2.用示例说明两种增量备份的差别
大家早上好，早上的阳光真是明媚，新的一天即将开始，下面我们来研究研究增量备份的奥妙：）
Incremental增量备份：中心思想就是减少备份的数据量，我们不需要在从头开始备份了，只需要备份自上次已备份之后的数据块即可。
关于Incremental增量备份级别：
Oracle 9i 共有五种级别 0 1 2 3 4，0级最高-4级最低，0级是1级的基础以此类推。
Oracle 10g官方文档明确指出增量备份只有0和1两种级别（太多增量级别其实没有太大的意义），不过实际执行增量操作时，仍然能够指定多个级别，最大能够支持4级增量备份。
Oracle 11g 增量备份只有0和1两种级别。
Level 0级就是对数据库一个全库备份，增量备份必须从0级开始，也就是说必须要有一个全库备份当基础。
如果你是用“backup full database”命令做全库备份oracle也不认为这是level 0的全库备份，尽管是一样的也要单独做一次level 0。有了level 0当基础才能有后面的level 1 level 2 level 3 level 4。如果你一上来比较冲动直接发出level 1备份，oracle会自动在level1前面加一个level 0，顺序是先进行level 0备份再做level 1备份，一共做两次备份。
关于Incremental增量备份类型：
（1）差异增量备份：备份上级及同级备份以来所有变化的数据块，差异增量是默认增量备份方式
特点：触发条件小于等于当前级别<=N 备份时间快，恢复时间慢
（2）累积增量备份：备份上级备份以来所有变化的块。
特点：小于当前级别<N 备份时间慢，恢复时间快 C：代表累积
我们系统的备份策略（周策略），仅供参考，如有雷同心心相印，欧巴~阿加西
日期 差异增量 累积增量
星期天 0 0
星期一 2 2
星期二 2 2
星期三 1 1
星期四 2 2
星期五 2 2
星期六 2 2
星期日 0 0
下面我们实验差异增量备份与累积增量备份~备份时间与恢复窗口优略性
差异增量备份
零级备份
backupincremental level 0 database;
创建表空间test1
创建表test1
一级差异备份
backupincremental level 1 database;
创建表空间test2
创建表test2
一级差异备份
backupincremental level 1 database;
记住当前的scn号（10000），我们删除表test1和表test2，然后恢复到scn=10000那一刻，检查表test1和表test2是否完整恢复回来，恢复窗口：恢复三个备份集 0+1+1+redo
begin go
0级全库备份
RMAN> backup incremental level 0 database;
Starting backup at 10-MAY-13
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting incremental level 0 datafile backup set 数据文件列表
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/system01.dbf
input datafile file number=00002name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile file number=00003name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile file number=00005name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/leo1.dbf
input datafile file number=00004name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 10-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 10-MAY-13
piece handle= /u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0lo99q5p_1_1 tag=TAG20130510T150112 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:01:25
Finished backup at 10-MAY-13
控制文件自动备份
Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 10-MAY-13
piece handle= /u02/app/oracle/backup/control/cf_c-1692458681-20130510-00 comment=NONE
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 10-MAY-13
操作系统侧面检查，顺利备份没有问题 good
[oracle@leonarding1 backup]$ ll
total 983928
drwxr-xr-x 2 oracle oinstall 4096 May 10 15:02 control
-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 1007534080 May 10 15:02 DB_0lo99q5p_1_1
[oracle@leonarding1 control]$ ll
total 9632
-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 9863168 May 10 15:02cf_c-1692458681-20130510-00
创建test1表空间
SYS@LEO1>create tablespace test1 datafile'/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test1_01.dbf' size 20m autoextend off;
Tablespace created.
创建test1表
SYS@LEO1>conn leo1/leo1
Connected.
LEO1@LEO1>create table test1 tablespace test1 as select * fromdba_objects;
Table created.
LEO1@LEO1>select checkpoint_change# from v$database; 每做完一个动作我们都记录下SCN号
CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#
------------------
1079203
1级差异备份
RMAN> backup incremental level 1 database;
Starting backup at 10-MAY-13
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting incremental level 1 datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/system01.dbf
input datafile file number=00002name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile file number=00003 name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile file number=00005name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/leo1.dbf
input datafile file number=00006name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test1_01.dbf 这次多了test1表空间
input datafile file number=00004name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 10-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 10-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0no99r4r_1_1 tag=TAG20130510T151746comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:02:15
Finished backup at 10-MAY-13
Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 10-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/control/cf_c-1692458681-20130510-01comment=NONE
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 10-MAY-13
创建test2表空间
LEO1@LEO1>create tablespace test2 datafile'/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test2_01.dbf' size 20m autoextend off;
Tablespace created.
创建test2表
LEO1@LEO1>create table test2 tablespace test2 as select * fromdba_objects;
Table created.
LEO1@LEO1>select checkpoint_change# from v$database;
CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#
------------------
1079213
再次1级差异备份
RMAN> backup incremental level 1 database;
Starting backup at 10-MAY-13
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting incremental level 1 datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/system01.dbf
input datafile file number=00002name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile file number=00003name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile file number=00005name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/leo1.dbf
input datafile file number=00006name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test1_01.dbf
input datafile file number=00007 name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test2_01.dbf 这次又多了test1表空间
input datafile file number=00004name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 10-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 10-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0qo99s79_1_1 tag=TAG20130510T153609comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:02:05
Finished backup at 10-MAY-13
Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 10-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/control/cf_c-1692458681-20130510-03comment=NONE
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 10-MAY-13
SYS@LEO1>select checkpoint_change# from v$database;
CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#
------------------
1084254
SYS@LEO1>alter system switch logfile; 我们做一次日志切换从2 -> 3
System altered.
SYS@LEO1>archive log list
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination /u02/app/oracle/archdata
Oldest online log sequence 1
Next log sequence to archive 3
Current log sequence 3
SYS@LEO1>alter system switch logfile; 为了保险我们再切一次，当前日志序号为4
System altered.
SYS@LEO1>conn leo1/leo1
Connected.
LEO1@LEO1>drop table test1 purge; 我们删除test1和test2表
Table dropped.
LEO1@LEO1>drop table test2 purge;
Table dropped.
现在我们想恢复到没删除之前的状态，有2种方法（1）恢复到scn=1084254 （2）恢复到sequence=3
检查一下备份集集
RMAN> list backupset;
List of Backup Sets
===================
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
19 Incr 0 960.85M DISK 00:01:21 10-MAY-13
BP Key: 19 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20130510T150112
Piece Name:/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0lo99q5p_1_1
List of Datafiles in backup set 19
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- -------------
1 0 Incr 1081294 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/system01.dbf
2 0 Incr 1081294 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/sysaux01.dbf
3 0 Incr 1081294 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/undotbs01.dbf
4 0 Incr 1081294 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/users01.dbf
5 0 Incr 1081294 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/leo1.dbf
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
20 Full 9.39M DISK 00:00:01 10-MAY-13
BP Key: 20 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20130510T150238
Piece Name:/u02/app/oracle/backup/control/cf_c-1692458681-20130510-00
SPFILE Included: Modificationtime: 30-APR-13
SPFILE db_unique_name: LEO1
Control File Included: Ckp SCN:1081329 Ckp time: 10-MAY-13
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
21 Incr 1 19.38M DISK 00:02:08 10-MAY-13
BP Key: 21 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20130510T151746
Piece Name:/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0no99r4r_1_1
List of Datafiles in backup set 21
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- -------------
1 1 Incr 1083510 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/system01.dbf
2 1 Incr 1083510 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/sysaux01.dbf
3 1 Incr 1083510 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/undotbs01.dbf
4 1 Incr 1083510 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/users01.dbf
5 1 Incr 1083510 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/leo1.dbf
6 1 Incr 1083510 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test1_01.dbf
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
22 Full 9.39M DISK 00:00:01 10-MAY-13
BP Key: 22 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20130510T152002
Piece Name: /u02/app/oracle/backup/control/cf_c-1692458681-20130510-01
SPFILE Included: Modificationtime: 10-MAY-13
SPFILE db_unique_name: LEO1
Control File Included: Ckp SCN:1083563 Ckp time: 10-MAY-13
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
23 Full 9.39M DISK 00:00:02 10-MAY-13
BP Key: 23 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20130510T152849
Piece Name: /u02/app/oracle/backup/control/cf_c-1692458681-20130510-02
SPFILE Included: Modificationtime: 10-MAY-13
SPFILE db_unique_name: LEO1
Control File Included: Ckp SCN:1084027 Ckp time: 10-MAY-13
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
24 Incr 1 9.90M DISK 00:02:00 10-MAY-13
BP Key: 24 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20130510T153609
Piece Name:/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0qo99s79_1_1
List of Datafiles in backup set 24
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- -------------
1 1 Incr 1084375 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/system01.dbf
2 1 Incr 1084375 10-MAY-13 /u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/sysaux01.dbf
3 1 Incr 1084375 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/undotbs01.dbf
4 1 Incr 1084375 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/users01.dbf
5 1 Incr 1084375 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/leo1.dbf
6 1 Incr 1084375 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test1_01.dbf
7 1 Incr 1084375 10-MAY-13/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test2_01.dbf
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
25 Full 9.39M DISK 00:00:01 10-MAY-13
BP Key: 25 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20130510T153814
Piece Name:/u02/app/oracle/backup/control/cf_c-1692458681-20130510-03
SPFILE Included: Modificationtime: 10-MAY-13
SPFILE db_unique_name: LEO1
Control File Included: Ckp SCN:1084436 Ckp time: 10-MAY-13
从这个size大小上就可以看出 960.85M->19.38M->9.90M咱们做的都是增量备份，那么好现在开始恢复
SYS@LEO1>shutdown immediate
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SYS@LEO1>startup mount 启动mount状态恢复
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 471830528bytes
Fixed Size 2214456bytes
Variable Size 184550856 bytes
Database Buffers 276824064bytes
Redo Buffers 8241152bytes
Database mounted.
RMAN 进行基于SCN号不完全恢复
RMAN> restore database until scn 1084254;
Starting restore at 10-MAY-13
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=10 device type=DISK
creating datafile file number=7name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test2_01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00001 to/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/system01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00002 to/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/sysaux01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00003 to/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/undotbs01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00004 to/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00005 to/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/leo1.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0lo99q5p_1_1 从0级备份开始恢复
channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0lo99q5p_1_1tag=TAG20130510T150112
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:01:45
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00006 to/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test1_01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0no99r4r_1_1 再恢复1级
channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0no99r4r_1_1tag=TAG20130510T151746
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished restore at 10-MAY-13
RMAN> recover database until scn 1084254; 同步scn号
Starting recover at 10-MAY-13
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting incremental datafile backup set restore
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
destination for restore of datafile 00001:/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/system01.dbf
destination for restore of datafile 00002:/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/sysaux01.dbf
destination for restore of datafile 00003:/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/undotbs01.dbf
destination for restore of datafile 00004:/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/users01.dbf
destination for restore of datafile 00005:/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/leo1.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0no99r4r_1_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0no99r4r_1_1tag=TAG20130510T151746
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03
starting media recovery
archived log for thread 1 with sequence 1 is already on disk as file/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_1_814107939.dbf
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_1_814107939.dbf thread=1sequence=1
media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:02
Finished recover at 10-MAY-13
RMAN> alter database open resetlogs; 非一致性打开
database opened
累积增量备份
零级备份
backup incremental level 0 cumulative database;
创建表空间test3
创建表test3
一级累积备份
backup incremental level 1 cumulative database;
创建表空间test4
创建表test4
一级累积备份
backup incremental level 1 cumulative database;
记住当前的sequence号，我们删除表test3和表test4，然后恢复到sequence那一刻，检查表test3和表test4是否完整恢复回来，恢复窗口：恢复两个备份集 0+1(最后一次备份)+redo
下面我们就做的快一点啦
RMAN> backup incremental level 0 cumulative database; 0级累积增量备份
Starting backup at 10-MAY-13
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting incremental level 0 datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001 name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/system01.dbf
input datafile file number=00002name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile file number=00003name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile file number=00005name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/leo1.dbf
input datafile file number=00006name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test1_01.dbf
input datafile file number=00007name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test2_01.dbf
input datafile file number=00004name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 10-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 10-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0to99v4v_1_1 tag=TAG20130510T162607comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:01:25
Finished backup at 10-MAY-13
Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 10-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/control/cf_c-1692458681-20130510-05comment=NONE
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 10-MAY-13
创建表空间和表test3
LEO1@LEO1>create tablespace test3 datafile'/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test3_01.dbf' size 20m autoextend off;
Tablespace created.
LEO1@LEO1>create table test3 tablespace test3 as select * fromdba_objects;
Table created.
1级累积备份
RMAN> backup incremental level 1 cumulative database;
Starting backup at 10-MAY-13
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting incremental level 1 datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/system01.dbf
input datafile file number=00002name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile file number=00003name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile file number=00005name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/leo1.dbf
input datafile file number=00006name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test1_01.dbf
input datafile file number=00007name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test2_01.dbf
input datafile file number=00008name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test3_01.dbf
input datafile file number=00004 name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 10-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 10-MAY-13
piece handle= /u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0vo99vgi_1_1 tag=TAG20130510T163217 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:02:05
Finished backup at 10-MAY-13
Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 10-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/control/cf_c-1692458681-20130510-06comment=NONE
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 10-MAY-13
创建表空间和表test4
LEO1@LEO1>create tablespace test4 datafile'/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test4_01.dbf' size 20m autoextend off;
Tablespace created.
LEO1@LEO1>create table test4 tablespace test4 as select * fromdba_objects;
Table created.
再一次1级累积备份
RMAN> backup incremental level 1 cumulative database;
Starting backup at 10-MAY-13
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting incremental level 1 datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/system01.dbf
input datafile file number=00002name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile file number=00003name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile file number=00005 name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/leo1.dbf
input datafile file number=00006name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test1_01.dbf
input datafile file number=00007name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test2_01.dbf
input datafile file number=00008 name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test3_01.dbf
input datafile file number=00009name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test4_01.dbf
input datafile file number=00004name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 10-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 10-MAY-13
piece handle= /u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_11o99vpa_1_1 tag=TAG20130510T163657 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:01:55
Finished backup at 10-MAY-13
Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 10-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/control/cf_c-1692458681-20130510-07comment=NONE
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 10-MAY-13
SYS@LEO1>drop table test3 purge;
SYS@LEO1>drop table test4 purge;
切换2次日志
SYS@LEO1>alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
SYS@LEO1>alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
SYS@LEO1>archive log list
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination /u02/app/oracle/archdata
Oldest online log sequence 3
Next log sequence to archive 5
Current log sequence 5
我们只需恢复到sequence=4即可
RMAN 进行基于sequence号不完全恢复
SYS@LEO1>shutdown immediate
SYS@LEO1>startup mount
RMAN> restore database until sequence 4 thread 1; 一直恢复到4号归档日志
Starting restore at 10-MAY-13
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=10 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00001 to/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/system01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00002 to/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/sysaux01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00003 to/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/undotbs01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00004 to/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00005 to/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/leo1.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00006 to/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test1_01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00007 to/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test2_01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0to99v4v_1_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle= /u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_0to99v4v_1_1 tag=TAG20130510T162607
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:02:05
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00008 to/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test3_01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00009 to/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test4_01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_11o99vpa_1_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle= /u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_11o99vpa_1_1 tag=TAG20130510T163657
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03
Finished restore at 10-MAY-13
RMAN> recover database until sequence 4 thread 1;
Starting recover at 10-MAY-13
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting incremental datafile backup set restore
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
destination for restore of datafile 00001:/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/system01.dbf
destination for restore of datafile 00002:/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/sysaux01.dbf
destination for restore of datafile 00003: /u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/undotbs01.dbf
destination for restore of datafile 00004:/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/users01.dbf
destination for restore of datafile 00005:/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/leo1.dbf
destination for restore of datafile 00006: /u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test1_01.dbf
destination for restore of datafile 00007:/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test2_01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_11o99vpa_1_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle= /u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_11o99vpa_1_1 tag=TAG20130510T163657
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
starting media recovery
archived log for thread 1 with sequence 3 is already on disk as file/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_3_815069267.dbf
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_3_815069267.dbf thread=1sequence=3
media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished recover at 10-MAY-13
RMAN> alter database open resetlogs; 打开数据库
database opened
LEO1@LEO1>select count(*) from test3; 完整恢复回来啦
COUNT(*)
----------
71894
LEO1@LEO1>select count(*) from test4;
COUNT(*)
----------
71895
大家肯定会发现一个有趣的现象，我们备份集顺序DB_0to99v4v_1_1->DB_0vo99vgi_1_1->DB_11o99vpa_1_1
-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 1023426560 May 10 16:27 DB_0to99v4v_1_1
-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 10493952 May 10 16:34 DB_0vo99vgi_1_1
-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 20193280 May 10 16:38 DB_11o99vpa_1_1
而我们恢复顺序DB_0to99v4v_1_1->DB_11o99vpa_1_1，没有中间的DB_0vo99vgi_1_1，这就是累积增量备份的特色，当进行备份时它要去找比它自己级别小的基准点进行增量备份，因此DB_11o99vpa_1_1是从0级一直备到最新状态（包括DB_0vo99vgi_1_1）又根据Oracle优先使用备份集恢复，用完所有备份集后，在应用归档日志恢复，因为备份集效率比归档快很多，这一原则，我们可以直接使用DB_11o99vpa_1_1备份集进行恢复了。
小结：情深深雨蒙蒙~风吹草低见牛羊，示例说明两种增量备份的差别实验已经完成，大家从这些实验中学习到东西了嘛！应该说这两种增量各有千秋，适合不同的应用场景，如何更好的使用它们，要根据你项目能够接受的备份及恢复程度而定，好了我们明天见goodbye 亲。
3.演示用catalog数据库作为RMAN的资料库对数据库进行一次全备份
上面我们说过RMAN元数据可以放在控制文件中，其实还可以放在catalog数据库中，catalog库是个什么东东呢？我们简单的阐述一下它个功能。
1. catalog库统一管理RMAN备份信息即元数据信息，如果没有catalog库，就把RMAN备份信息写入控制文件
2. 目标数据库必须注册到catalog库中才能使用
3. 控制文件恢复成本越来越低，降低了catalog库使用。
4. 控制文件不能保留超过一年以上的备份信息，catalog可却可以。
5. catalog库可以同时保存n台数据库的备份信息，降低管理成本，提升管理效率
参考官方文档
【参】Books->Backup and Recovery Reference -> CREATE CATALOG和REGISTER
【参】Books-> Backup and Recovery Advanced User’s Guide -> 10 Managing the RecoveryCatalog -> Creating a Recovery Catalog
1.创建表空间catalog1 用于存储rman备份信息，创建表空间代表【catalog库】
LEO1@LEO1>create tablespace catalog1 datafile'/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/catalog1_01.dbf' size 20m autoextend off;
Tablespace created.
2.创建用户cl_admin并指定默认的表空间catalog1
LEO1@LEO1>create user cl_admin identified by cl_admin defaulttablespace catalog1;
User created.
3.将recovery_catalog_owner角色授予给cl_admin用户，才能提供维护和查询恢复目录的权限
LEO1@LEO1>grant connect,resource,recovery_catalog_owner to cl_admin;
Grant succeeded.
LEO1@LEO1>select * from dba_roles where role like '%RECOVER%';
ROLE PASSWORD AUTHENTICAT
------------------------------ -------- -----------
RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER NO NONE
LEO1@LEO1>conn / as sysdba
Connected.
SYS@LEO1>select * from role_sys_privs whererole='RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER'; 查看这个角色具有哪些系统权限->11个权限
ROLE PRIVILEGE ADM
------------------------------ -------------------------------------------
RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE SYNONYM NO
RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE CLUSTER NO
RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER ALTERSESSION NO
RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE DATABASE LINK NO
RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE SESSION NO
RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE TABLE NO
RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE SEQUENCE NO
RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATEPROCEDURE NO
RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE VIEW NO
RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE TYPE NO
RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE TRIGGER NO
11 rows selected.
4.进入rman创建恢复目录catalog库
[oracle@leonarding1 backup]$ rman catalog cl_admin/cl_admin 以恢复目录所有者身份登录rman
Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sat May 11 09:06:292013
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
connected to recovery catalog database 连接到恢复目录数据库
RMAN> create catalog tablespace catalog1; 用catalog1表空间代表catalog库
recovery catalog created
5.target库注册到catalog库
[oracle@leonarding1 backup]$ rman target sys/oracle catalogcl_admin/cl_admin
Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sat May 11 09:15:102013
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
connected to target database: LEO1 (DBID=1692458681) 必须以SYS身份登录，不能以普通用户身份登录，否则不能注册
connected to recovery catalog database 同时也连接到了catalog库
RMAN> register database; 把target库->注册->catalog库，谁注册了谁的备份信息才能存到catalog库
database registered in recovery catalog
starting full resync of recovery catalog
full resync complete
6.在数据库中确认注册成功，看看哪些数据库注册到catalog库了
[oracle@leonarding1 ~]$ sqlplus cl_admin/cl_admin
CL_ADMIN@LEO1>col name for a6
CL_ADMIN@LEO1>select * from rc_database; 从这个视图上我们就可以看到leo1库已经注册到catalog中了
DB_KEY DBINC_KEY DBID NAME RESETLOGS_CHANGE# RESETLOGS
---------- ---------- ---------- ------ ----------------- ---------
2 4 1692458681 LEO1 1086803 10-MAY-13
7.取消注册
RMAN> unregister database; 从恢复目录库中取消目标数据库的注册
8.全库备份
RMAN> backup as compressed backupset full database include currentcontrolfile plus archivelog delete all input;
Starting backup at 11-MAY-13
current log archived
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=19 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting compressed archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=6 RECID=38 STAMP=814107533
input archived log thread=1 sequence=7 RECID=36 STAMP=814105467
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_15o9bs9s_1_1 tag=TAG20130511T094947comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
channel ORA_DISK_1: deleting archived log(s)
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_6_814098124.dbf RECID=38STAMP=814107533
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_7_814098124.dbf RECID=36STAMP=814105467
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting compressed archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=1 RECID=39 STAMP=815067081
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_16o9bs9t_1_1 tag=TAG20130511T094947comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03
channel ORA_DISK_1: deleting archived log(s)
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_1_814107939.dbf RECID=39STAMP=815067081
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting compressed archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=8 RECID=37 STAMP=814105539
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_17o9bsa1_1_1 tag=TAG20130511T094947comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
channel ORA_DISK_1: deleting archived log(s)
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_8_814098124.dbf RECID=37STAMP=814105539
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting compressed archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=2 RECID=40 STAMP=815067673
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_18o9bsa2_1_1 tag=TAG20130511T094947comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
channel ORA_DISK_1: deleting archived log(s)
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_2_814107939.dbf RECID=40STAMP=815067673
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting compressed archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=1 RECID=43 STAMP=815070347
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_19o9bsa3_1_1 tag=TAG20130511T094947comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
channel ORA_DISK_1: deleting archived log(s)
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_1_815069267.dbf RECID=43STAMP=815070347
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting compressed archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=3 RECID=41 STAMP=815067752
input archived log thread=1 sequence=4 RECID=42 STAMP=815069267
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_1ao9bsa4_1_1 tag=TAG20130511T094947comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
channel ORA_DISK_1: deleting archived log(s)
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_3_814107939.dbf RECID=41STAMP=815067752
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_4_814107939.dbf RECID=42STAMP=815069267
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting compressed archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=2 RECID=44 STAMP=815070349
input archived log thread=1 sequence=3 RECID=45 STAMP=815071289
input archived log thread=1 sequence=4 RECID=46 STAMP=815071321
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_1bo9bsa5_1_1 tag=TAG20130511T094947comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03
channel ORA_DISK_1: deleting archived log(s)
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_2_815069267.dbf RECID=44STAMP=815070349
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_3_815069267.dbf RECID=45STAMP=815071289
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_4_815069267.dbf RECID=46STAMP=815071321
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting compressed archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=1 RECID=48 STAMP=815130519
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_1co9bsa9_1_1 tag=TAG20130511T094947comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07
channel ORA_DISK_1: deleting archived log(s)
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_1_815071959.dbf RECID=48STAMP=815130519
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting compressed archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=5 RECID=47 STAMP=815071959
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_1do9bsag_1_1 tag=TAG20130511T094947comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
channel ORA_DISK_1: deleting archived log(s)
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_5_815069267.dbf RECID=47STAMP=815071959
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting compressed archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=2 RECID=49 STAMP=815132985
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_1eo9bsai_1_1 tag=TAG20130511T094947comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
channel ORA_DISK_1: deleting archived log(s)
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_2_815071959.dbf RECID=49STAMP=815132985
Finished backup at 11-MAY-13
Starting backup at 11-MAY-13
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting compressed full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/system01.dbf
input datafile file number=00002name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile file number=00003name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile file number=00005 name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/leo1.dbf
input datafile file number=00006name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test1_01.dbf
input datafile file number=00007name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test2_01.dbf
input datafile file number=00008 name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test3_01.dbf
input datafile file number=00009name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/test4_01.dbf
input datafile file number=00010name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/catalog1_01.dbf
input datafile file number=00004 name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/LEO1/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_1fo9bsaj_1_1 tag=TAG20130511T095011comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:01:35
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting compressed full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
including current control file in backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_1go9bsdi_1_1 tag=TAG20130511T095011comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 11-MAY-13
Starting backup at 11-MAY-13
current log archived
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting compressed archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=3 RECID=50 STAMP=815133109
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 11-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/DB_1ho9bsdm_1_1 tag=TAG20130511T095150comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
channel ORA_DISK_1: deleting archived log(s)
archived log file name=/u02/app/oracle/archdata/1_3_815071959.dbf RECID=50STAMP=815133109
Finished backup at 11-MAY-13
Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 11-MAY-13
piece handle=/u02/app/oracle/backup/control/cf_c-1692458681-20130511-01comment=NONE
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 11-MAY-13
这些备份信息就会保存在catalog数据库中，你可以同时保存n台数据库的备份信息，请注意一点，catalog库也会有crash风险，如果这些备份信息丢失那么所有备份集就会失效，因此catalog库也需要备份。
小结：备份与恢复是数据库的一个核心模块，几乎没有见过无需备份的库，RMAN是oracle专用级备份与恢复工具，几乎可以完成所有的备份任务，是我们DBA的利器，因此花些时间学习RMAN是很有意义的。以此文纪念成长ing我们：） 晚安亲
RMAN backupset catalog 全库备份 差异增量备份 累积增量备份
