随着互联网信息的爆炸性增长，负载均衡（load balance）已经不再是一个很陌生的话题，顾名思义，负载均衡即是将负载分摊到不同的服务单元，既保证服务的可用性，又保证响应足够快，给用户很好的体验。快速增长的访问量和数据流量催生了各式各样的负载均衡产品，很多专业的负载均衡硬件提供了很好的功能，但却价格不菲，这使得负载均衡软件大受欢迎，nginx就是其中的一个，在linux下有Nginx、LVS、Haproxy等等服务可以提供负载均衡服务，而且Nginx提供了几种分配方式(策略)，当然现在主流的公有云(Windows Azure)提供的服务在均衡分配方式基本上都类似于Nginx的轮询(round robin)分配方式和加权轮询(Weight round robin)分配方式，对于其他公有云产品没有具体试验过，所以我们今天主要介绍一下Nginx下的几种分配方式，具体见下：
1、轮询（默认）
每个请求按时间顺序逐一分配到不同的后端服务器，如果后端服务器down掉，能自动剔除。
2、weight
指定轮询几率，weight和访问比率成正比，用于后端服务器性能不均的情况。 例如：
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upstream server_pool{
server 192.168.5.21 weight=10;
server 192.168.5.22 weight=10;
}
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3、ip_hash
每个请求按访问ip的hash结果分配，这样每个访客固定访问一个后端服务器，可以解决session的问题。 例如：
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upstream server_pool{
ip_hash;
server 192.168.5.21:80;
server 192.168.5.22:80;
}
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4、fair（第三方）
按后端服务器的响应时间来分配请求，响应时间短的优先分配。
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upstream server_pool{
server 192.168.5.21:80;
server 192.168.5.22:80;
fair;
}
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注意：整个分配方式是通过修改定义负载均衡的server配置中添加的。
我们今天主要介绍我个人认为使用最多的几种方式吧；前面四种。
我们后端使用两台Apache服务作为WEB服务，具体安装就不多介绍了。
192.168.5.21
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Yum
install
httpd
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查看httpd 版本
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rpm -qa |
grep
httpd
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接下来我们首先要为apache定义一个 默认的页面，方便区分；我们为了后面的数据统计所以页面内容显示的比较少
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Vim
/var/www/httml/index
.html
<
/html
>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<
head
>
<title>Welcome to Apache<
/title
>
<style>
body {
35em;
margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
}
<
/style
>
<style
type
=
"text/css"
>
h1{color:red}
h2{color:blue}
h3{color:green}
h4{color:yellow}
}
<
/style
>
<
/head
><body bgcolor=
'7D7DFF'
>
<h2>HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21<
/h2
>
<
/body
>
<
/html
>
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保存退出，启动服务
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Systemctl start httpd
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然后添加默认的防火墙端口8o
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Firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=
'80/tcp'
--permanent
或者vim
/etc/firewalld/zone/public
.xml
添加一下格式
<port portocal=
'tcp'
port=
'80'
>
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我们测试访问
我们准备第二台WEB服务(192.168.5.22)我们按照第一台的方式进行配置，再次就跳过了。
第二台主机的配置：192.168.5.22 主机名 B-S
安装好httpd后，我们将a-s上的index拷贝到b-s服务器上
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scp
index.html root@192.168.5.22:
/var/www/html/
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然后修改index.html文件
我们为了后面的测试，我们将两台服务器的显示内容修改一下，为了通过服务进行批量测试。
将两台Apache WEB服务的index.html文件只显示服务器的名称及IP地址。
接下来我们就部署nginx，在Centos7上yum安装需要定义yum源
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cd
/etc/yum
.repo
vim epel.repo
添加以下内容
[epel]
name=aliyun epel
baseurl=http:
//mirrors
.aliyun.com
/epel/7Server/x86_64/
gpgcheck=0
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Yum
install
nginx
nginx 192.168.5.20
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启动服务
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systemctl start nginx
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我们接下来需要编辑nginx的默认配置文件来修改负载的配置
我们首先查看默认的配置文件
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#user nobody;
worker_processes 1;
#error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;
#pid logs/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application
/octet-stream
;
#log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
# '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
#access_log logs/access.log main;
sendfile on;
#tcp_nopush on;
#keepalive_timeout 0;
keepalive_timeout 65;
#gzip on;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504
/50x
.html;
location =
/50x
.html {
root html;
}
# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1;
#}
# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# root html;
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
# fastcgi_index index.php;
# fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
# include fastcgi_params;
#}
# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location ~ /\.ht {
# deny all;
#}
}
# another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
#
#server {
# listen 8000;
# listen somename:8080;
# server_name somename alias another.alias;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
# HTTPS server
#
#server {
# listen 443 ssl;
# server_name localhost;
# ssl_certificate cert.pem;
# ssl_certificate_key cert.key;
# ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
# ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
# ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
}
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然后我们需要修改默认配置
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upstream nginx.ixmsoft.com {
server 192.168.5.21:80;
server 192.168.5.22:80;
}
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我们首先配置轮询的方式
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# For more information on configuration, see:
# * Official English Documentation: http://nginx.org/en/docs/
# * Official Russian Documentation: http://nginx.org/ru/docs/
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log
/var/log/nginx/error
.log;
pid
/run/nginx
.pid;
# Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic.
include
/usr/share/nginx/modules/
*.conf;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
log_format main
'$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'
;
access_log
/var/log/nginx/access
.log main;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include
/etc/nginx/mime
.types;
default_type application
/octet-stream
;
#增加后端服务器的负载方式，我们默认使用轮询
upstream nginx.ixmsoft.com {
server 192.168.5.21:80;
server 192.168.5.22:80;
}
# Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory.
# See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include
# for more information.
include
/etc/nginx/conf
.d/*.conf;
server {
#listen 80 default_server;
#listen [::]:80 default_server;
#server_name _;
listen 80;
server_name http:
//nginx
.ixmsoft.com;
root
/usr/share/nginx/html
;
# Load configuration files for the default server block.
include
/etc/nginx/default
.d/*.conf;
#增加的服务器配置
location / {
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_pass http:
//nginx
.ixmsoft.com;
}
error_page 404
/404
.html;
location =
/40x
.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504
/50x
.html;
location =
/50x
.html {
}
}
# Settings for a TLS enabled server.
#
# server {
# listen 443 ssl http2 default_server;
# listen [::]:443 ssl http2 default_server;
# server_name _;
# root /usr/share/nginx/html;
#
# ssl_certificate "/etc/pki/nginx/server.crt";
# ssl_certificate_key "/etc/pki/nginx/private/server.key";
# ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
# ssl_session_timeout 10m;
# ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
# ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
#
# # Load configuration files for the default server block.
# include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
#
# location / {
# }
#
# error_page 404 /404.html;
# location = /40x.html {
# }
#
# error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
# location = /50x.html {
# }
# }
}
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保存会重启服务
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Systemc restart nginx
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然后测试访问，访问结果基本上都是一个后端服务器分配一次
我们使用以下命令执行十次
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for
i
in
$(
seq
10);
do
curl http:
//192
.168.5.20 ;
done
[root@bogon nginx]
# for i in $(seq 10); do curl http://192.168.5.20 ; done
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:B-S ----->IP:192.168.5.22
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:B-S ----->IP:192.168.5.22
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:B-S ----->IP:192.168.5.22
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:B-S ----->IP:192.168.5.22
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:B-S ----->IP:192.168.5.22
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接下来我们配置加权轮询分配方式
我们只修改一下部分
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upstream nginx.ixmsoft.com {
server 192.168.5.21:80 weight=10 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s;
server 192.168.5.22:80 weight=5 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s;
}
# 供proxy_pass和fastcgi_pass指令中使用的代理服务器
# 后台如果有动态应用的时候,ip_hash指令可以通过hash算法
# 将客户端请求定位到同一台后端服务器上,解决session共享,
# 但建议用动态应用做session共享
# server用于指定一个后端服务器的名称和参数
# weight代表权,重默认为1,权重越高被分配的客户端越多
# max_fails 指定时间内对后端请求失败的次数
# fail_timeout 达到max_fails指定的失败次数后暂停的时间
# down参数用来标记为离线,不参与负载均衡.在ip_hash下使用
# backup仅仅在非backup服务器宕机或繁忙的时候使用
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修改后的代码如下：
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# For more information on configuration, see:
# * Official English Documentation: http://nginx.org/en/docs/
# * Official Russian Documentation: http://nginx.org/ru/docs/
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log
/var/log/nginx/error
.log;
pid
/run/nginx
.pid;
# Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic.
include
/usr/share/nginx/modules/
*.conf;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
log_format main
'$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'
;
access_log
/var/log/nginx/access
.log main;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include
/etc/nginx/mime
.types;
default_type application
/octet-stream
;
#增加后端服务器的负载方式，我们默认使用轮询
upstream nginx.ixmsoft.com {
server 192.168.5.21:80 weight=10 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s;
server 192.168.5.22:80 weight=5 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s;
}
# 供proxy_pass和fastcgi_pass指令中使用的代理服务器
# 后台如果有动态应用的时候,ip_hash指令可以通过hash算法
# 将客户端请求定位到同一台后端服务器上,解决session共享,
# 但建议用动态应用做session共享
# server用于指定一个后端服务器的名称和参数
# weight代表权,重默认为1,权重越高被分配的客户端越多
# max_fails 指定时间内对后端请求失败的次数
# fail_timeout 达到max_fails指定的失败次数后暂停的时间
# down参数用来标记为离线,不参与负载均衡.在ip_hash下使用
# backup仅仅在非backup服务器宕机或繁忙的时候使用
# Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory.
# See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include
# for more information.
include
/etc/nginx/conf
.d/*.conf;
server {
#listen 80 default_server;
#listen [::]:80 default_server;
#server_name _;
listen 80;
server_name http:
//nginx
.ixmsoft.com;
root
/usr/share/nginx/html
;
# Load configuration files for the default server block.
include
/etc/nginx/default
.d/*.conf;
location / {
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_pass http:
//nginx
.ixmsoft.com;
}
error_page 404
/404
.html;
location =
/40x
.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504
/50x
.html;
location =
/50x
.html {
}
}
# Settings for a TLS enabled server.
#
# server {
# listen 443 ssl http2 default_server;
# listen [::]:443 ssl http2 default_server;
# server_name _;
# root /usr/share/nginx/html;
#
# ssl_certificate "/etc/pki/nginx/server.crt";
# ssl_certificate_key "/etc/pki/nginx/private/server.key";
# ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
# ssl_session_timeout 10m;
# ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
# ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
#
# # Load configuration files for the default server block.
# include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
#
# location / {
# }
#
# error_page 404 /404.html;
# location = /40x.html {
# }
#
# error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
# location = /50x.html {
# }
# }
}
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我们重启进行测试
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[root@bogon nginx]
# for i in $(seq 10); do curl http://192.168.5.20 ; done
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:B-S ----->IP:192.168.5.22
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:B-S ----->IP:192.168.5.22
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:B-S ----->IP:192.168.5.22
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
|
接下来我们测试第三种，ip_hash；每个请求按访问ip的hash结果分配，这样每个访客固定访问一个后端服务器，可以解决的问题。
我们只修改server部分
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upstream nginx.ixmsoft.com {
ip_hash;
server 192.168.5.21:80;
server 192.168.5.22:80;
}
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修改后的整体代码：
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# For more information on configuration, see:
# * Official English Documentation: http://nginx.org/en/docs/
# * Official Russian Documentation: http://nginx.org/ru/docs/
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log
/var/log/nginx/error
.log;
pid
/run/nginx
.pid;
# Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic.
include
/usr/share/nginx/modules/
*.conf;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
log_format main
'$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'
;
access_log
/var/log/nginx/access
.log main;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include
/etc/nginx/mime
.types;
default_type application
/octet-stream
;
#增加后端服务器的负载方式，我们默认使用轮询
upstream nginx.ixmsoft.com {
ip_hash;
server 192.168.5.21:80;
server 192.168.5.22:80;
}
# 供proxy_pass和fastcgi_pass指令中使用的代理服务器
# 后台如果有动态应用的时候,ip_hash指令可以通过hash算法
# 将客户端请求定位到同一台后端服务器上,解决session共享,
# 但建议用动态应用做session共享
# server用于指定一个后端服务器的名称和参数
# weight代表权,重默认为1,权重越高被分配的客户端越多
# max_fails 指定时间内对后端请求失败的次数
# fail_timeout 达到max_fails指定的失败次数后暂停的时间
# down参数用来标记为离线,不参与负载均衡.在ip_hash下使用
# backup仅仅在非backup服务器宕机或繁忙的时候使用
# Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory.
# See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include
# for more information.
include
/etc/nginx/conf
.d/*.conf;
server {
#listen 80 default_server;
#listen [::]:80 default_server;
#server_name _;
listen 80;
server_name http:
//nginx
.ixmsoft.com;
root
/usr/share/nginx/html
;
# Load configuration files for the default server block.
include
/etc/nginx/default
.d/*.conf;
location / {
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_pass http:
//nginx
.ixmsoft.com;
}
error_page 404
/404
.html;
location =
/40x
.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504
/50x
.html;
location =
/50x
.html {
}
}
# Settings for a TLS enabled server.
#
# server {
# listen 443 ssl http2 default_server;
# listen [::]:443 ssl http2 default_server;
# server_name _;
# root /usr/share/nginx/html;
#
# ssl_certificate "/etc/pki/nginx/server.crt";
# ssl_certificate_key "/etc/pki/nginx/private/server.key";
# ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
# ssl_session_timeout 10m;
# ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
# ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
#
# # Load configuration files for the default server block.
# include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
#
# location / {
# }
#
# error_page 404 /404.html;
# location = /40x.html {
# }
#
# error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
# location = /50x.html {
# }
# }
}
|
保存退出后，我们测试
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[root@bogon nginx]
# for i in $(seq 10); do curl http://192.168.5.20 ; done
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
HostName:A-S ----->IP:192.168.5.21
|
最后我们介绍一下fairl
按后端服务器的响应时间来分配请求，响应时间短的优先分配
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upstream nginx.ixmsoft.com {
server 192.168.5.21:80;
server 192.168.5.22:80;
fair;
}
|
修改后的整体代码
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# For more information on configuration, see:
# * Official English Documentation: http://nginx.org/en/docs/
# * Official Russian Documentation: http://nginx.org/ru/docs/
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log
/var/log/nginx/error
.log;
pid
/run/nginx
.pid;
# Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic.
include
/usr/share/nginx/modules/
*.conf;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
log_format main
'$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'
;
access_log
/var/log/nginx/access
.log main;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include
/etc/nginx/mime
.types;
default_type application
/octet-stream
;
#增加后端服务器的负载方式，我们默认使用轮询
upstream nginx.ixmsoft.com {
server 192.168.5.21:80;
server 192.168.5.22:80;
fair;
}
# 供proxy_pass和fastcgi_pass指令中使用的代理服务器
# 后台如果有动态应用的时候,ip_hash指令可以通过hash算法
# 将客户端请求定位到同一台后端服务器上,解决session共享,
# 但建议用动态应用做session共享
# server用于指定一个后端服务器的名称和参数
# weight代表权,重默认为1,权重越高被分配的客户端越多
# max_fails 指定时间内对后端请求失败的次数
# fail_timeout 达到max_fails指定的失败次数后暂停的时间
# down参数用来标记为离线,不参与负载均衡.在ip_hash下使用
# backup仅仅在非backup服务器宕机或繁忙的时候使用
# Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory.
# See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include
# for more information.
include
/etc/nginx/conf
.d/*.conf;
server {
#listen 80 default_server;
#listen [::]:80 default_server;
#server_name _;
listen 80;
server_name http:
//nginx
.ixmsoft.com;
root
/usr/share/nginx/html
;
# Load configuration files for the default server block.
include
/etc/nginx/default
.d/*.conf;
location / {
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_pass http:
//nginx
.ixmsoft.com;
}
error_page 404
/404
.html;
location =
/40x
.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504
/50x
.html;
location =
/50x
.html {
}
}
# Settings for a TLS enabled server.
#
# server {
# listen 443 ssl http2 default_server;
# listen [::]:443 ssl http2 default_server;
# server_name _;
# root /usr/share/nginx/html;
#
# ssl_certificate "/etc/pki/nginx/server.crt";
# ssl_certificate_key "/etc/pki/nginx/private/server.key";
# ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
# ssl_session_timeout 10m;
# ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
# ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
#
# # Load configuration files for the default server block.
# include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
#
# location / {
# }
#
# error_page 404 /404.html;
# location = /40x.html {
# }
#
# error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
# location = /50x.html {
# }
# }
}
|
本文转自 高文龙 51CTO博客，原文链接：http://blog.51cto.com/gaowenlong/1887997，如需转载请自行联系原作者
