问题重现
让我们先来看一下以下的程序:
2 // -------------------Static fields-------------------
3 private static int staticIntVar = 10 ;
4 private static int staticComputeIntVar = ( int )(Math.random() * 10 );
5 private static String staticStrVar = " Static field init(before) " ;
6 private static Object staticRefVar = new Object();
7
8 static {
9 staticIntVar = 20 ;
10 staticStrVar = " Static block init(before) " ;
11 staticAfterIntVar = 40 ;
12 staticAfterStrVar = " Static block init(after) " ;
13 }
14
15 private static int staticAfterIntVar = 30 ;
16 private static String staticAfterStrVar = " Static field init(after) " ;
17
18 // ---------------------Instance fields----------------
19 private int fieldIntVar = 100 ;
20 private int fieldComputeIntVar = ( int )(Math.random() * 100 );
21 private String fieldStrVar = " Instance field init(before) " ;
22
23 public StaticInitSequence() {
24 fieldIntVar = 200 ;
25 fieldStrVar = " Constructor field init(before) " ;
26
27 fieldAfterIntVar = 400 ;
28 fieldAfterStrVar = " Constructor field init(after) " ;
29 }
30
31 private int fieldAfterIntVar = 300 ;
32 private String fieldAfterStrVar = " Instance field init(after) " ;
33
34 public void print() {
35 System.out.println( " ----------------Static Fields------------ " );
36 System.out.println( " staticIntVar: " + staticIntVar);
37 System.out.println( " staticComputeIntVar: " + staticComputeIntVar);
38 System.out.println( " staticStrVar: " + staticStrVar);
39 System.out.println( " staticRefVar: " + staticRefVar);
40 System.out.println( " staticAfterIntVar: " + staticAfterIntVar);
41 System.out.println( " staticAfterStrVar: " + staticAfterStrVar);
42
43 System.out.println( " -----------------Instance Fields--------- " );
44 System.out.println( " fieldIntVar : " + fieldIntVar);
45 System.out.println( " fieldComputeIntVar : " + fieldComputeIntVar);
46 System.out.println( " fieldStrVar : " + fieldStrVar);
47 System.out.println( " fieldAfterIntVar : " + fieldAfterIntVar);
48 System.out.println( " fieldAfterStrVar : " + fieldAfterStrVar);
49 }
50 }
如果我们调用以上类的print()方法(new StaticInitSequence().print()),会有什么样的结果呢?
我自认为,直接对一个字段初始化是编译器提供支持的一种编程方式,这种编程方式可以提高代码的可读性,因为用户可以直接知道一个字段的初始值,而不用到构造函数或者静态语句块里面去找。在Java中,实际编译后的二进制文件中,所有的字段初始化语句都放在了初始化函数中(类(静态)初始化函数(<clinit>)或者实例初始化(构造函数/<init>)函数)。因此在我的逻辑思维中,在源代码中,初始化函数应该可以改变字段初始化中的值,这样还就可以在字段初始化中提供一个初始值,而在初始化函数中根据需要改变它。然而另我感到意外的是Java中只有实例初始化机制是这样实现的,而静态字段初始化中没有实现这种机制(在C#中不管实例初始化和静态初始化都实现了这种机制),静态字段初始化的顺序是完全根据源代码中定义顺序来初始化的;从耦合的角度,这就是一个顺序耦合的典型。不知道为什么Java要这样实现,是否它有其他方面的问题的考虑?亦或是Java设计者或者Java编译器设计者的一个失误?不管怎么样,用sun的javac编译出来的以上程序的运行结果如下:
staticIntVar: 20
staticComputeIntVar: 7
staticStrVar: Static block init(before)
staticRefVar: java.lang.Object@14318bb
staticAfterIntVar: 30
staticAfterStrVar: Static field init(after)
----------------- Instance Fields ---------
fieldIntVar : 200
fieldComputeIntVar : 8
fieldStrVar : Constructor field init(before)
fieldAfterIntVar : 400
fieldAfterStrVar : Constructor field init(after)
问题解释:
从以上程序生成的二进制代码就可以很好的解释以上的结果:
// staticIntVar = 10
0 bipush 10
2 putstatic org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.staticIntVar : int [ 22 ]
// staticComputeIntVar = (int)(Math.random() * 10)
5 invokestatic java.lang.Math.random() : double [ 24 ]
8 ldc2_w < Double 10.0 > [ 30 ]
11 dmul
12 d2i
13 putstatic org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.staticComputeIntVar : int [ 32 ]
// staticStrVar = “Static field init(before)”
16 ldc < String " Static field init(before) " > [ 34 ]
18 putstatic org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.staticStrVar : java.lang.String [ 36 ]
// staticRefVar = new Object();
21 new java.lang.Object [ 3 ]
24 dup
25 invokespecial java.lang.Object() [ 38 ]
28 putstatic org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.staticRefVar : java.lang.Object [ 41 ]
// staticIntVar = 20
31 bipush 20
33 putstatic org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.staticIntVar : int [ 22 ]
// staticStrVar = “Static block init(before)”
36 ldc < String " Static block init(before) " > [ 43 ]
38 putstatic org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.staticStrVar : java.lang.String [ 36 ]
// staticAfterIntVar = 40
41 bipush 40
43 putstatic org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.staticAfterIntVar : int [ 45 ]
// staticAfterStr = “Statci block init(after)”
46 ldc < String " Static block init(after) " > [ 47 ]
48 putstatic org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.staticAfterStrVar : java.lang.String [ 49 ]
// staticAfterIntVar = 30
51 bipush 30
53 putstatic org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.staticAfterIntVar : int [ 45 ]
// staticAfterStrVar = “Static field init(after)”
56 ldc < String " Static field init(after) " > [ 51 ]
58 putstatic org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.staticAfterStrVar : java.lang.String [ 49 ]
61 return
< init > :
// invoke base constructor
0 aload_0 [ this ]
1 invokespecial java.lang.Object() [ 38 ]
4 aload_0 [ this ]
// fieldIntVar = 100
5 bipush 100
7 putfield org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.fieldIntVar : int [ 55 ]
// fieldComputeIntVar = (int)(Math.random() * 100)
10 aload_0 [ this ]
11 invokestatic java.lang.Math.random() : double [ 24 ]
14 ldc2_w < Double 100.0 > [ 57 ]
17 dmul
18 d2i
19 putfield org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.fieldComputeIntVar : int [ 59 ]
// fieldStrVar = “Instance field init(before)”
22 aload_0 [ this ]
23 ldc < String " Instance field init(before) " > [ 61 ]
25 putfield org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.fieldStrVar : java.lang.String [ 63 ]
// fieldAfterIntVar = 300
28 aload_0 [ this ]
29 sipush 300
32 putfield org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.fieldAfterIntVar : int [ 65 ]
// fieldAfterStrVar = “Instance field init(after)”
35 aload_0 [ this ]
36 ldc < String " Instance field init(after) " > [ 67 ]
38 putfield org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.fieldAfterStrVar : java.lang.String [ 69 ]
// fieldIntVar = 200
41 aload_0 [ this ]
42 sipush 200
45 putfield org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.fieldIntVar : int [ 55 ]
// fieldStrVar = “Constructor field init(before)”
48 aload_0 [ this ]
49 ldc < String " Constructor field init(before) " > [ 71 ]
51 putfield org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.fieldStrVar : java.lang.String [ 63 ]
// fieldAfterIntVar = 400
54 aload_0 [ this ]
55 sipush 400
58 putfield org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.fieldAfterIntVar : int [ 65 ]
// fieldAfterStrVar = “Constructor field init(after)”
61 aload_0 [ this ]
62 ldc < String " Constructor field init(after) " > [ 73 ]
64 putfield org.levin.insidejvm.miscs.staticinit.StaticInitSequence.fieldAfterStrVar : java.lang.String [ 69 ]
67 return
问题延伸
在这里,细心的人可能还会想到另外一个问题,如果StaticInitSequence类还有父类,并且父类中同同时有静态成员初始化,静态语句块初始化,实例成员初始化,构造函数初始化,那会这样的顺序会是怎么样的呢?在Java中,保证父类的初始化要早于子类的初始化,因而如果有父类存在的话,一定是先父类初始化做好以后才做子类的初始化(这一点和C#又有略微的不同,在C#中,子类的字段初始化语句要早于父类的初始化语句和构造函数),并且是先静态初始化再实例初始化。
注:这些文章都是前些时候写的,之前博客很乱,也都是随便贴一些自己写的或转载的,还有一些则是没有贴出来过的。现在打算好好整理一下,完整的记录自己的一些学习历程,而每次看到过去的时间,则让我想起以前的日子,因而我对时间一直是很重视的,所以每篇都著名写的日期,直到最先的文章出现。:)