本文来自http://blog.csdn.net/liuxian13183/ ，引用必须注明出处！
关于线程，用很长时间了，主线程下的子线程去做一些事情，就是一个代理模式，主线程分代理权给子线程，子线程帮主线程完成一些任务。
线程的方法大部分都是使用Native使用，不允许应用层修改，是CPU调度的最基本单元。实现线程的方式有三种：使用内核线程、用户线程和混合线程来实现，奉行先行发生的原则。
内核线程：每个生成的线程，都1：1配比一个内核线程来支持，即双线程机制，消耗一个内核资源，类似手机中应用进程
用户线程：普通线程，高速且低耗，创建、切换、调度等问题都需要自己处理
混合实现：降低被阻塞的风险，用户线程与内核线程相当于M:N的关系
线程的调度方式主要有两种：协同式和抢占式，前者简单但不可控制，一个线程执行完通知另外一个；抢占式可以通过yield方法让出执行时间，Java目前就采用这种，同时可以使用设置优先级的方式来提前线程执行顺序，但有可能被“系统”关闭。
今天我们来看下线程的源码，进行系统的学习。
1、首先线程有六种状态
public enum State {
/**
* The thread has been created, but has never been started.
*/
NEW,
/**
* The thread may be run.
*/
RUNNABLE,
/**
* The thread is blocked and waiting for a lock.
*/
BLOCKED,
/**
* The thread is waiting.
*/
WAITING,
/**
* The thread is waiting for a specified amount of time.
*/
TIMED_WAITING,
/**
* The thread has been terminated.
*/
TERMINATED
}NEW:刚创建还没启动
RUNNABLE:可以执行
BLOCKED:堵塞状态，等待持有锁
WAITING :处理等待状态
TIMED_WAITING:等待一些时间
TERMINATED:终止
/**
* The maximum priority value allowed for a thread.
*/
public static final int MAX_PRIORITY = 10;
/**
* The minimum priority value allowed for a thread.
*/
public static final int MIN_PRIORITY = 1;
/**
* The normal (default) priority value assigned to threads.
*/
public static final int NORM_PRIORITY = 5;2、分别是线程可设置的最大、最小和默认优先级，级别越高执行越靠前
/**
* Holds the thread's ID. We simply count upwards, so
* each Thread has a unique ID.
*/
private long id;3、每个线程都有一个独一无二的ID
public Thread() {
create(null, null, null, 0);
}private void create(ThreadGroup group, Runnable runnable, String threadName, long stackSize) {
Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
if (group == null) {
group = currentThread.getThreadGroup();
}
if (group.isDestroyed()) {
throw new IllegalThreadStateException("Group already destroyed");
}
this.group = group;
synchronized (Thread.class) {
id = ++Thread.count;
}
if (threadName == null) {
this.name = "Thread-" + id;
} else {
this.name = threadName;
}
this.target = runnable;
this.stackSize = stackSize;
this.priority = currentThread.getPriority();
this.contextClassLoader = currentThread.contextClassLoader;
// Transfer over InheritableThreadLocals.
if (currentThread.inheritableValues != null) {
inheritableValues = new ThreadLocal.Values(currentThread.inheritableValues);
}
// add ourselves to our ThreadGroup of choice
this.group.addThread(this);
}4、初始化一个空的线程，获得当前运行的线程群组，设置id,name,执行线程runnable,池大小stackSize,优先级，并加入到线程群组，这是一个无参的Thread，正常情况下应该有ThreadGroup、Runnable、threadName和stackSize这四个参数。一般threadName如果为空，则报出NullPointerException,stackSize默认为0。
/**
* Destroys the receiver without any monitor cleanup.
*
* @deprecated Not implemented.
*/
@Deprecated
public void destroy() {
throw new NoSuchMethodError("Thread.destroy()"); // TODO Externalize???
}5、destroy方法在java7已经被抛弃。
public void interrupt() {
synchronized (interruptActions) {
for (int i = interruptActions.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
interruptActions.get(i).run();
}
}
VMThread vmt = this.vmThread;
if (vmt != null) {
vmt.interrupt();
}
}6、停止当前线程，如果线程处于wait、join、sleep状态的线程，会报异常。
public final boolean isAlive() {
return (vmThread != null);
}7、线程是否死掉，主要是判断虚拟机线程有没有死掉VMThread，当然获得当前线程也是通过VMThread.currentThread()，以及接下下获得当前线程处于六大状态中的哪种。
public State getState() {
// TODO This is ugly and should be implemented better.
VMThread vmt = this.vmThread;
// Make sure we have a valid reference to an object. If native code
// deletes the reference we won't run into a null reference later.
VMThread thread = vmThread;
if (thread != null) {
// If the Thread Object became invalid or was not yet started,
// getStatus() will return -1.
int state = thread.getStatus();
if(state != -1) {
return VMThread.STATE_MAP[state];
}
}
return hasBeenStarted ? Thread.State.TERMINATED : Thread.State.NEW;
}public final void join() throws InterruptedException {
VMThread t = vmThread;
if (t == null) {
return;
}
synchronized (t) {
while (isAlive()) {
t.wait();
}
}
}8、join堵塞当前线程，使其处于等待状态，因为子线程执行的时间可能比主线程执行时间还长，所以join是主线程需要在它执行完后再销毁。当然也可以加参数join(long millis, int nanos)，使其等待N秒N毫秒，如果它已经处于join方法，则报InterruptedException 。
public final void setDaemon(boolean isDaemon) {
if (hasBeenStarted) {
throw new IllegalThreadStateException("Thread already started."); // TODO Externalize?
}
if (vmThread == null) {
daemon = isDaemon;
}
}9、设置为守护线程，必须的runnable执行前设置，会在有非守护线程运行的时候执行，无则程序退出。
public final void setPriority(int priority) {
if (priority < Thread.MIN_PRIORITY || priority > Thread.MAX_PRIORITY) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Priority out of range"); // TODO Externalize?
}
if (priority > group.getMaxPriority()) {
priority = group.getMaxPriority();
}
this.priority = priority;
VMThread vmt = this.vmThread;
if (vmt != null) {
vmt.setPriority(priority);
}
}10、优先级主要通过VMThread来设置的，注意最高设为10最低为1，否则报 IllegalArgumentException。
public static void sleep(long millis, int nanos) throws InterruptedException {
VMThread.sleep(millis, nanos);}
11、执行sleep，如果在sleep期间被interrupt,会报InterruptedException。
/**
* Starts the new Thread of execution. The <code>run()</code> method of
* the receiver will be called by the receiver Thread itself (and not the
* Thread calling <code>start()</code>).
*
* @throws IllegalThreadStateException if the Thread has been started before
*
* @see Thread#run
*/
public synchronized void start() {
if (hasBeenStarted) {
throw new IllegalThreadStateException("Thread already started."); // TODO Externalize?
}
hasBeenStarted = true;
VMThread.create(this, stackSize);
}12、线程开始执行，如果start已经执行，则报IllegalThreadStateException
@Deprecated
public final synchronized void stop(Throwable throwable) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}13、stop方法弃用
public static void yield() {
VMThread.yield();
}14、给另一个准备运行的线程让路，让它先执行
关于join和yield的区别，更在上一节：
Java中join和yield的作用
