Netty In Action中文版 - 第十一章:WebSocket
本章介绍
- WebSocket
- ChannelHandler,Decoder and Encoder
- 引导一个Netty基础程序
- 测试WebSocket
“real-time-web”实时web现在随处可见,很多的用户希望能从web站点实时获取信息。Netty支持WebSocket实现,并包含了不同的版本,我们可以非常容易的实现WebSocket应用。使用Netty附带的WebSocket,我们不需要关注协议内部实现,只需要使用Netty提供的一些简单的方法就可以实现。本章将通过的例子应用帮助你来使用WebSocket并了解它是如何工作。
11.1 WebSockets some background
关于WebSocket的一些概念和背景,可以查询网上相关介绍。这里不赘述。
11.2 面临的挑战
要显示“real-time”支持的WebSocket,应用程序将显示如何使用Netty中的WebSocket实现一个在浏览器中进行聊天的IRC应用程序。你可能知道从Facebook可以发送文本消息到另一个人,在这里,我们将进一步了解其实现。在这个应用程序中,不同的用户可以同时交谈,非常像IRC(Internet Relay Chat,互联网中继聊天)。
上图显示的逻辑很简单:
- 一个客户端发送一条消息
- 消息被广播到其他已连接的客户端
它的工作原理就像聊天室一样,在这里例子中,我们将编写服务器,然后使用浏览器作为客户端。带着这样的思路,我们将会很简单的实现它。
11.3 实现
WebSocket使用HTTP升级机制从一个普通的HTTP连接WebSocket,因为这个应用程序使用WebSocket总是开始于HTTP(s),然后再升级。什么时候升级取决于应用程序本身。直接执行升级作为第一个操作一般是使用特定的url请求。
在这里,如果url的结尾以/ws结束,我们将只会升级到WebSocket,否则服务器将发送一个网页给客户端。升级后的连接将通过WebSocket传输所有数据。逻辑图如下:
11.3.1 处理http请求
服务器将作为一种混合式以允许同时处理http和websocket,所以服务器还需要html页面,html用来充当客户端角色,连接服务器并交互消息。因此,如果客户端不发送/ws的uri,我们需要写一个ChannelInboundHandler用来处理FullHttpRequest。看下面代码:
- package netty.in.action;
- import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
- import io.netty.channel.ChannelFutureListener;
- import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
- import io.netty.channel.DefaultFileRegion;
- import io.netty.channel.SimpleChannelInboundHandler;
- import io.netty.handler.codec.http.DefaultFullHttpResponse;
- import io.netty.handler.codec.http.DefaultHttpResponse;
- import io.netty.handler.codec.http.FullHttpRequest;
- import io.netty.handler.codec.http.FullHttpResponse;
- import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpHeaders;
- import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpResponse;
- import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpResponseStatus;
- import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpVersion;
- import io.netty.handler.codec.http.LastHttpContent;
- import io.netty.handler.ssl.SslHandler;
- import io.netty.handler.stream.ChunkedNioFile;
- import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
- /**
- * WebSocket,处理http请求
- *
- * @author c.k
- *
- */
- public class HttpRequestHandler extends
- SimpleChannelInboundHandler<FullHttpRequest> {
- //websocket标识
- private final String wsUri;
- public HttpRequestHandler(String wsUri) {
- this.wsUri = wsUri;
- }
- @Override
- protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, FullHttpRequest msg)
- throws Exception {
- //如果是websocket请求,请求地址uri等于wsuri
- if (wsUri.equalsIgnoreCase(msg.getUri())) {
- //将消息转发到下一个ChannelHandler
- ctx.fireChannelRead(msg.retain());
- } else {//如果不是websocket请求
- if (HttpHeaders.is100ContinueExpected(msg)) {
- //如果HTTP请求头部包含Expect: 100-continue,
- //则响应请求
- FullHttpResponse response = new DefaultFullHttpResponse(
- HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpResponseStatus.CONTINUE);
- ctx.writeAndFlush(response);
- }
- //获取index.html的内容响应给客户端
- RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile(
- System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/index.html", "r");
- HttpResponse response = new DefaultHttpResponse(
- msg.getProtocolVersion(), HttpResponseStatus.OK);
- response.headers().set(HttpHeaders.Names.CONTENT_TYPE,
- "text/html; charset=UTF-8");
- boolean keepAlive = HttpHeaders.isKeepAlive(msg);
- //如果http请求保持活跃,设置http请求头部信息
- //并响应请求
- if (keepAlive) {
- response.headers().set(HttpHeaders.Names.CONTENT_LENGTH,
- file.length());
- response.headers().set(HttpHeaders.Names.CONNECTION,
- HttpHeaders.Values.KEEP_ALIVE);
- }
- ctx.write(response);
- //如果不是https请求,将index.html内容写入通道
- if (ctx.pipeline().get(SslHandler.class) == null) {
- ctx.write(new DefaultFileRegion(file.getChannel(), 0, file
- .length()));
- } else {
- ctx.write(new ChunkedNioFile(file.getChannel()));
- }
- //标识响应内容结束并刷新通道
- ChannelFuture future = ctx
- .writeAndFlush(LastHttpContent.EMPTY_LAST_CONTENT);
- if (!keepAlive) {
- //如果http请求不活跃,关闭http连接
- future.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
- }
- file.close();
- }
- }
- @Override
- public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause)
- throws Exception {
- cause.printStackTrace();
- ctx.close();
- }
- }
11.3.2 处理WebSocket框架
WebSocket支持6种不同框架,如下图:
我们的程序只需要使用下面4个框架:
- CloseWebSocketFrame
- PingWebSocketFrame
- PongWebSocketFrame
- TextWebSocketFrame
我们只需要显示处理TextWebSocketFrame,其他的会自动由WebSocketServerProtocolHandler处理,看下面代码:
- package netty.in.action;
- import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
- import io.netty.channel.SimpleChannelInboundHandler;
- import io.netty.channel.group.ChannelGroup;
- import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.TextWebSocketFrame;
- import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.WebSocketServerProtocolHandler;
- /**
- * WebSocket,处理消息
- * @author c.k
- *
- */
- public class TextWebSocketFrameHandler extends
- SimpleChannelInboundHandler<TextWebSocketFrame> {
- private final ChannelGroup group;
- public TextWebSocketFrameHandler(ChannelGroup group) {
- this.group = group;
- }
- @Override
- public void userEventTriggered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object evt)
- throws Exception {
- //如果WebSocket握手完成
- if (evt == WebSocketServerProtocolHandler.ServerHandshakeStateEvent.HANDSHAKE_COMPLETE) {
- //删除ChannelPipeline中的HttpRequestHandler
- ctx.pipeline().remove(HttpRequestHandler.class);
- //写一个消息到ChannelGroup
- group.writeAndFlush(new TextWebSocketFrame("Client " + ctx.channel()
- + " joined"));
- //将Channel添加到ChannelGroup
- group.add(ctx.channel());
- }else {
- super.userEventTriggered(ctx, evt);
- }
- }
- @Override
- protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, TextWebSocketFrame msg)
- throws Exception {
- //将接收的消息通过ChannelGroup转发到所以已连接的客户端
- group.writeAndFlush(msg.retain());
- }
- }
11.3.3 初始化ChannelPipeline
看下面代码:
- package netty.in.action;
- import io.netty.channel.Channel;
- import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
- import io.netty.channel.ChannelPipeline;
- import io.netty.channel.group.ChannelGroup;
- import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpObjectAggregator;
- import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpServerCodec;
- import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.WebSocketServerProtocolHandler;
- import io.netty.handler.stream.ChunkedWriteHandler;
- /**
- * WebSocket,初始化ChannelHandler
- * @author c.k
- *
- */
- public class ChatServerInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<Channel> {
- private final ChannelGroup group;
- public ChatServerInitializer(ChannelGroup group){
- this.group = group;
- }
- @Override
- protected void initChannel(Channel ch) throws Exception {
- ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
- //编解码http请求
- pipeline.addLast(new HttpServerCodec());
- //写文件内容
- pipeline.addLast(new ChunkedWriteHandler());
- //聚合解码HttpRequest/HttpContent/LastHttpContent到FullHttpRequest
- //保证接收的Http请求的完整性
- pipeline.addLast(new HttpObjectAggregator(64 * 1024));
- //处理FullHttpRequest
- pipeline.addLast(new HttpRequestHandler("/ws"));
- //处理其他的WebSocketFrame
- pipeline.addLast(new WebSocketServerProtocolHandler("/ws"));
- //处理TextWebSocketFrame
- pipeline.addLast(new TextWebSocketFrameHandler(group));
- }
- }
WebSocketServerProtcolHandler不仅处理Ping/Pong/CloseWebSocketFrame,还和它自己握手并帮助升级WebSocket。这是执行完成握手和成功修改ChannelPipeline,并且添加需要的编码器/解码器和删除不需要的ChannelHandler。
看下图:
ChannelPipeline通过ChannelInitializer的initChannel(...)方法完成初始化,完成握手后就会更改事情。一旦这样做了,WebSocketServerProtocolHandler将取代HttpRequestDecoder、WebSocketFrameDecoder13和HttpResponseEncoder、WebSocketFrameEncoder13。另外也要删除所有不需要的ChannelHandler已获得最佳性能。这些都是HttpObjectAggregator和HttpRequestHandler。下图显示ChannelPipeline握手完成:
我们甚至没注意到它,因为它是在底层执行的。以非常灵活的方式动态更新ChannelPipeline让单独的任务在不同的ChannelHandler中实现。
11.4 结合在一起使用
一如既往,我们要将它们结合在一起使用。使用Bootstrap引导服务器和设置正确的ChannelInitializer。看下面代码:
- package netty.in.action;
- import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
- import io.netty.channel.Channel;
- import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
- import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
- import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
- import io.netty.channel.group.ChannelGroup;
- import io.netty.channel.group.DefaultChannelGroup;
- import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
- import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
- import io.netty.util.concurrent.ImmediateEventExecutor;
- import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
- /**
- * 访问地址:http://localhost:2048
- *
- * @author c.k
- *
- */
- public class ChatServer {
- private final ChannelGroup group = new DefaultChannelGroup(
- ImmediateEventExecutor.INSTANCE);
- private final EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
- private Channel channel;
- public ChannelFuture start(InetSocketAddress address) {
- ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();
- b.group(workerGroup).channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
- .childHandler(createInitializer(group));
- ChannelFuture f = b.bind(address).syncUninterruptibly();
- channel = f.channel();
- return f;
- }
- public void destroy() {
- if (channel != null)
- channel.close();
- group.close();
- workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
- }
- protected ChannelInitializer<Channel> createInitializer(ChannelGroup group) {
- return new ChatServerInitializer(group);
- }
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- final ChatServer server = new ChatServer();
- ChannelFuture f = server.start(new InetSocketAddress(2048));
- Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread() {
- @Override
- public void run() {
- server.destroy();
- }
- });
- f.channel().closeFuture().syncUninterruptibly();
- }
- }
另外,需要将index.html文件放在项目根目录,index.html内容如下:
- <html>
- <head>
- <title>Web Socket Test</title>
- </head>
- <body>
- <script type="text/javascript">
- var socket;
- if (!window.WebSocket) {
- window.WebSocket = window.MozWebSocket;
- }
- if (window.WebSocket) {
- socket = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:2048/ws");
- socket.onmessage = function(event) {
- var ta = document.getElementById('responseText');
- ta.value = ta.value + '\n' + event.data
- };
- socket.onopen = function(event) {
- var ta = document.getElementById('responseText');
- ta.value = "Web Socket opened!";
- };
- socket.onclose = function(event) {
- var ta = document.getElementById('responseText');
- ta.value = ta.value + "Web Socket closed";
- };
- } else {
- alert("Your browser does not support Web Socket.");
- }
- function send(message) {
- if (!window.WebSocket) { return; }
- if (socket.readyState == WebSocket.OPEN) {
- socket.send(message);
- } else {
- alert("The socket is not open.");
- }
- }
- </script>
- <form onsubmit="return false;">
- <input type="text" name="message" value="Hello, World!"><input
- type="button" value="Send Web Socket Data"
- onclick="send(this.form.message.value)">
- <h3>Output</h3>
- <textarea id="responseText" style="width: 500px; height: 300px;"></textarea>
- </form>
- </body>
- </html>
最后在浏览器中输入:http://localhost:2048,多开几个窗口就可以聊天了。
11.5 给WebSocket加密
上面的应用程序虽然工作的很好,但是在网络上收发消息存在很大的安全隐患,所以有必要对消息进行加密。添加这样一个加密的功能一般比较复杂,需要对代码有较大的改动。但是使用Netty就可以很容易的添加这样的功能,只需要将SslHandler加入到ChannelPipeline中就可以了。实际上还需要添加SslContext,但这不在本例子范围内。
首先我们创建一个用于添加加密Handler的handler初始化类,看下面代码:
- package netty.in.action;
- import io.netty.channel.Channel;
- import io.netty.channel.group.ChannelGroup;
- import io.netty.handler.ssl.SslHandler;
- import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
- import javax.net.ssl.SSLEngine;
- public class SecureChatServerIntializer extends ChatServerInitializer {
- private final SSLContext context;
- public SecureChatServerIntializer(ChannelGroup group,SSLContext context) {
- super(group);
- this.context = context;
- }
- @Override
- protected void initChannel(Channel ch) throws Exception {
- super.initChannel(ch);
- SSLEngine engine = context.createSSLEngine();
- engine.setUseClientMode(false);
- ch.pipeline().addFirst(new SslHandler(engine));
- }
- }
最后我们创建一个用于引导配置的类,看下面代码:
- package netty.in.action;
- import io.netty.channel.Channel;
- import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
- import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
- import io.netty.channel.group.ChannelGroup;
- import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
- import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
- /**
- * 访问地址:https://localhost:4096
- *
- * @author c.k
- *
- */
- public class SecureChatServer extends ChatServer {
- private final SSLContext context;
- public SecureChatServer(SSLContext context) {
- this.context = context;
- }
- @Override
- protected ChannelInitializer<Channel> createInitializer(ChannelGroup group) {
- return new SecureChatServerIntializer(group, context);
- }
- /**
- * 获取SSLContext需要相关的keystore文件,这里没有 关于HTTPS可以查阅相关资料,这里只介绍在Netty中如何使用
- *
- * @return
- */
- private static SSLContext getSslContext() {
- return null;
- }
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- SSLContext context = getSslContext();
- final SecureChatServer server = new SecureChatServer(context);
- ChannelFuture future = server.start(new InetSocketAddress(4096));
- Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread() {
- @Override
- public void run() {
- server.destroy();
- }
- });
- future.channel().closeFuture().syncUninterruptibly();
- }
- }