听说Hibernate已经很久了,但是直到最近才开始和它近距离的接触。很早之前在湘计就看到过一份培训的PPT,里面说到Hibernate应用于持久层,并且Hibernate和持久化似乎形影相随,总是成双成对的出现。那么Hibernate到底是做什么用的,它有什么优点呢?关于Hibernate的一些概念诸如ORM、持久化就不赘述了,我们直接开始构建我们的一个Hibernate应用(通常我们的应用都是Web应用,这里我还是建一个Web工程,但是运行的时候我用Java Application的方式运行,这样比较容易理解,因为在Web应用中Hibernate都会和Spring等框架一起使用)。
构建一个Hibernate应用我们需要准备什么东西呢?首先当然是去官网上下一个Hibernate的发布包咯,我下的是3.0。接下来我们按照如下步骤来进行
1.准备一个配置文件hibernate.cfg.xml,它里面定义了一些基本的属性,如数据库连接的相关参数、映射文件的地址等等,这个文件是必须的,Hibernate会首先解析并加载这个xml文件并存放在缓存中,我的hibernate.cfg.xml内容如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN" "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd" >
<hibernate-configuration>
<session-factory>
<property name="connection.url">
jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test
</property>
<property name="connection.driver_class">
com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
</property>
<property name="connection.username">root</property>
<property name="connection.password">111111</property>
<property name="dialect">
org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect
</property>
<property name="show_sql">true</property>
<mapping resource="cn/edu/hust/cm/mypack/Customer.hbm.xml" />
</session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>
2.我用的是Mysql数据库,不同的DBMS有些地方会不同。假设我现在数据库中有一张表存放顾客基本信息,我创建了一个Customer表,Schema如下所示:
CREATE TABLE `customer` (
`id` bigint(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`name` varchar(40) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`email` varchar(128) CHARACTER SET latin1 NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`password` varchar(8) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`phone` int(11) DEFAULT '0',
`address` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`sex` char(1) CHARACTER SET latin1 DEFAULT NULL,
`is_married` bit(1) DEFAULT NULL,
`description` text,
`image` blob,
`birthday` date DEFAULT NULL,
`registered_time` timestamp NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)
3.创建一个Customer.java文件(这就是我们所说的持久化类)
- package cn.edu.hust.cm.mypack;
- import java.io.Serializable;
- import java.sql.Date;
- import java.sql.Timestamp;
- /**
- * @author zhukai
- *
- */
- public class Customer implements Serializable {
- private Long id;
- private String name;
- private String email;
- private String password;
- private int phone;
- private boolean married;
- private String address;
- private char sex;
- private String description;
- //private byte[] image;
- private Date birthday;
- private Timestamp registeredTime;
- /**
- * hibernate要求持久化类必须提供一个不带参数的默认构造方法
- */
- public Customer() {
- // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
- }
- public String getAddress() {
- return address;
- }
- public void setAddress(String address) {
- this.address = address;
- }
- public String getDescription() {
- return description;
- }
- public void setDescription(String description) {
- this.description = description;
- }
- public Date getBirthday() {
- return birthday;
- }
- public void setBirthday(Date birthday) {
- this.birthday = birthday;
- }
- public String getEmail() {
- return email;
- }
- public void setEmail(String email) {
- this.email = email;
- }
- public Long getId() {
- return id;
- }
- public void setId(Long id) {
- this.id = id;
- }
- public boolean isMarried() {
- return married;
- }
- public void setMarried(boolean married) {
- this.married = married;
- }
- public String getName() {
- return name;
- }
- public void setName(String name) {
- this.name = name;
- }
- public String getPassword() {
- return password;
- }
- public void setPassword(String password) {
- this.password = password;
- }
- public int getPhone() {
- return phone;
- }
- public void setPhone(int phone) {
- this.phone = phone;
- }
- public Timestamp getRegisteredTime() {
- return registeredTime;
- }
- public void setRegisteredTime(Timestamp registeredTime) {
- this.registeredTime = registeredTime;
- }
- public char getSex() {
- return sex;
- }
- public void setSex(char sex) {
- this.sex = sex;
- }
- }
注意,这个类采用的是标准JavaBean形式,通常我们都要按照这个标准来构建我们的持久化类。
4.配置映射文件
一般映射文件采用约定俗成的命名规则:类名.hbm.xml,和这个类的class文件放在一个目录下面,我的Customer.hbm.xml文件如下所示:
- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
- <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping
- DTD 3.0//EN" "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/
- hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd" >
- <hibernate-mapping>
- <class name="cn.edu.hust.cm.mypack.Customer" table="CUSTOMER">
- <id name="id" type="long">
- <column name="ID"></column>
- <generator class="increment"></generator>
- </id>
- <property name="name" type="string">
- <column name="NAME" not-null="true"></column>
- </property>
- <property name="email" type="string">
- <column name="EMAIL" not-null="true"></column>
- </property>
- <property name="password" type="string">
- <column name="PASSWORD" not-null="true"></column>
- </property>
- <property name="phone" type="integer">
- <column name="PHONE" not-null="true"></column>
- </property>
- <property name="address" type="string">
- <column name="ADDRESS"></column>
- </property>
- <property name="sex" type="character">
- <column name="SEX"></column>
- </property>
- <property name="married" type="boolean">
- <column name="IS_MARRIED"></column>
- </property>
- <property name="description" type="string"></property>
- <property name="birthday" type="date">
- <column name="BIRTHDAY"></column>
- </property>
- <property name="registeredTime" type="timestamp">
- <column name="REGISTERED_TIME"></column>
- </property>
- </class>
- </hibernate-mapping>
注意,这个文件是非常关键的,它联系了我们的持久化类以及其在数据库中对应的表,具体的关系如下图所示:
映射文件就像一个字典一样,Hibernate向数据库插入数据时通过“查询”它可以知道属性对应于数据库中哪个列,从数据库中把数据读出赋给持久化类时则通过“查询”知道列对应于持久化类的哪个属性。这个比喻不是很恰当,因为并不是持久化类的所有属性都直接和表的字段匹配。
OK,现在准备工作都已经做好了,可以编写一个程序来使用Hibernate了,我的运行主程序如下所示:
- package cn.edu.hust.cm.mypack;
- import javax.servlet.*;
- import org.hibernate.*;
- import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
- import java.io.*;
- import java.sql.Date;
- import java.sql.Timestamp;
- import java.util.Iterator;
- import java.util.List;
- public class BusinessService {
- public static SessionFactory sessionFactory;
- /*静态块,类加载时即执行,用来初始化Hibernate,创建SessionFatory实例*/
- static{
- try{
- Configuration configuration=new Configuration();
- sessionFactory=configuration.configure().buildSessionFactory();
- }
- catch(Exception e){
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- finally{
- }
- }
- /*默认的构造方法*/
- public BusinessService() {
- }
- public static SessionFactory getSessionFactory() {
- return sessionFactory;
- }
- /**
- * 该方法是测试入口,对各个方法进行测试
- */
- public void test(){
- Customer customer=new Customer();
- customer.setName("朱楷");
- customer.setEmail("xiaozhu87487705@163.com");
- customer.setPassword("19840827");
- customer.setPhone(1234);
- customer.setAddress("湖北省武汉市珞瑜路1037号");
- customer.setSex('M');
- customer.setMarried(false);
- customer.setDescription("芒果网员工");
- customer.setBirthday(new Date(14*365*24*3600*1000));
- customer.setRegisteredTime(new Timestamp(36*365*24*3600*10000));
- saveCustomer(customer);
- findAllCustomers();
- loadAndUpdateCustomer(customer.getId());
- deleteAllCustomers(customer);
- }
- /**
- * 把一个Customer对象保存在数据库中
- */
- public void saveCustomer(Customer customer){
- Session session=sessionFactory.openSession();
- Transaction tx = null;//局部变量必须赋予初始值
- try{
- tx=session.beginTransaction();
- //事务开始
- session.save(customer);
- tx.commit();
- }
- catch(Exception e){
- if(tx!=null) tx.rollback();
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- finally{
- session.close();
- }
- }
- /**
- * 查询出数据中所有的持久化对象,并显示它们的基本信息
- */
- public void findAllCustomers(){
- Session session=sessionFactory.openSession();
- Transaction tx=null;
- try{
- tx=session.beginTransaction();
- //事务开始
- Iterator customers=session.createQuery("from Customer")
- .list().iterator();
- while(customers.hasNext()){
- Customer cs=(Customer)customers.next();
- System.out.println("姓名:"+cs.getName());
- System.out.println("性别:"+cs.getSex());
- System.out.println("电子邮箱:"+cs.getEmail());
- System.out.println("婚否:"+cs.isMarried());
- }
- tx.commit();
- }
- catch(Exception e){
- if(tx!=null) tx.rollback();
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- finally{
- session.close();
- }
- }
- /**
- * 加载指定的持久化对象并对其进行修改
- * @param id 对象标识符OID
- */
- public void loadAndUpdateCustomer(long id){
- Session session=sessionFactory.openSession();
- Transaction tx=null;
- try{
- tx=session.beginTransaction();
- //事务开始
- Customer cs=(Customer)session.load(Customer.class, id);
- cs.setAddress("广东省深圳市");
- tx.commit();
- }
- catch(Exception e){
- if(tx!=null) tx.rollback();
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- finally{
- session.close();
- }
- }
- public void deleteAllCustomers(Customer c){
- Session session=sessionFactory.openSession();
- Transaction tx=null;
- try{
- tx=session.beginTransaction();
- //事务开始
- session.delete(c);
- //Query query=session.createQuery("delete from Customer");
- //query.executeUpdate();
- tx.commit();
- }
- catch(Exception e){
- if(tx!=null) tx.rollback();
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- finally{
- session.close();
- }
- }
- /**
- * @param args
- */
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- BusinessService bs=new BusinessService();
- bs.test();
- sessionFactory.close();
- }
- }
这样,我们的第一个Hibernate应用程序就大功告成了,至于Hibernate中的各个类以及接口如Session、SessionFactory接口是干什么用的,在以后的学习中再陆续介绍,主要是因为我还没有好好的学习这几个类,^_^。