在Java的线程池的使用会有比较多的地方,有比较多的应用场景,介绍一下Java线程池ThreadPoolExecutor。
线程是一个操作系统概念。操作系统负责这个线程的创建、挂起、运行、阻塞和终结操作。而操作系统创建线程、切换线程状态、终结线程都要进行CPU调度----这是一个耗费时间和系统资源的事情。
大多数实际场景中是这样的:处理某一次请求的时间是非常短暂的,但是请求数量是巨大的。这种背景下,如果我们为每一个请求都单独创建一个线程,那么物理机的所有资源基本上都被操作系统创建线程、切换线程状态、销毁线程这些操作所占用,用于业务请求处理的资源反而减少了。所以最理想的处理方式是,将处理请求的线程数量控制在一个范围,既保证后续的请求不会等待太长时间,又保证物理机将足够的资源用于请求处理本身。
1.ThreadPoolExecutor类
二话不多说,来看一下ThreadPoolExecutor类的具体实现源码。
继承抽象类AbstractExecutorService,它实现了ExecutorService 接口
public class ThreadPoolExecutor extends AbstractExecutorService{····}
public abstract class AbstractExecutorService implements ExecutorService {····}
public interface ExecutorService extends Executor {····}
public interface Executor {····}
ThreadPoolExecutor类中提供了四个构造方法:
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue) {
this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), defaultHandler);
}
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
threadFactory, defaultHandler);
}
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), handler);
}
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
ThreadFactory threadFactory,
RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
if (corePoolSize < 0 ||
maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||
maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||
keepAliveTime < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
this.acc = System.getSecurityManager() == null ?
null :
AccessController.getContext();
this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;
this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;
this.workQueue = workQueue;
this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);
this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
this.handler = handler;
}
构造函数中需要传入的参数包括corePoolSize、maximumPoolSize、keepAliveTime、timeUnit、workQueue、threadFactory和handler。
corePoolSize:线程池主要用于执行任务的是核心线程数量。默认情况下,在创建了线程池后,线程池中的线程数为0,当有任务来之后,就会创建一个线程去执行任务,当线程池中的线程数目达到corePoolSize后,就会把到达的任务放到缓存队列当中。
非核心线程:设置的大于corePoolSize参数小于maximumPoolSize参数的部分,就是线程池可以临时创建的“非核心线程”的最大数量。这种情况下如果某个线程没有运行任何任务,在等待keepAliveTime时间后,这个线程将会被销毁,直到线程池的线程数量重新达到corePoolSize。
maximumPoolSize:当前线程池允许创建的最大线程数量。那么如果设置的corePoolSize参数和设置的maximumPoolSize参数一致时,线程池在任何情况下都不会回收空闲线程。keepAliveTime和timeUnit也就失去了意义。
keepAliveTime:线程没有任务执行时最多保持多久时间会终止。默认情况下,只有当线程池中的线程数大于corePoolSize时,keepAliveTime才会起作用,直到线程池中的线程数不大于corePoolSize,即当线程池中的线程数大于corePoolSize时,如果一个线程空闲的时间达到keepAliveTime,则会终止,直到线程池中的线程数不超过corePoolSize。但是如果调用了allowCoreThreadTimeOut(boolean)方法,在线程池中的线程数不大于corePoolSize时,keepAliveTime参数也会起作用,直到线程池中的线程数为0。
timeUnit:参数keepAliveTime的时间单位。
workQueue:一个阻塞队列,用来存储等待执行的任务。一般来说,这里的阻塞队列有以下几种选择:ArrayBlockingQueue,LinkedBlockingQueue,SynchronousQueue。
threadFactory:线程工厂,主要用来创建线程。
handler:表示当拒绝处理任务时的策略。有以下四种取值:
ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy:丢弃任务并抛出RejectedExecutionException异常
ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardPolicy:也是丢弃任务,但是不抛出异常
ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardOldestPolicy:丢弃队列最前面的任务,然后重新尝试执行任务(重复此过程)
ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy:由调用线程处理该任务
2.线程池实现原理
(1)任务的执行
先来看一下ThreadPoolExecutor类中其他的一些比较重要成员变量:
private final BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue; //任务缓存队列,用来存放等待执行的任务
private final ReentrantLock mainLock = new ReentrantLock(); //线程池的主要状态锁,对线程池状态(比如线程池大小,runState等)的改变都要使用这个锁
private final HashSet<Worker> workers = new HashSet<Worker>(); //用来存放工作集
private volatile long keepAliveTime; //线程存活时间
private volatile boolean allowCoreThreadTimeOut; //是否允许为核心线程设置存活时间
private volatile int corePoolSize; //核心池的大小(即线程池中的线程数目大于这个参数时,提交的任务会被放进任务缓存队列)
private volatile int maximumPoolSize; //线程池最大能容忍的线程数
private volatile int poolSize; //线程池中当前的线程数
private volatile RejectedExecutionHandler handler; //任务拒绝策略
private volatile ThreadFactory threadFactory; //线程工厂,用来创建线程
private int largestPoolSize; //用来记录线程池中曾经出现过的最大线程数
private long completedTaskCount; //用来记录已经执行完毕的任务个数
在ThreadPoolExecutor类中,最核心的任务提交方法是execute()方法,虽然通过submit也可以提交任务,但是实际上submit方法里面最终调用的还是execute()方法,所以我们只需要研究execute()方法的实现原理即可:
public void execute(Runnable command) {
if (command == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
/*
* Proceed in 3 steps:
*
* 1. If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, try to
* start a new thread with the given command as its first
* task. The call to addWorker atomically checks runState and
* workerCount, and so prevents false alarms that would add
* threads when it shouldn't, by returning false.
*
* 2. If a task can be successfully queued, then we still need
* to double-check whether we should have added a thread
* (because existing ones died since last checking) or that
* the pool shut down since entry into this method. So we
* recheck state and if necessary roll back the enqueuing if
* stopped, or start a new thread if there are none.
*
* 3. If we cannot queue task, then we try to add a new
* thread. If it fails, we know we are shut down or saturated
* and so reject the task.
*/
int c = ctl.get();
if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {
if (addWorker(command, true))
return;
c = ctl.get();
}
if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {
int recheck = ctl.get();
if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
reject(command);
else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
addWorker(null, false);
}
else if (!addWorker(command, false))
reject(command);
}
·····························································································
<未完待续>