如何查看Linux服务器中所有正在运行的进程服务?

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简介:


有许多方法和工具可以查看 Linux 中所有正在运行的服务。大多数管理员会在 System V(SysV)初始化系统中使用 service service-name status 或 /etc/init.d/service-name status,而在 systemd 初始化系统中使用 systemctl status service-name。


查看服务进程:ps aux


查看服务cpu利用:top


查看服务对应端口:netstat -nlp


以上命令可以清楚地显示该服务是否在服务器上运行,这也是每个 Linux 管理员都该知道的非常简单和基础的命令。


如果你对系统环境并不熟悉,也不清楚系统在运行哪些服务,你会如何检查?


是的,我们的确有必要这样检查一下。这将有助于我们了解系统上运行了什么服务,以及哪些是必要的、哪些需要被禁用。


init(初始化initialization的简称)是在系统启动期间运行的第一个进程。init 是一个守护进程,它将持续运行直至关机。


大多数 Linux 发行版都使用如下的初始化系统之一:


System V 是更老的初始化系统


Upstart 是一个基于事件的传统的初始化系统的替代品


systemd 是新的初始化系统,它已经被大多数最新的 Linux 发行版所采用


什么是 System V(SysV)


SysV(意即 System V) 初始化系统是早期传统的初始化系统和系统管理器。由于 sysVinit 系统上一些长期悬而未决的问题,大多数最新的发行版都适用于 systemd 系统。


什么是 Upstart 初始化系统


Upstart 是一个基于事件的 /sbin/init 的替代品,它控制在启动时的任务和服务的开始,在关机时停止它们,并在系统运行时监控它们。


它最初是为 Ubuntu 发行版开发的,但其是以适合所有 Linux 发行版的开发为目标的,以替换过时的 System-V 初始化系统。


什么是 systemd


systemd 是一个新的初始化系统以及系统管理器,它已成为大多数 Linux 发行版中非常流行且广泛适应的新的标准初始化系统。systemctl 是一个 systemd 管理工具,它可以帮助我们管理 systemd 系统。


方法一:如何在 System V(SysV)系统中查看运行的服务


以下命令可以帮助我们列出 System V(SysV) 系统中所有正在运行的服务。


如果服务很多,我建议使用文件查看命令,如 less、more 等,以便得到清晰的结果。


service --status-all



service --status-all | more



service --status-all | less


abrt-ccpp hook is installed


abrtd (pid 2131) is running...


abrt-dump-oops is stopped


acpid (pid 1958) is running...


atd (pid 2164) is running...


auditd (pid 1731) is running...


Frequency scaling enabled using ondemand governor


crond (pid 2153) is running...


hald (pid 1967) is running...


htcacheclean is stopped


httpd is stopped


Table: filter


Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)


num target prot opt source destination


1 ACCEPT all ::/0 ::/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED


2 ACCEPT icmpv6 ::/0 ::/0


3 ACCEPT all ::/0 ::/0


4 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:80


5 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:21


6 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22


7 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:25


8 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2082


9 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2086


10 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2083


11 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2087


12 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:10000


13 REJECT all ::/0 ::/0 reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited


Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)


num target prot opt source destination


1 REJECT all ::/0 ::/0 reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited


Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)


num target prot opt source destination


iptables: Firewall is not running.


irqbalance (pid 1826) is running...


Kdump is operational


lvmetad is stopped


mdmonitor is stopped


messagebus (pid 1929) is running...


SUCCESS! MySQL running (24376)


rndc: neither /etc/rndc.conf nor /etc/rndc.key was found


named is stopped


netconsole module not loaded


Usage: startup.sh { start | stop }


Configured devices:


lo eth0 eth1


Currently active devices:


lo eth0


ntpd is stopped


portreserve (pid 1749) is running...


master (pid 2107) is running...


Process accounting is disabled.


quota_nld is stopped


rdisc is stopped


rngd is stopped


rpcbind (pid 1840) is running...


rsyslogd (pid 1756) is running...


sandbox is stopped


saslauthd is stopped


smartd is stopped


openssh-daemon (pid 9859) is running...


svnserve is stopped


vsftpd (pid 4008) is running...


xinetd (pid 2031) is running...


zabbix_agentd (pid 2150 2149 2148 2147 2146 2140) is running...


执行以下命令,可以只查看正在运行的服务:


service --status-all | grep running


crond (pid 535) is running...


httpd (pid 627) is running...


mysqld (pid 911) is running...


rndc: neither /etc/rndc.conf nor /etc/rndc.key was found


rsyslogd (pid 449) is running...


saslauthd (pid 492) is running...


sendmail (pid 509) is running...


sm-client (pid 519) is running...


openssh-daemon (pid 478) is running...


xinetd (pid 485) is running...


运行以下命令以查看指定服务的状态:


service --status-all | grep httpd


httpd (pid 627) is running...


或者,使用以下命令也可以查看指定服务的状态:


service httpd status


httpd (pid 627) is running...


使用以下命令查看系统启动时哪些服务会被启用:


chkconfig --list


crond 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off


htcacheclean 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off


httpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off


ip6tables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off


iptables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off


modules_dep 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off


mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off


named 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off


netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off


netfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off


network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off


nmb 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off


nscd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off


portreserve 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off


quota_nld 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off


rdisc 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off


restorecond 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off


rpcbind 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off


rsyslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off


saslauthd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off


sendmail 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off


smb 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off


snmpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off


snmptrapd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off


sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off


udev-post 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off


winbind 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off


xinetd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off


xinetd based services:


chargen-dgram: off


chargen-stream: off


daytime-dgram: off


daytime-stream: off


discard-dgram: off


discard-stream: off


echo-dgram: off


echo-stream: off


finger: off


ntalk: off


rsync: off


talk: off


tcpmux-server: off


time-dgram: off


time-stream: off


方法二:如何在 System V(SysV)系统中查看运行的服务


另外一种在 Linux 系统上列出运行的服务的方法是使用 initctl 命令:


initctl list


rc stop/waiting


tty (/dev/tty3) start/running, process 1740


tty (/dev/tty2) start/running, process 1738


tty (/dev/tty1) start/running, process 1736


tty (/dev/tty6) start/running, process 1746


tty (/dev/tty5) start/running, process 1744


tty (/dev/tty4) start/running, process 1742


plymouth-shutdown stop/waiting


control-alt-delete stop/waiting


rcS-emergency stop/waiting


readahead-collector stop/waiting


kexec-disable stop/waiting


quit-plymouth stop/waiting


rcS stop/waiting


prefdm stop/waiting


init-system-dbus stop/waiting


ck-log-system-restart stop/waiting


readahead stop/waiting


ck-log-system-start stop/waiting


splash-manager stop/waiting


start-ttys stop/waiting


readahead-disable-services stop/waiting


ck-log-system-stop stop/waiting


rcS-sulogin stop/waiting


serial stop/waiting


方法三:如何在 systemd 系统中查看运行的服务


以下命令帮助我们列出 systemd 系统中所有服务:


systemctl


UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION


sys-devices-virtual-block-loop0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop0


sys-devices-virtual-block-loop1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop1


sys-devices-virtual-block-loop2.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop2


sys-devices-virtual-block-loop3.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop3


sys-devices-virtual-block-loop4.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop4


sys-devices-virtual-misc-rfkill.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/misc/rfkill


sys-devices-virtual-tty-ttyprintk.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/tty/ttyprintk


sys-module-fuse.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/fuse


sys-subsystem-net-devices-enp0s3.device loaded active plugged 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (PRO/1000 MT Desktop Adapter)


-.mount loaded active mounted Root Mount


dev-hugepages.mount loaded active mounted Huge Pages File System


dev-mqueue.mount loaded active mounted POSIX Message Queue File System


run-user-1000-gvfs.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000/gvfs


run-user-1000.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000


snap-core-3887.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core


snap-core-4017.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core


snap-core-4110.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core


snap-gping-13.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for gping


snap-termiusx2dapp-8.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for termius-app


sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount loaded active mounted FUSE Control File System


sys-kernel-debug.mount loaded active mounted Debug File System


acpid.path loaded active running ACPI Events Check


cups.path loaded active running CUPS Scheduler


systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path loaded active waiting Forward Password Requests to Plymouth Directory Watch


systemd-ask-password-wall.path loaded active waiting Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch


init.scope loaded active running System and Service Manager


session-c2.scope loaded active running Session c2 of user magi


accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service


acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon


anacron.service loaded active running Run anacron jobs


apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server


apparmor.service loaded active exited AppArmor initialization


apport.service loaded active exited LSB: automatic crash report generation


aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon


atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor


atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon


avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack


colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles


console-setup.service loaded active exited Set console font and keymap


cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon


cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally


cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler


dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus


postfix.service loaded active exited Postfix Mail Transport Agent


UNIT 相应的 systemd 单元名称


LOAD 相应的单元是否被加载到内存中


ACTIVE 该单元是否处于活动状态


SUB 该单元是否处于运行状态(LCTT 译注:是较于 ACTIVE 更加详细的状态描述,不同的单元类型有不同的状态。)


DESCRIPTION 关于该单元的简短描述


以下选项可根据类型列出单元:


systemctl list-units --type service


UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION


accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service


acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon


anacron.service loaded active running Run anacron jobs


apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server


apparmor.service loaded active exited AppArmor initialization


apport.service loaded active exited LSB: automatic crash report generation


aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon


atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor


atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon


avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack


colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles


console-setup.service loaded active exited Set console font and keymap


cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon


cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally


cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler


dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus


fwupd.service loaded active running Firmware update daemon


getty@tty1.service loaded active running Getty on tty1


grub-common.service loaded active exited LSB: Record successful boot for GRUB


irqbalance.service loaded active running LSB: daemon to balance interrupts for SMP systems


keyboard-setup.service loaded active exited Set the console keyboard layout


kmod-static-nodes.service loaded active exited Create list of required static device nodes for the current kernel


以下选项可帮助您根据状态列出单位,输出与前例类似但更直截了当:


systemctl list-unit-files --type service


UNIT FILE STATE


accounts-daemon.service enabled


acpid.service disabled


alsa-restore.service static


alsa-state.service static


alsa-utils.service masked


anacron-resume.service enabled


anacron.service enabled


apache-htcacheclean.service disabled


apache-htcacheclean@.service disabled


apache2.service enabled


apache2@.service disabled


apparmor.service enabled


apport-forward@.service static


apport.service generated


apt-daily-upgrade.service static


apt-daily.service static


aptik-battery-monitor.service generated


atop.service enabled


atopacct.service enabled


autovt@.service enabled


avahi-daemon.service enabled


bluetooth.service enabled


运行以下命令以查看指定服务的状态:


systemctl | grep apache2


apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server


或者,使用以下命令也可查看指定服务的状态:


systemctl status apache2


● apache2.service - The Apache HTTP Server


Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)


Drop-In: /lib/systemd/system/apache2.service.d


└─apache2-systemd.conf


Active: active (running) since Tue 2018-03-06 12:34:09 IST; 8min ago


Process: 2786 ExecReload=/usr/sbin/apachectl graceful (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)


Main PID: 1171 (apache2)


Tasks: 55 (limit: 4915)


CGroup: /system.slice/apache2.service


├─1171 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start


├─2790 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start


└─2791 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start


Mar 06 12:34:08 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...


Mar 06 12:34:09 magi-VirtualBox apachectl[1089]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 10.0.2.15. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppre


Mar 06 12:34:09 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.


Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Reloading The Apache HTTP Server.


Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox apachectl[2786]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::7929:4ed1:279f:4d65. Set the 'ServerName' directive gl


Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Reloaded The Apache HTTP Server.


执行以下命令,只查看正在运行的服务:


systemctl | grep running


acpid.path loaded active running ACPI Events Check


cups.path loaded active running CUPS Scheduler


init.scope loaded active running System and Service Manager


session-c2.scope loaded active running Session c2 of user magi


accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service


acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon


apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server


aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon


atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor


atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon


avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack


colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles


cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon


cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally


cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler


dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus


fwupd.service loaded active running Firmware update daemon


getty@tty1.service loaded active running Getty on tty1


irqbalance.service loaded active running LSB: daemon to balance interrupts for SMP systems


lightdm.service loaded active running Light Display Manager


ModemManager.service loaded active running Modem Manager


NetworkManager.service loaded active running Network Manager


polkit.service loaded active running Authorization Manager


使用以下命令查看系统启动时会被启用的服务列表:


systemctl list-unit-files | grep enabled


acpid.path enabled


cups.path enabled


accounts-daemon.service enabled


anacron-resume.service enabled


anacron.service enabled


apache2.service enabled


apparmor.service enabled


atop.service enabled


atopacct.service enabled


autovt@.service enabled


avahi-daemon.service enabled


bluetooth.service enabled


console-setup.service enabled


cron.service enabled


cups-browsed.service enabled


cups.service enabled


display-manager.service enabled


dns-clean.service enabled


friendly-recovery.service enabled


getty@.service enabled


gpu-manager.service enabled


keyboard-setup.service enabled


lightdm.service enabled


ModemManager.service enabled


network-manager.service enabled


networking.service enabled


NetworkManager-dispatcher.service enabled


NetworkManager-wait-online.service enabled


NetworkManager.service enabled


systemd-cgtop 按资源使用情况(任务、CPU、内存、输入和输出)列出控制组:


systemd-cgtop


Control Group Tasks %CPU Memory Input/s Output/s


/ - - 1.5G - -


/init.scope 1 - - - -


/system.slice 153 - - - -


/system.slice/ModemManager.service 3 - - - -


/system.slice/NetworkManager.service 4 - - - -


/system.slice/accounts-daemon.service 3 - - - -


/system.slice/acpid.service 1 - - - -


/system.slice/apache2.service 55 - - - -


/system.slice/aptik-battery-monitor.service 1 - - - -


/system.slice/atop.service 1 - - - -


/system.slice/atopacct.service 1 - - - -


/system.slice/avahi-daemon.service 2 - - - -


/system.slice/colord.service 3 - - - -


/system.slice/cron.service 1 - - - -


/system.slice/cups-browsed.service 3 - - - -


/system.slice/cups.service 2 - - - -


/system.slice/dbus.service 6 - - - -


/system.slice/fwupd.service 5 - - - -


/system.slice/irqbalance.service 1 - - - -


/system.slice/lightdm.service 7 - - - -


/system.slice/polkit.service 3 - - - -


/system.slice/repowerd.service 14 - - - -


/system.slice/rsyslog.service 4 - - - -


/system.slice/rtkit-daemon.service 3 - - - -


/system.slice/snapd.service 8 - - - -


/system.slice/system-getty.slice 1 - - - -


同时,我们可以使用 pstree 命令(输出来自 SysVinit 系统)查看正在运行的服务:


pstree


init-+-crond


|-httpd---2*[httpd]


|-kthreadd/99149---khelper/99149


|-2*[mingetty]


|-mysqld_safe---mysqld---9*[{mysqld}]


|-rsyslogd---3*[{rsyslogd}]


|-saslauthd---saslauthd


|-2*[sendmail]


|-sshd---sshd---bash---pstree


|-udevd


`-xinetd


我们还可以使用 pstree 命令(输出来自 systemd 系统)查看正在运行的服务:


pstree


systemd─┬─ModemManager─┬─{gdbus}


│ └─{gmain}


├─NetworkManager─┬─dhclient


│ ├─{gdbus}


│ └─{gmain}


├─accounts-daemon─┬─{gdbus}


│ └─{gmain}


├─acpid


├─agetty


├─anacron


├─apache2───2[apache2───26[{apache2}]]


├─aptd───{gmain}


├─aptik-battery-m


├─atop


├─atopacctd


├─avahi-daemon───avahi-daemon


├─colord─┬─{gdbus}


│ └─{gmain}


├─cron


├─cups-browsed─┬─{gdbus}


│ └─{gmain}


├─cupsd


├─dbus-daemon


├─fwupd─┬─{GUsbEventThread}


│ ├─{fwupd}


│ ├─{gdbus}


│ └─{gmain}


├─gnome-keyring-d─┬─{gdbus}


│ ├─{gmain}


│ └─{timer}


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