这次我们的目标是画一个会和时间同步的时钟,不过没有美学感觉,样子丑的厉害。
HTML5支持canvas了,我们可以直接在页面上绘图了,我看了下canvas和GDI+的接口差不多,所以我们先了解些基本的概念和方式,然后来做一个应用吧。
我们做所有的画之情需要一个画布,html的canvas标签就是帮我们声明了一个画布。
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- <canvas id="mycanvas">
- </canvas>
这个默认的画布的大小是300*150,接下来的工作大多就是javaScript来做了。
首先要实例化这个画布
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- $(
- function() {
- var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");
- $.log(canvas.width);
- $.log(canvas.height);
- var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- $.log(context.canvas);
- $.log(context.fillStyle); //要填充的区域的颜色
- $.log(context.strokeStyle); //要绘制的线条的颜色
- $.log(context.lineCap); //笔帽样式
- $.log(context.lineJoin); //两条连续线段的连接样式
- $.log(context.lineWidth); //线段的宽度
- $.log(context.miterLimit); //斜联接
- $.log(context.shadowColor); //阴影的颜色,默认为#000000,
- $.log(context.shadowOffsetX); //阴影在x方向上的偏移量,默认为0,不受坐标转换的影响。
- $.log(context.shadowOffsetY); //阴影在y方向上的偏移量,默认为0,不受坐标转换的影响。
- $.log(context.shadowBlur); //阴影的模糊度,默认为0,负数值将会被忽略
- }
- );
上面的结果你可以得到一个大致的想法,就是content可以认为是我们将来作画用的画笔(估计有专业人士对强烈抗议,我直接忽略),canvas就是我们的画布。我们现在的画笔是2D的画笔,换句话说就是画平面几何的画笔。
接下来,就是我们利用这个画笔来学习怎么画了
各种线
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- $(
- function() {
- var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");
- var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";
- context.beginPath();
- context.lineCap = "butt"; //默认
- context.lineWidth = 10;
- context.moveTo(10, 10);
- context.lineTo(100, 10); //简单的一条线
- context.stroke(); //该方法真正在画布上绘制该线段
- context.beginPath();
- context.lineCap = "round"; //圆形线头
- context.moveTo(10, 30);
- context.lineTo(100, 30);
- context.stroke(); //该方法真正在画布上绘制该线段
- context.beginPath();
- context.lineCap = "square"; //方形线头
- context.moveTo(10, 50);
- context.lineTo(100, 50);
- context.stroke(); //该方法真正在画布上绘制该线段
- }
- );
- 各种阴影
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- $(
- function() {
- var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");
- var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";
- context.lineWidth = 10;
- context.shadowColor = "#0000FF";
- context.beginPath();
- context.lineCap = "round";
- context.moveTo(10, 10);
- context.lineTo(100, 10);
- context.shadowOffsetX = 10;
- context.shadowBlur = 10;
- context.stroke();
- context.beginPath();
- context.lineCap = "round";
- context.moveTo(10, 30);
- context.lineTo(100, 30);
- context.shadowOffsetY = 10;
- context.shadowBlur = 10;
- context.stroke();
- }
- );
- 各种线∠连接
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- $(
- function() {
- var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");
- var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";
- context.lineWidth = 10;
- context.shadowColor = "#0000FF";
- context.beginPath();
- context.lineJoin = "miter"; //两条线段的外边缘一直扩展到它们相交
- context.moveTo(10, 70);
- context.lineTo(50, 10);
- context.lineTo(80, 70);
- context.stroke();
- context.lineJoin = "bevel"; //以一个斜边进行连接
- context.moveTo(100, 70);
- context.lineTo(140, 10);
- context.lineTo(180, 70);
- context.stroke();
- context.lineJoin = "round"; //:以一个圆弧边进行连接
- context.beginPath();
- context.moveTo(200, 70);
- context.lineTo(240, 10);
- context.lineTo(280, 70);
- context.stroke();
- context.closePath(); //关闭path
- }
- );
- mitre的限定
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- $(
- function() {
- var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");
- var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";
- context.lineWidth = 10;
- context.shadowColor = "#0000FF";
- context.beginPath();
- context.miterLimit = 1; //miterLimit 属性为斜面的长度设置一个上限。
- //只对线条使用设置为 "miter" 的 lineJoin 属性绘制并且两条线段以锐角相交的时候有效
- context.lineJoin = "miter"; //两条线段的外边缘一直扩展到它们相交
- context.moveTo(10, 70);
- context.lineTo(50, 10);
- context.lineTo(80, 70);
- context.stroke();
- }
- );
- 各种几何图形
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- $(
- function() {
- var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");
- canvas.height = 500; //改变默认高度
- canvas.width = 500;
- var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.lineWidth = 2;
- context.shadowColor = "#0000FF";
- //矩形
- context.beginPath();
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50); //实体矩形:x,y,width,height
- context.strokeRect(70, 10, 50, 50)//空心矩形:x,y,width,height
- //context.move(10,100);
- //圆弧:x, y, radius, startAngle, endAngle, anticlockwise
- context.beginPath();
- context.arc(35, 110, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);
- context.stroke();
- //context.closePath();
- context.beginPath();
- context.arc(85, 110, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 180, false);
- context.stroke();
- //context.closePath();
- context.beginPath();
- context.arc(135, 110, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 180, true);
- context.stroke();
- //context.closePath();
- context.beginPath();
- context.arc(185, 110, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 180, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, true);
- context.stroke();
- //context.closePath();
- context.beginPath();
- context.arc(235, 110, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 90, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, false);
- context.fillStyle = "blue";
- context.fill();
- //context.stroke();
- //context.closePath();
- context.beginPath();
- context.arc(285, 110, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 180, (Math.PI / 180) * 45, false);
- context.closePath();
- context.stroke();
- context.beginPath();
- context.arc(335, 110, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 180, (Math.PI / 180) * 45, false);
- context.closePath();
- context.fillStyle = "blue";
- context.fill();
- context.stroke();
- //曲线
- context.beginPath();
- context.moveTo(10, 160); //二次贝塞尔曲线的起始点
- //controlX, controlY, endX, endY
- context.quadraticCurveTo(70, 280, 235, 140);
- context.stroke();
- context.closePath();
- context.beginPath();
- context.moveTo(10, 300); //三次贝塞尔曲线的起始点
- //controlX1, controlY1, controlX2, controlY2, endX, endY
- context.bezierCurveTo(70, 280, 50, 400, 235, 190);
- context.stroke();
- context.closePath();
- }
- );
- 各种变换
- 记得CSS3中的transform不?canvas肯定也有啊
- 平移
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- $(
- function() {
- var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");
- canvas.height = 500; //改变默认高度
- canvas.width = 500;
- var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.lineWidth = 2;
- context.shadowColor = "#0000FF";
- context.moveTo(10, 10);
- //context.beginPath();
- //context.beginPath();
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50); //实体矩形:x,y,width,height
- //context.stroke();
- $(canvas).on(
- "click",
- { "context": context },
- function(e) {
- $.log(e.data.context);
- var ctx = e.data.context;
- ctx.translate(10, 10); //再最后的路径点上偏移10*10的位置
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);
- context.stroke();
- }
- );
- }
- );
- 缩放
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- $(
- function() {
- var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");
- canvas.height = 500; //改变默认高度
- canvas.width = 500;
- var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.lineWidth = 2;
- context.shadowColor = "#0000FF";
- context.moveTo(10, 10);
- //context.beginPath();
- //context.beginPath();
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50); //实体矩形:x,y,width,height
- //context.stroke();
- $(canvas).on(
- "click",
- { "context": context },
- function(e) {
- $.log(e.data.context);
- var ctx = e.data.context;
- ctx.scale(1.1, 1.1); //在最后的大小基础上缩放倍数 必须是正数
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);
- context.stroke();
- }
- );
- }
- );
- 旋转
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- $(
- function() {
- var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");
- canvas.height = 500; //改变默认高度
- canvas.width = 500;
- var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.lineWidth = 2;
- context.shadowColor = "#0000FF";
- context.moveTo(10, 10);
- //context.beginPath();
- //context.beginPath();
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50); //实体矩形:x,y,width,height
- //context.stroke();
- $(canvas).on(
- "click",
- { "context": context },
- function(e) {
- $.log(e.data.context);
- var ctx = e.data.context;
- ctx.rotate((Math.PI / 180) * 10); //旋转的角度,旋转的中心是canvas坐标原点
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);
- context.stroke();
- }
- );
- }
- );
transform,transform的参数比较多,也比较难理解,简单的说transform是最自由的变形方式,下面给出些参考
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- //以下两段代码结果一致
- context.transform(1, 0, 0, 1, 10, 10)
- context.translate(10, 10);
- //以下两段代码结果一致
- context.transform(10, 0, 0, 10, 0, 0);
- context.scale(10, 10);
- //以下三段代码结果一致
- context.transform(Math.cos((Math.PI / 180) * 10), Math.sin((Math.PI / 180) * 10), -Math.sin((Math.PI / 180) * 10), Math.cos((Math.PI / 180)) * 10, 0, 0);
- context.transform(-Math.sin((Math.PI/180)*10),Math.cos((Math.PI/180)*10),Math.cos((Math.PI/180)*10),Math.sin((Math.PI/180)*10), 0,0);
- context.rotate(10);
组合
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- $(
- function() {
- var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");
- canvas.height = 100;
- canvas.width = 100;
- var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);
- //默认 新图形会覆盖在原有内容之上
- context.globalCompositeOperation = "source-over";
- context.fillStyle = "blue";
- context.arc(70, 30, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);
- context.fill();
- $("span").html(context.globalCompositeOperation);
- $(canvas).toggle(
- function() {
- canvas.width = 100;
- // 原有内容之下绘制新图形
- context.clearRect(0, 0, 500, 500);
- context.beginPath();
- context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);
- context.globalCompositeOperation = "destination-over";
- context.fillStyle = "blue";
- context.arc(70, 30, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);
- context.fill();
- $("span").html(context.globalCompositeOperation);
- },
- function() {
- canvas.width = 100;
- //新图形会仅仅出现与原有内容重叠的部分。其它区域都变成透明的
- context.clearRect(0, 0, 500, 500);
- context.beginPath();
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);
- context.globalCompositeOperation = "source-in";
- context.fillStyle = "blue";
- context.arc(70, 30, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);
- context.fill();
- $("span").html(context.globalCompositeOperation);
- },
- function() {
- canvas.width = 100;
- //原有内容中与新图形重叠的部分会被保留,其它区域都变成透明的destination-in
- context.clearRect(0, 0, 500, 500);
- context.beginPath();
- context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);
- context.globalCompositeOperation = "destination-in";
- context.fillStyle = "blue";
- context.arc(70, 30, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);
- context.fill();
- $("span").html(context.globalCompositeOperation);
- },
- function() {
- canvas.width = 100;
- //只有新图形中与原有内容不重叠的部分会被绘制出来source-out
- context.clearRect(0, 0, 500, 500);
- context.beginPath();
- context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);
- context.globalCompositeOperation = "source-out";
- context.fillStyle = "blue";
- context.arc(70, 30, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);
- context.fill();
- $("span").html(context.globalCompositeOperation);
- },
- function() {
- canvas.width = 100;
- //原有内容中与新图形不重叠的部分会被保留
- context.clearRect(0, 0, 500, 500);
- context.beginPath();
- context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);
- context.globalCompositeOperation = "destination-out";
- context.fillStyle = "blue";
- context.arc(70, 30, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);
- context.fill();
- $("span").html(context.globalCompositeOperation);
- },
- function() {
- canvas.width = 100;
- //新图形中与原有内容重叠的部分会被绘制,并覆盖于原有内容之上
- context.clearRect(0, 0, 500, 500);
- context.beginPath();
- context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);
- context.globalCompositeOperation = "source-atop";
- context.fillStyle = "blue";
- context.arc(70, 30, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);
- context.fill();
- $("span").html(context.globalCompositeOperation);
- },
- function() {
- canvas.width = 100;
- //原有内容中与新内容重叠的部分会被保留,并会在原有内容之下绘制新图形
- context.clearRect(0, 0, 500, 500);
- context.beginPath();
- context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);
- context.globalCompositeOperation = "destination-atop";
- context.fillStyle = "blue";
- context.arc(70, 30, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);
- context.fill();
- $("span").html(context.globalCompositeOperation);
- },
- function() {
- canvas.width = 100;
- //两图形中重叠部分作加色处理
- context.clearRect(0, 0, 500, 500);
- context.beginPath();
- context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);
- context.globalCompositeOperation = "lighter";
- context.fillStyle = "blue";
- context.arc(70, 30, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);
- context.fill();
- $("span").html(context.globalCompositeOperation);
- },
- function() {
- canvas.width = 100;
- //两图形中重叠的部分作减色处理darker
- context.clearRect(0, 0, 500, 500);
- context.beginPath();
- context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);
- context.globalCompositeOperation = "darker";
- context.fillStyle = "blue";
- context.arc(70, 30, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);
- context.fill();
- $("span").html(context.globalCompositeOperation);
- },
- function() {
- canvas.width = 100;
- //重叠的部分会变成透明
- context.clearRect(0, 0, 500, 500);
- context.beginPath();
- context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);
- context.globalCompositeOperation = "xor";
- context.fillStyle = "blue";
- context.arc(70, 30, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);
- context.fill();
- $("span").html(context.globalCompositeOperation);
- },
- function() {
- canvas.width = 100;
- //只有新图形会被保留,其它都被清除掉
- context.clearRect(0, 0, 500, 500);
- context.beginPath();
- context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";
- context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);
- context.globalCompositeOperation = "copy";
- context.fillStyle = "blue";
- context.arc(70, 30, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);
- context.fill();
- $("span").html(context.globalCompositeOperation);
- alert("演示结束");
- }
- );
- }
- );
- 字体(看文档说canvas的字体支持CSS样式的描写,但是,我不知道怎么样让canvas的font支持CSS3的在线字体)
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- <script src="js/jquery-1.7.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Tangerine">
- <script type="text/javascript">
- $.log = function(msg) {
- console.log(msg);
- }
- $(
- function() {
- var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");
- canvas.height = 200;
- canvas.width = 200;
- var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.font = "20px 新宋体";
- context.fillText("这是实心新宋体", 10, 30);
- context.strokeText("这是空心新宋体", 10, 60);
- context.font = "20px Tangerine serif";
- context.fillText("Hello HTML5", 10, 100);
- context.strokeText("Hello HTML5", 10, 150);
- }
- );
- </script>
我们尝试写一圈旋转的文字,吧上面的知识点合起来看看效果
- [javascript] view plaincopy
- $(
- function() {
- var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");
- canvas.height = 500;
- canvas.width = 500;
- var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.translate(150, 150);
- context.scale(0.7, 0.7);
- context.font = "12px Tahoma";
- for (var i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
- context.fillText((i + 3) % 12 == 0 ? 12 : (i + 3) % 12, 150, 10);
- context.rotate((Math.PI / 6));
- }
- }
- );
在具体绘制的时候,定位总是让我这样没有空间感的人感觉痛苦,所以我现在canvas上画上很多格子,帮助我进行布局
- [javascript] view plaincopy
- $(
- function() {
- var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");
- canvas.height = 500;
- canvas.width = 500;
- var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.lineWidth = 1;
- context.strokeStyle = "rgb(211,211,211)";
- for (var i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
- $.log(i);
- context.moveTo(i * 10, 0);
- context.lineTo(i * 10, 500);
- context.stroke();
- }
- for (var i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
- $.log(i);
- context.moveTo(0, i * 10);
- context.lineTo(500, i * 10);
- context.stroke();
- }
- }
- );
前面的准备工作都完成了,现在我们来综合下,完成一个具有时分秒的会动的钟
- $(
- function() {
- clock();
- setInterval(clock, 1000);
- }
- );
- function clock() {
- var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");
- canvas.height = 500;
- canvas.width = 500;
- var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
- context.beginPath();
- context.lineWidth = 1;
- context.strokeStyle = "rgb(211,211,211)";
- for (var i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
- $.log(i);
- context.moveTo(i * 10, 0);
- context.lineTo(i * 10, 500);
- context.stroke();
- }
- for (var i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
- $.log(i);
- context.moveTo(0, i * 10);
- context.lineTo(500, i * 10);
- context.stroke();
- }
- context.beginPath();
- context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255,0,0)";
- context.arc(250, 250, 200, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);
- context.stroke();
- context.save(); //存储当前画布坐标系状态
- context.beginPath();
- context.font = "14px Tahoma"
- context.translate(255, 255); //将坐标系坐标原点移至图中间
- context.strokeStyle = "#FFFFFF";
- for (var i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
- context.fillText((i + 3) % 12 == 0 ? 12 : (i + 3) % 12, 180, 0);
- context.rotate((Math.PI / 6));
- }
- context.restore();
- context.save();
- context.beginPath();
- context.lineWidth = 5;
- context.translate(255, 255); //将坐标系坐标原点移至图中间
- for (i = 0; i < 60; i++) {
- if (i % 5 != 0) {
- context.beginPath();
- context.moveTo(180, 0);
- context.lineTo(190, 0);
- context.stroke();
- }
- context.rotate(Math.PI / 30);
- }
- context.restore();
- var now = new Date();
- var sec = now.getSeconds();
- var min = now.getMinutes();
- var hr = now.getHours() >= 12 ? now.getHours() - 12 : now.getHours();
- context.save();
- context.translate(255, 255); //将坐标系坐标原点移至图中间
- // - (Math.PI / 6) * 3 是因为0度在3点这里
- context.rotate(hr * (Math.PI / 6) + (Math.PI / 360) * min + (Math.PI / 21600) * sec - (Math.PI / 6) * 3);
- context.lineWidth = 14;
- context.beginPath();
- context.moveTo(-20, 0);
- context.lineTo(150, 0);
- context.stroke();
- context.restore();
- context.save();
- context.translate(255, 255); //将坐标系坐标原点移至图中间
- context.rotate(min * (Math.PI / 30) + (Math.PI / 1800) * sec - (Math.PI / 6) * 3)
- context.lineWidth = 10;
- context.beginPath();
- context.moveTo(-28, 0);
- context.lineTo(160, 0);
- context.stroke();
- context.restore();
- context.save();
- context.translate(255, 255); //将坐标系坐标原点移至图中间
- context.lineWidth = 1;
- context.rotate(sec * (Math.PI / 30) + (Math.PI / 1800) * sec - (Math.PI / 6) * 3)
- context.lineWidth = 10;
- context.beginPath();
- context.moveTo(-28, 0);
- context.lineTo(160, 0);
- context.stroke();
- context.restore();
- }
本文转自shyleoking 51CTO博客,原文链接:http://blog.51cto.com/shyleoking/864007