对于3D来说,主要的组成要素是:模型、灯光、摄像机,模型中的贴图部分不容忽视,贴图为模型带来生命力,在游戏开发当中非常重要,了解贴图的方式可以帮助我们作出,这一篇主要是说有关于贴图方面的内容。下面是今天的实例:

记得有一位朋友曾经说过,3D世界总会回归到2D当中,此话很有道理,无论我们怎么构建3D世界仍然还只是在面前的屏幕上显示,而这个就是典型的3D到2D,其实,我们都被欺骗了,所有看到的都不是真正意义上的3D世界,是通过计算出来的结果,伟大的数学在这里发挥到了极致,就如Balder就是典型的通过计算的方式将3D控件渲染到Silverlight的平面上,只要对3D数学有一定的了解,都可以作出一个3D世界,说了这些有什么用呢?和贴图有很大的关系,大部分的开发者可能只是知道“贴”却对其原理一知半解,贴图的英文一般称之是Texture,贴图仅仅是另外一个子集下面的一个部分,而这个更大的集合是材质Material,要知道,世间万物并非仅仅只有纹理,它包含了诸如漫反射(diffuse)和反射(reflection)的属性,所以你仔细看某一个事物的时候,在不同的时空看到的结果不是一样。如果讨论3D世界,我想可能也非一时之事,今天咱们就之说说材质。
下面展示了一个3D世界中的典型材质赋予方式:

在Balder当中,Balder.Objects.Geometries对象都带有Material属性,只要对这个属性进行设置即可。
- material = new Material();
-
Balder.Imaging.Image image = Runtime.Instance.ContentManager.Load<Balder.Imaging.Image>("/Balder_Studio;component/Res/map01.jpg");
-
material.DiffuseMap = new ImageMap(image) ;
-
material.DiffuseMapOpacity = 1;
-
material.Opacity = 1;
-
material.DoubleSided = true;
-
-
上面的代码是创建一个基本的材质,然后从资源中读取一个贴图给Diffuse上,上次有位朋友问我如何在Balder中读取一个图片,其方式就是上面的方式,需要提醒的是,现在这种方法只能读取自身工程的文件,如果是外部的话,就会报错。
好吧,其实今天所有的核心就在上面的几行代码当中,下面仅仅是做了控制,现在我们弄一个UI控制界面,来操作材质和贴图使我们更加直观。

为了方便起见,这次用上了属性绑定,界面的XAML如下:
- <UserControl
-
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
-
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
-
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
-
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
-
xmlns:local="clr-namespace:Balder_Studio" x:Class="Balder_Studio.Lesson08"
-
mc:Ignorable="d"
-
d:DesignHeight="441" d:DesignWidth="550">
-
<Grid>
-
<Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot" Background="White" d:IsLocked="True"/>
-
<StackPanel Margin="12,8,0,0" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Height="218" VerticalAlignment="Top">
-
<StackPanel Margin="0" Orientation="Horizontal" Visibility="Collapsed">
-
<TextBlock Margin="0,9,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="118"><Run Text="贴图透明度"/></TextBlock>
-
<Slider x:Name="SliderOpacity" Value="1" Width="140" Maximum="1" LargeChange="0.2"/>
-
<TextBlock x:Name="TextValue" Text="{Binding Value, ElementName=SliderOpacity}" Margin="0,9,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="71"/>
-
</StackPanel>
-
<StackPanel Height="28" Orientation="Horizontal" VerticalAlignment="Bottom">
-
<TextBlock Margin="0,8,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="118" Text="贴图"/>
-
<ComboBox x:Name="DiffuseMapSel" Width="140">
-
</ComboBox>
-
<Button Content="清理贴图" Width="60" Click="Button_Click_ClearDiffuseMap"></Button>
-
</StackPanel>
-
<StackPanel Margin="0" Orientation="Horizontal">
-
<TextBlock Margin="0,9,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="118"><Run Text="贴图"/><Run Text="透明度"/></TextBlock>
-
<Slider x:Name="SliderDOpacity" Width="140" Maximum="1" Value="1" LargeChange="0.2"/>
-
<TextBlock Text="{Binding Value, ElementName=SliderDOpacity}" Margin="0,9,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="71"/>
-
</StackPanel>
-
<StackPanel Height="28" Orientation="Horizontal" VerticalAlignment="Bottom">
-
<TextBlock Margin="0,8,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="118" Text="反射贴图"/>
-
<ComboBox x:Name="ReflectionMapSel" Width="140"/>
-
<Button Content="清理贴图" Width="60" Click="Button_Click_ClearReflectionMap"></Button>
-
</StackPanel>
-
<StackPanel Margin="0" Orientation="Horizontal">
-
<TextBlock Margin="0,9,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="118"><Run Text="反射"/><Run Text="贴图"/><Run Text="透明度"/></TextBlock>
-
<Slider x:Name="SliderROpacity" Width="140" Maximum="1" Value="1" LargeChange="0.2"/>
-
<TextBlock Text="{Binding Value, ElementName=SliderROpacity}" Margin="0,9,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="71"/>
-
</StackPanel>
-
</StackPanel>
-
</Grid>
-
</UserControl>
然后后台代码如下,做了简单的注释,相信各位高手会明白的。
后台代码
- //////////////////////////////////////////////////
- // Silvery Night
- // Nowpaper原创Silverlight Balder3D文章,共同研究和探讨:)
- //
- // http://www.nowpaper.net
- // http://www.cnblogs.com/nowpaper
- //////////////////////////////////////////////////
- using System;
- using System.Windows.Threading;
- using System.Windows.Controls;
- using System.Windows.Media;
- using System.Windows.Media.Imaging;
- using Balder.Math;
- using Balder.Objects.Geometries;
- using Balder.View;
- using Balder.Lighting;
- using Balder.Execution;
- using System.Windows;
- using System.Windows.Resources;
- using Balder.Materials;
- using Balder.Assets;
- using System.Windows.Data;
- using System.Collections.Generic;
-
- namespace Balder_Studio
- {
- public partial class Lesson08 : UserControl
- {
- //Heightmap
-
Heightmap heightmap = new Heightmap();
-
Camera camera = new Camera();
- //材质
-
Material material = new Material();
- //贴图文件列表
-
public List<string> ImageList = new List<string>()
- {
- "/Balder_Studio;component/Res/map01.jpg",
- "/Balder_Studio;component/Res/map02.jpg",
- "/Balder_Studio;component/Res/map03.jpg",
- "/Balder_Studio;component/Res/map04.jpg"
- };
- public Lesson08()
- {
- InitializeComponent();
-
- InitializeUILogic();
-
- //L1
-
Game game = new Game() { Width = 600, Height = 400 };
-
game.Camera = camera;
-
game.Camera.Position = new Coordinate(100, 120, 150);
-
game.Camera.Target = new Coordinate(0, 0, 0);
- game.Children.Add(new OmniLight()
- {
-
Position = new Coordinate(0, 100, 0),
-
Ambient = Colors.Transparent,
-
Specular = Colors.Transparent,
-
Diffuse = Colors.Transparent,
-
Strength = 0.55,
- });
- //L3
-
Game_Axis axis_x = new Game_Axis(new Vertex(-300, 0, 0), new Vertex(300, 0, 0), Colors.Red);
-
Game_Axis axis_y = new Game_Axis(new Vertex(0, -300, 0), new Vertex(0, 300, 0), Colors.Blue);
-
Game_Axis axis_z = new Game_Axis(new Vertex(0, 0, -300), new Vertex(0, 0, 300), Colors.Green);
- game.Children.Add(axis_x);
- game.Children.Add(axis_y);
- game.Children.Add(axis_z);
-
-
-
heightmap.Dimension = new Dimension() { Width = 128, Height = 128 };
-
heightmap.LengthSegments = 2;
-
heightmap.HeightSegments = 2;
-
heightmap.InteractionEnabled = true;
-
- //L8
- //从位图中创建高度图
- CreateHeightMapFormBitmap(new Uri("/Balder_Studio;component/Res/heightmap.jpg", UriKind.Relative));
- //通过ContentManager读取指定贴图
-
Balder.Imaging.Image image = Runtime.Instance.ContentManager.Load<Balder.Imaging.Image>("/Balder_Studio;component/Res/map01.jpg");
- //漫反射贴图
-
material.DiffuseMap = new ImageMap(image) ;
- //漫射贴图透明度
-
material.DiffuseMapOpacity = 1;
- //材质透明度
-
material.Opacity = 1;
- //双面材质
-
material.DoubleSided = true;
- //将材质附上
-
heightmap.Material = material;
-
- game.Children.Add(heightmap);
-
- LayoutRoot.Children.Add(game);
-
- this.KeyDown += new System.Windows.Input.KeyEventHandler(Lesson08_KeyDown);
- }
- //初始化UI
- private void InitializeUILogic()
- {
- foreach (var item in ImageList)
- {
-
Image image = new Image() { Width = 128, Height = 128 };
-
Image image1 = new Image() { Width = 128, Height = 128 };
-
imageimage1.Source = image.Source = new BitmapImage(new Uri(item, UriKind.Relative));
- DiffuseMapSel.Items.Add(image);
- ReflectionMapSel.Items.Add(image1);
- }
- DiffuseMapSel.SelectionChanged += new SelectionChangedEventHandler(MapSel_SelectionChanged);
- ReflectionMapSel.SelectionChanged += new SelectionChangedEventHandler(MapSel_SelectionChanged);
-
SliderOpacity.ValueChanged += new RoutedPropertyChangedEventHandler<double>(SliderOpacity_ValueChanged);
-
SliderDOpacity.ValueChanged += new RoutedPropertyChangedEventHandler<double>(SliderOpacity_ValueChanged);
-
SliderROpacity.ValueChanged += new RoutedPropertyChangedEventHandler<double>(SliderOpacity_ValueChanged);
- }
-
- void MapSel_SelectionChanged(object sender, SelectionChangedEventArgs e)
- {
-
var comboBox = sender as ComboBox;
-
if(comboBox.SelectedIndex == -1)
- return;
-
var filename = ImageList[comboBox.SelectedIndex];
- Balder.Imaging.Image image;
-
image = Runtime.Instance.ContentManager.Load<Balder.Imaging.Image>(filename);
-
if (sender == DiffuseMapSel)
- {
-
material.DiffuseMap = new ImageMap(image);
- }
- else
- {
-
if (ReflectionMapSel == sender)
- {
-
material.ReflectionMap = new ImageMap(image);
- }
- }
- }
-
-
void SliderOpacity_ValueChanged(object sender, RoutedPropertyChangedEventArgs<double> e)
- {
-
if (sender == SliderOpacity)
- {
-
material.Opacity = e.NewValue;
- }
- else
- {
-
if (sender == SliderDOpacity)
- {
-
material.DiffuseMapOpacity = e.NewValue;
- }
- else
- {
-
if (sender == SliderROpacity)
- {
-
material.ReflectionMapOpacity = e.NewValue;
- }
- }
- }
- }
-
- void Lesson08_KeyDown(object sender, System.Windows.Input.KeyEventArgs e)
- {
- switch (e.Key)
- {
- case System.Windows.Input.Key.W:
- {
-
var c = camera.Target - camera.Position;
- camera.Position += c / 10;
- camera.Target += c / 10;
- }
- break;
- case System.Windows.Input.Key.S:
- {
-
var c = camera.Target - camera.Position;
-
camera.Position -= c / 10;
-
camera.Target -= c / 10;
- }
- break;
- }
- }
-
-
-
- //从位图中创建高度图
- void CreateHeightMapFormBitmap(Uri uri)
- {
-
BitmapImage bitmap = new BitmapImage();
- //从资源中取得BitmapStream
-
StreamResourceInfo sri = Application.GetResourceStream(uri);
- bitmap.SetSource(sri.Stream);
- //生成WriteableBitmap
-
WriteableBitmap writeablebitmap = new WriteableBitmap(bitmap);
- //创建高度图数组
-
float[,] HeightmapArray = new float[bitmap.PixelHeight, bitmap.PixelWidth];
- //将数组拷贝到高度图数组
-
for (int i = 0; i < bitmap.PixelHeight; i++)
- {
-
for (int j = 0; j < bitmap.PixelWidth; j++)
- {
-
int index = bitmap.PixelWidth * i + j;
-
int pixel = writeablebitmap.Pixels[index];
-
byte[] bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(pixel);
- //计算:颜色越深则越低,颜色月浅则越高,50是最高的高度值
- HeightmapArray[i, j] = ((float)(bytes[0] + bytes[1] + bytes[2]) / 3) / 255 * 50;
- }
- }
- //赋值
-
heightmap.HeightmapArray = HeightmapArray;
- }
-
- private void Button_Click_ClearDiffuseMap(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
- {
-
heightmap.Material.DiffuseMap = null;
- }
-
- private void Button_Click_ClearReflectionMap(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
- {
-
heightmap.Material.ReflectionMap = null;
- }
- }
- }
工程中如果缺少Balder.dll请在这里快速下载:SL4_Balder.rar
下一篇我们介绍材质的应用,如何对模型进行贴图和更换贴图,以及贴图的属性,同时可能还结合HeightMap依据地理信息制作真实地图,那么下次再见。
本文转自nowpaper 51CTO博客,原文链接:http://blog.51cto.com/nowpaper/710920