SELECT用于从一个或多个表中检索信息,使用SELECT检索数据表需要明确:
想选择什么,以及从什么地方选择
1.检索单个列、多个列、所有列
检索单个列的sql语法:
SELECT 列名 FROM 表名
示例:
mysql> SELECT prod_name FROM Products;
+---------------------+
| prod_name |
+---------------------+
| Fish bean bag toy |
| Bird bean bag toy |
| Rabbit bean bag toy |
| 8 inch teddy bear |
| 12 inch teddy bear |
| 18 inch teddy bear |
| Raggedy Ann |
| King doll |
| Queen doll |
+---------------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
检索多个列的SQL语法:
SELECT 列名1,列名2,...列名n FROM 表名
示例:
mysql> SELECT prod_id,prod_name,prod_price
-> FROM Products;
+---------+---------------------+------------+
| prod_id | prod_name | prod_price |
+---------+---------------------+------------+
| BNBG01 | Fish bean bag toy | 3.49 |
| BNBG02 | Bird bean bag toy | 3.49 |
| BNBG03 | Rabbit bean bag toy | 3.49 |
| BR01 | 8 inch teddy bear | 5.99 |
| BR02 | 12 inch teddy bear | 8.99 |
| BR03 | 18 inch teddy bear | 11.99 |
| RGAN01 | Raggedy Ann | 4.99 |
| RYL01 | King doll | 9.49 |
| RYL02 | Queen doll | 9.49 |
+---------+---------------------+------------+
检索所有列使用*通配符:
SELECT * FROM 表名;
示例:
mysql> SELECT * FROM Orders;
+-----------+---------------------+------------+
| order_num | order_date | cust_id |
+-----------+---------------------+------------+
| 20005 | 2004-05-01 00:00:00 | 1000000001 |
| 20006 | 2004-01-12 00:00:00 | 1000000003 |
| 20007 | 2004-01-30 00:00:00 | 1000000004 |
| 20008 | 2004-02-03 00:00:00 | 1000000005 |
| 20009 | 2004-02-08 00:00:00 | 1000000001 |
+-----------+---------------------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2.使用DISTINCT关键字
如果想查询某一列不重复的结果,可以使用DISTINCT关键字去除重复项返回不重复的结果。从Products表中查询不重复的供应商ID,返回所有结果的查询:
mysql> SELECT vend_id from Products;
+---------+
| vend_id |
+---------+
| DLL01 |
| DLL01 |
| DLL01 |
| BRS01 |
| BRS01 |
| BRS01 |
| DLL01 |
| FNG01 |
| FNG01 |
+---------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用DISTINCT关键字去除重复项:
mysql> SELECT DISTINCT vend_id FROM Products;
+---------+
| vend_id |
+---------+
| DLL01 |
| BRS01 |
| FNG01 |
+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.指定查询数量
SELECT列名的方式会返回所有匹配的行,如果想返回一定数量的记录可以在SELECT查询后面加上限制。这一查询在不同的数据库中实现不相同。在mysql中使用limit关键字,语法:
SELECT 列名 FROM 表名 limit 条数;
比如返回prod_name的前4个:
mysql> SELECT prod_name from Products limit 4;
+---------------------+
| prod_name |
+---------------------+
| Fish bean bag toy |
| Bird bean bag toy |
| Rabbit bean bag toy |
| 8 inch teddy bear |
+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4. 查询指定位置开始的指定条数
如果想从指定位置查询一定数目的记录,可以使用offset关键字,语法:
SELECT 列名 from 表名 limit 返回结果数目 offset 开始位置;
比如返回从第3条记录开始的4条数据,数据库中的第一条记录位置从0,因此第3条记录的位置为2:
mysql> SELECT prod_name from Products limit 4 offset 2;
+---------------------+
| prod_name |
+---------------------+
| Rabbit bean bag toy |
| 8 inch teddy bear |
| 12 inch teddy bear |
| 18 inch teddy bear |
+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5.使用where子句过滤数据
SELECT语句中可以根据WHERE子句制定搜索条件进行过滤。例如:
mysql> select prod_id,prod_name,prod_price from Products where prod_price=3.49;
+---------+---------------------+------------+
| prod_id | prod_name | prod_price |
+---------+---------------------+------------+
| BNBG01 | Fish bean bag toy | 3.49 |
| BNBG02 | Bird bean bag toy | 3.49 |
| BNBG03 | Rabbit bean bag toy | 3.49 |
+---------+---------------------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5.1 where操作符
WHERE子句可以使用常用的操作符:
操作符 | 说明 |
---|---|
= | 等于 |
<> | 不等于 |
!= | 不等于 |
> | 大于 |
> = |
大于等于 |
< | 小于 |
<= | 小于等于 |
between A and B | 介于A和B之间,包含A和B |
IS NULL | 为空值 |
空值检验例子:
mysql> select cust_id,cust_name,cust_email from Customers where cust_email IS NULL;
+------------+---------------+------------+
| cust_id | cust_name | cust_email |
+------------+---------------+------------+
| 1000000002 | Kids Place | NULL |
| 1000000005 | The Toy Store | NULL |
+------------+---------------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5.2AND操作符
mysql> select vend_id,prod_price,prod_name from Products Where vend_id='DLL01' AND prod_price <=4;
+---------+------------+---------------------+
| vend_id | prod_price | prod_name |
+---------+------------+---------------------+
| DLL01 | 3.49 | Fish bean bag toy |
| DLL01 | 3.49 | Bird bean bag toy |
| DLL01 | 3.49 | Rabbit bean bag toy |
+---------+------------+---------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5.3OR 操作符
mysql> select vend_id,prod_price,prod_name from Products Where vend_id='DLL01' OR prod_price <=4;
+---------+------------+---------------------+
| vend_id | prod_price | prod_name |
+---------+------------+---------------------+
| DLL01 | 3.49 | Fish bean bag toy |
| DLL01 | 3.49 | Bird bean bag toy |
| DLL01 | 3.49 | Rabbit bean bag toy |
| DLL01 | 4.99 | Raggedy Ann |
+---------+------------+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5.4IN 操作符
IN操作符用来制定条件范围,范围中的每个条件都可以进行匹配。和OR的功能一样,但比OR有更好的性能。
查询vend_id为”DLL01”或”BRS01”的产品:
mysql> SELECT prod_name,vend_id,prod_price FROM Products WHERE vend_id IN('DLL01','BRS01') ORDER BY prod_price;
+---------------------+---------+------------+
| prod_name | vend_id | prod_price |
+---------------------+---------+------------+
| Fish bean bag toy | DLL01 | 3.49 |
| Bird bean bag toy | DLL01 | 3.49 |
| Rabbit bean bag toy | DLL01 | 3.49 |
| Raggedy Ann | DLL01 | 4.99 |
| 8 inch teddy bear | BRS01 | 5.99 |
| 12 inch teddy bear | BRS01 | 8.99 |
| 18 inch teddy bear | BRS01 | 11.99 |
+---------------------+---------+------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5.5NOT操作符
WHERE子句操作符的功能是否定其后所跟的任何条件。比如列出出了DLL01之外的所有供应商制造的产品:
SELECT prod_name,vend_id from Products where NOT vend_id='DLL01' ORDER BY prod_name;
+--------------------+---------+
| prod_name | vend_id |
+--------------------+---------+
| 12 inch teddy bear | BRS01 |
| 18 inch teddy bear | BRS01 |
| 8 inch teddy bear | BRS01 |
| King doll | FNG01 |
| Queen doll | FNG01 |
+--------------------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5.6% 通配符
- a%匹配任何以a开头的字符
- %b匹配任何以b结尾的字符
- %c%c匹配任何包含c的字符
查询以r开头的产品:
mysql> SELECT prod_name,vend_id from Products where prod_name like 'r%' ORDER BY prod_name;
+---------------------+---------+
| prod_name | vend_id |
+---------------------+---------+
| Rabbit bean bag toy | DLL01 |
| Raggedy Ann | DLL01 |
+---------------------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
找出prod_name以F起头以y结尾的产品:
mysql> SELECT prod_name,vend_id from Products where prod_name like 'F%y' ORDER BY prod_name;
+-------------------+---------+
| prod_name | vend_id |
+-------------------+---------+
| Fish bean bag toy | DLL01 |
+-------------------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
5.7下划线(_)通配符
一个下划线匹配一个字符:
mysql> select prod_id,prod_name from Products Where prod_name LIKE '__ inch teddy bear';
+---------+--------------------+
| prod_id | prod_name |
+---------+--------------------+
| BR02 | 12 inch teddy bear |
| BR03 | 18 inch teddy bear |
+---------+--------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5.8通配符使用技巧
- 通配符的搜索要消耗更长大处理时间。在其它操作符能达到相同目的的时候应该使用其他操作符
- 在确定要使用通配符石尽量不要把通配符永在搜索模式到开始处。
- 应该仔细注意通配符的位置.
6.创建计算字段
存储在表中的数据有时候都不是应用程序所需要的,需要从数据库中转换、计算出来,比如有商品的价格和数量,打印报表的时候需要打印出总价,这就是计算字段的概念。
6.1拼接字段
mysql> select CONCAT(cust_name,' (', cust_email,' )') as customer_email From Customers;
+------------------------------------------+
| customer_email |
+------------------------------------------+
| Village Toys (sales@villagetoys.com ) |
| NULL |
| Fun4All (jjones@fun4all.com ) |
| Fun4All (dstephens@fun4all.com ) |
| NULL |
+------------------------------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
6.2算术计算
Orders中包含所用订单,OrderItems表包含每个订单中的各项物品,检索订单号为20008的所有物品:
mysql> Select prod_id,quantity,item_price FROM OrderItems
-> WHERE order_num=20008;
+---------+----------+------------+
| prod_id | quantity | item_price |
+---------+----------+------------+
| RGAN01 | 5 | 5 |
| BR03 | 5 | 12 |
| BNBG01 | 10 | 3 |
| BNBG02 | 10 | 3 |
| BNBG03 | 10 | 3 |
+---------+----------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
计算总价:
mysql> SELECT prod_id,quantity,item_price,quantity*item_price as expanded_price FROM OrderItems where order_num=20008;
+---------+----------+------------+----------------+
| prod_id | quantity | item_price | expanded_price |
+---------+----------+------------+----------------+
| RGAN01 | 5 | 5 | 25 |
| BR03 | 5 | 12 | 60 |
| BNBG01 | 10 | 3 | 30 |
| BNBG02 | 10 | 3 | 30 |
| BNBG03 | 10 | 3 | 30 |
+---------+----------+------------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
7.SQL 函数
为了数据的转换和处理方便,SQL提供了函数用来处理文本字符串、进行算术操作、处理日期和时间值、返回DBMS所使用的特殊信息。
7.1、文本处理函数
文本处理函数常用的大小写转换、清除空格、统计长度、返回SOUNDEX同音字符串等。
大写转换使用UPPER()函数:
mysql> select UPPER(cust_name) FROM Customers;
+------------------+
| UPPER(cust_name) |
+------------------+
| VILLAGE TOYS |
| KIDS PLACE |
| FUN4ALL |
| FUN4ALL |
| THE TOY STORE |
+------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
小写转换使用LOWER()函数:
select LOWER(cust_name) FROM Customers;
SOUNDEX用于返回同音字符串,比如在Customers表中cust_contact列的名字为Michelle Green,如果输入错误Michael Green将会查不到结果:
mysql> SELECT cust_name,cust_contact FROM Customers where cust_contact = 'Michael Green';
Empty set (0.00 sec)
使用SOUNDEX函数后:
mysql> SELECT cust_name,cust_contact FROM Customers where SOUNDEX(cust_contact) =SOUNDEX('Michael Green');
+------------+----------------+
| cust_name | cust_contact |
+------------+----------------+
| Kids Place | Michelle Green |
+------------+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
7.2、时间和日期处理函数
提取日期年份(说明:不同的DBMS对日期处理函数的支持不一样,这里使用的是mysql):
查询2010年的订单:
mysql> select * from Orders WHERE YEAR(ORDER_DATE)=2010;
+-----------+---------------------+------------+
| order_num | order_date | cust_id |
+-----------+---------------------+------------+
| 20010 | 2010-05-27 00:00:00 | 1000000010 |
| 20011 | 2010-09-27 00:00:00 | 1000000011 |
| 20013 | 2010-11-12 00:00:00 | 1000000013 |
| 20015 | 2010-04-15 00:00:00 | 1000000015 |
+-----------+---------------------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
7.3、数值处理函数
数值处理函数可以用户代数、三角或几何运算。
函数 | 说明 |
---|---|
ABS() | 返回一个数的绝对值 |
COS() | 返回一个角度的余弦值 |
EXP() | 返回一个数的指数值 |
PI() | 返回圆周率 |
SIN() | 返回一个角度的正弦值 |
SORT() | 返回一个数的平方根 |
TAN() | 返回一个角度的正切 |
7.4、聚集函数
聚集函数可以用来求和、求平均值、求最大最小值、统计行数、求标准差。
以Products表的pord_price列为例:
求和SUM():
mysql> select SUM(prod_price) AS SUM FROM Products;
+-------+
| SUM |
+-------+
| 61.41 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
求平均值AVG():
mysql> select AVG(prod_price) AS AVG FROM Products;
+----------+
| AVG |
+----------+
| 6.823333 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
求最大值MAX()
mysql> select MAX(prod_price) AS MAX_PRICE FROM Products;
+-----------+
| MAX_PRICE |
+-----------+
| 11.99 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
求最小值MIN()
mysql> select MIN(prod_price) AS MIN_PRICE FROM Products;
+-----------+
| MIN_PRICE |
+-----------+
| 3.49 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
统计行数COUNT()
mysql> select COUNT(*) AS TOTAL FROM PRODUCTS;
+-------+
| TOTAL |
+-------+
| 9 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
求标准差STD()
mysql> select STD(prod_price) AS STD FROM PRODUCTS;
+----------+
| STD |
+----------+
| 3.036811 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
组合使用聚集函数
select语句可以根据需求同时使用多个聚集函数:
mysql> select COUNT(*) AS 总个数,Max(prod_price) AS 最高价格 from Products;
+-----------+--------------+
| 总个数 | 最高价格 |
+-----------+--------------+
| 9 | 11.99 |
+-----------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
7.5 使用GROUP BY分组
ORDER BY子句用于WHERE语句之后,ORDER BY子句之前。
以OrderItems表为列,先把OrderItems表列出来:
mysql> select * from OrderItems;
+-----------+------------+---------+----------+------------+
| order_num | order_item | prod_id | quantity | item_price |
+-----------+------------+---------+----------+------------+
| 20005 | 1 | BR01 | 100 | 5 |
| 20005 | 2 | BR03 | 100 | 11 |
| 20006 | 1 | BR01 | 20 | 6 |
| 20006 | 2 | BR02 | 10 | 9 |
| 20006 | 3 | BR03 | 10 | 12 |
| 20007 | 1 | BR03 | 50 | 11 |
| 20007 | 2 | BNBG01 | 100 | 3 |
| 20007 | 3 | BNBG02 | 100 | 3 |
| 20007 | 4 | BNBG03 | 100 | 3 |
| 20007 | 5 | RGAN01 | 50 | 4 |
| 20008 | 1 | RGAN01 | 5 | 5 |
| 20008 | 2 | BR03 | 5 | 12 |
| 20008 | 3 | BNBG01 | 10 | 3 |
| 20008 | 4 | BNBG02 | 10 | 3 |
| 20008 | 5 | BNBG03 | 10 | 3 |
| 20009 | 1 | BNBG01 | 250 | 2 |
| 20009 | 2 | BNBG02 | 250 | 2 |
| 20009 | 3 | BNBG03 | 250 | 2 |
+-----------+------------+---------+----------+------------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec)
如果要查出来prod_id为BNG01、BNG02。。。的各有多少个,可以使用GROUP BY,聚集的时候先分组数据,然后统计:
mysql> select prod_id,COUNT(*) AS prod_num from OrderItems group by prod_id;
+---------+----------+
| prod_id | prod_num |
+---------+----------+
| BNBG01 | 3 |
| BNBG02 | 3 |
| BNBG03 | 3 |
| BR01 | 2 |
| BR02 | 1 |
| BR03 | 4 |
| RGAN01 | 2 |
+---------+----------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
当需要引用一个条件,而该条件需要引用一个聚集函数的时候,使用HAVING子句,比如在上面的分组查询中,筛选个数大于2的:
mysql> select prod_id,COUNT(*) AS prod_num from OrderItems group by prod_id HAVING COUNT(*)>2;
+---------+----------+
| prod_id | prod_num |
+---------+----------+
| BNBG01 | 3 |
| BNBG02 | 3 |
| BNBG03 | 3 |
| BR03 | 4 |
+---------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)