YUM介绍和配置本地YUM源
简介
yum(全称为 Yellow dog Updater, Modified)是一个Shell前端软件包管理器。基于RPM包管理,能够从指定的服务器自动下载RPM包并且安装,可以自动处理依赖性关系,并且一次安装所有依赖的软件包,无须繁琐地一次次下载、安装。yum提供了查找、安装、删除某一个、一组甚至全部软件包的命令,并且可以同时配置多个资源库Repository(/etc/yum.repo.d目录下),全局配置文件(/etc/yum.conf)简洁,使用起来很方便。
常用命令组合
yum check-update 检查可更新包
yum update 更新所有包
yum update kernel 更新指定包:kernel
yum install httpd 安装指定软件
yum -y install httpd
yum remove httpd 删除软件apache
yum info packagename 获取软件包信息
yum provides filename查看特定文件属于哪个软件包
eg:查询semanage命令对应的软件包
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[root@Zabbix_server ~]
# semanage
-
bash
:
/usr/sbin/semanage
: No such
file
or directory
[root@Zabbix_server ~]
# yum provides /usr/sbin/semanage
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, product-
id
, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
policycoreutils-python-2.0.83-19.39.el6.i686 : SELinux policy core python utilities
Repo : base
Matched from:
Filename :
/usr/sbin/semanage
[root@Zabbix_server ~]
# yum install -y policycoreutils-python
[root@Zabbix_server ~]
# which semanage
/usr/sbin/semanage
[root@Zabbix_server ~]
# rpm -qf /usr/sbin/semanage
policycoreutils-python-2.0.83-19.39.el6.i686
[root@Zabbix_server ~]
#
|
yum缓存(/var/cache/yum/)的相关参数
yum clean packages 清除暂存中rpm包文件
yum clearn headers 清除暂存中rpm头文件
yum clean oldheaders 清除暂存中旧的rpm头文件
yum clearn 或#yum clearn all 清除暂存中旧的rpm头文件和包文件(相当于yum clean packages + yum clean oldheaders)
包列表相关参数
yum list 列出资源库中所有可以安装或更新的rpm包
yum list mozilla 列出资源库中特定的可以安装或更新以及已经安装的rpm包
yum list mozilla*
yum list updates 列出资源库中所有可以更新的rpm包
yum list installed 列出已经安装的所有的rpm包
yum grouplist 查找组列表
yum groupinstall "Games and Entertainment" 安装特定的组包,名字必须用双引号选定
rpm包信息显示(info参数同list)
yum info 列出资源库中所有可以安装或更新的rpm包的信息
yum info mozilla 列出资源库中特定的可以安装或更新以及已经安装的rpm包的信息
yum info mozilla* 可以在rpm包名中使用匹配符,如列出所有以mozilla开头的rpm包的信息
yum info updates 列出资源库中所有可以更新的rpm包的信息
yum info installed 列出已经安装的所有的rpm包的信息
搜索rpm包
yum search mozilla 搜索匹配特定字符的rpm包
yum provides realplay 搜索有包含特定文件名的rpm包
配置文件
yum的配置文件分为两部分:main和repository
main部分定义了全局配置选项,整个yum配置文件应该只有一个main。常位于/etc/yum.conf中。
repository部分定义了每个源/服务器的具体配置,可以有一到多个。常位于/etc/yum.repo.d目录下的各文件中。
/etc/yum.conf
cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
yum下载文件的存放位置
keepcache=1
设置是否,保存1为保存 0为不保存
metadata_expire=1800
设置过期时间
pkgpolicy=newest
一共有两个选项,newest和last,这个作用是如果你设置了多个repository,而同一软件在不同的repository中同 时存 在,yum应该安装哪一个,如果是newest,则yum会安装最新的那个版本。如果是last,则yum会将服务器id以字母表排序,并选择最后的那个 服务器上的软件安装。一般都是选newest。
tolerant=1
如果值为1,则yum会忽略任何的有关包的错误。举例来说,当执行yum来安装baz时,如果baz包已经安装在系统中了,则yum会继续重复安装baz,而不会报错。默认值为1。
exactarch=1
设置为1,则yum只会安装和系统架构匹配的软件包,例如,yum不会将i686的软件包安装在适合i386的系统中。默认为1
/etc/yum.repo.d
在/etc/yum.repo.d目录下会发现一些后缀是.repo的文件,这些文件都是官方源的repo文件
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[root@justin yum.repos.d]
# ls
packagekit-media.repo rhel-
source
.repo
[root@justin yum.repos.d]
#
|
查看yum是否安装(RHEL6系列默认在安装系统时候就已经安装了)
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[root@justin ~]
# rpm -q yum
yum-3.2.29-30.el6.noarch
[root@justin ~]
#
|
如果系统没有安装可以挂载安装盘手动安装
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[root@justin ~]
# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdroom/
mount
: block device
/dev/sr0
is write-protected, mounting
read
-only
[root@justin ~]
# cd /mnt/cdroom/Packages/
[root@justin Packages]
# ls | grep yum
anaconda-yum-plugins-1.0-5.1.el6.noarch.rpm
kabi-yum-plugins-1.0-2.el6.noarch.rpm
PackageKit-yum-0.5.8-20.el6.i686.rpm
PackageKit-yum-plugin-0.5.8-20.el6.i686.rpm
yum-3.2.29-30.el6.noarch.rpm
yum-metadata-parser-1.1.2-16.el6.i686.rpm
yum-plugin-aliases-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm
yum-plugin-changelog-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm
yum-plugin-downloadonly-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm
yum-plugin-security-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm
yum-plugin-tmprepo-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm
yum-plugin-verify-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm
yum-plugin-versionlock-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm
yum-presto-0.6.2-1.el6.noarch.rpm
yum-rhn-plugin-0.9.1-40.el6.noarch.rpm
yum-utils-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm
[root@justin Packages]
# rpm -ivh yum-3.2.29-30.el6.noarch.rpm
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由于RHEL的yum在线更新是收费的,如果没有注册的话是不能使用的,即不能在线安装软件。在这种情况下,想使用RHEL系统,要么注册要么换用其他Yum源!
RHEL配置本地Yum源
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[root@justin yum.repos.d]
# yum install php
Loaded plugins: product-
id
, refresh-packagekit, security, subscription-manager
Updating certificate-based repositories.
Unable to
read
consumer identity
Setting up Install Process
No package php available.
Error: Nothing to
do
[root@justin yum.repos.d]
#
|
挂载本地光盘
使用mount发现无法挂载,提示没有发现介质
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[root@justin ~]
# mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom/
mount
: No medium found
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查看VMware:VM---setting---Hardware---CD/DVD--右边Device里勾选Connected;Connection里Use ISO image file里选择iso文件后确定即可
配置本地yum源
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[root@justin cdrom]rpm --
import
RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-legacy-release
[root@justin cdrom]rpm --
import
RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-beta
[root@justin cdrom]
# touch /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel-local.repo
[root@justin cdrom]
# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel-local.repo
[rhel-
local
]
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.3
baseurl=
file
:
///mnt/cdrom
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=
file
:
///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
[root@justin cdrom]
# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: product-
id
, refresh-packagekit, security, subscription-manager
Updating certificate-based repositories.
Unable to
read
consumer identity
Cleaning repos: InstallMedia rhel-
local
Cleaning up Everything
[root@justin cdrom]
#yum makecache
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[rhel-local]为库名称,在使用yum安装软件时显示仓库源时就是显示该项,而不是rhel-local.repo中的rhel-local;
如果要开启gpg验证,需要将光盘中自带的公钥RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-legacy-release导入系统(通过rpm 导入系统后文件放在了/etc/pki/rpm-gpg/目录下),然后通过指定公钥地址 来和软件内部的私钥匹配,手动验证:rpm -K 软件全路径全称
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[root@justin Packages]
# rpm -K zlib-devel-1.2.3-27.el6.i686.rpm
zlib-devel-1.2.3-27.el6.i686.rpm: RSA sha1 ((MD5) PGP) md5 NOT OK (MISSING KEYS: (MD5) PGP
#fd431d51)
[root@justin Packages]
# rpm -K zlib-devel
error: zlib-devel:
open
failed: No such
file
or directory
[root@justin Packages]
# cd
[root@justin ~]
# rpm -K zlib-devel-1.2.3-27.el6.i686.rpm
error: zlib-devel-1.2.3-27.el6.i686.rpm:
open
failed: No such
file
or directory
[root@justin ~]
# cd -
/media/Packages
[root@justin Packages]
#
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使用yum时,首先搜索的是repodata文件,所以指定yum源路径时指定到repodata所在的目录即可,如果只有RPM软件包可以通过createrepo命令将一个包含RPM文件的文件夹转换为yum的仓库,也就是生成repodata文件,该命令默认未安装。
baseurl中指定本地文件路径时使用的file:///实为file://+目录路径;
enabled可不指定,默认为ebabled=1,即启用该库,0为不启用。
使用yum仓库出现的错误:nsufficient space in download directory /var/cache/yum/i386/6/c6-tong/packages
解决方法:
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root@node1 ~]
# df -h --查看磁盘空间,空间已满
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用%% 挂载点
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root
6.5G 6.1G 0 100% / --根分区空间已满,清除文件
tmpfs 504M 0 504M 0%
/dev/shm
/dev/sda1
485M 46M 414M 10%
/boot
/dev/sr0
3.6G 3.6G 0 100%
/mnt
[root@node1 home]
#
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清理磁盘空间,可以先使用yum clean all尝试、删除目录下安装包、扩充空间
使用yum安装软件包出现进程占用
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[root@localhost src]
# yum grouplist
Loaded plugins: product-
id
, refresh-packagekit, security, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Existing lock
/var/run/yum
.pid: another copy is running as pid 2395.
Another app is currently holding the yum lock; waiting
for
it to
exit
...
The other application is: PackageKit
Memory : 53 M RSS (374 MB VSZ)
Started: Mon Dec 14 18:08:43 2015 - 02:04 ago
State : Sleeping, pid: 2395
Another app is currently holding the yum lock; waiting
for
it to
exit
...
The other application is: PackageKit
Memory : 53 M RSS (374 MB VSZ)
Started: Mon Dec 14 18:08:43 2015 - 02:06 ago
State : Sleeping, pid: 2395
Another app is currently holding the yum lock; waiting
for
it to
exit
...
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此时直接杀掉pid2395
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[root@localhost src]
# ps -ef|grep 2395
root 2395 2393 0 18:08 ? 00:00:01
/usr/bin/python
/usr/share/PackageKit/helpers/yum/yumBackend
.py get-packages unknown
root 2427 2399 0 18:11 pts
/1
00:00:00
grep
2395
[root@localhost src]
# kill -9 2395
[root@localhost src]
# yum grouplist
Loaded plugins: product-
id
, refresh-packagekit, security, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Existing lock
/var/run/yum
.pid: another copy is running as pid 2395.
Another app is currently holding the yum lock; waiting
for
it to
exit
...
Another app is currently holding the yum lock; waiting
for
it to
exit
...
Another app is currently holding the yum lock; waiting
for
it to
exit
...
Another app is currently holding the yum lock; waiting
for
it to
exit
...
[root@localhost src]
# ps -ef|grep 2395
root 2395 2393 0 18:08 ? 00:00:01 [yumBackend.py] <defunct>
root 2431 2399 0 18:11 pts
/1
00:00:00
grep
2395
[root@localhost src]
#
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直接杀进程啥不掉
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[root@localhost src]
# rm -f /var/run/yum.pid
[root@localhost src]
# yum grouplist
Loaded plugins: product-
id
, refresh-packagekit, security, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Setting up Group Process
Installed Groups:
Additional Development
Base
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此时可以通过强制关掉yum进程:rm -rf /var/run/yum.pid
本文转自 justin_peng 51CTO博客,原文链接:http://blog.51cto.com/ityunwei2017/1318617,如需转载请自行联系原作者