the specified string to this character sequence.
* <p>
* The characters of the {@code String} argument are appended, in
* order, increasing the length of this sequence by the length of the
* argument. If {@code str} is {@code null}, then the four
* characters {@code "null"} are appended.
* <p>
* Let <i>n</i> be the length of this character sequence just prior to
* execution of the {@code append} method. Then the character at
* index <i>k</i> in the new character sequence is equal to the character
* at index <i>k</i> in the old character sequence, if <i>k</i> is less
* than <i>n</i>; otherwise, it is equal to the character at index
* <i>k-n</i> in the argument {@code str}.
*
* @param str a string.
* @return a reference to this object.
*/
public AbstractStringBuilder append(String str) {
if (str == null) str = "null";
int len = str.length();
ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
str.getChars(0, len, value, count);
count += len;
return this;
}
/**
* This method has the same contract as ensureCapacity, but is
* never synchronized.
*/
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minimumCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
if (minimumCapacity - value.length > 0)
expandCapacity(minimumCapacity);
}
/**
* This implements the expansion semantics of ensureCapacity with no
* size check or synchronization.
*/
void expandCapacity(int minimumCapacity) {
int newCapacity = value.length * 2 + 2;
if (newCapacity - minimumCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minimumCapacity;
if (newCapacity < 0) {
if (minimumCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
newCapacity = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
}
value = Arrays.copyOf(value, newCapacity);
}
- 字符串的加号“+” 方法， 虽然编译器对其做了优化，使用StringBuilder的append方法进行追加，但是每循环一次都会创建一个StringBuilder对象，且都会调用toString方法转换成字符串，所以开销很大。
注：执行一次字符串“+”,相当于 str = new StringBuilder(str).append("a").toString();
- 本文开头的地方统计了时间开销，根据上述分析再想想空间的开销。常说拿空间换时间，反过来是不是拿时间换到了空间呢，但是在这里，其实时间是消耗在了重复的不必要的工作上（生成新的对象，toString方法），所以对大批量数据做处理时，加号“+” 和 contact 方法绝对不能用，时间和空间成本都很高。
来源：cnblogs.com/twzheng/p/5923642.html
