命名空间
命名空间是一个容器，它允许开发人员在一个独特的，特定于应用程序的名称下捆绑所有的功能。 在JavaScript中，命名空间只是另一个包含方法，属性，对象的对象。
需要认识到非常重要的一点，与其他面向对象编程语言中的普通对象和命名空间相比，它们在语言层面上没有区别。
创造的JavaScript命名空间背后的想法很简单：一个全局对象被创建，所有的变量，方法和功能成为该对象的属性。使用命名空间也最大程度地减少应用程序的名称冲突的可能性。
我们来创建一个全局变量叫做 MYAPP
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<code class=" language-js"><span class="token comment">// 全局命名空间
<span class="token keyword">var MYAPP <span class="token operator">= MYAPP <span class="token operator">|| <span class="token punctuation">{<span class="token punctuation">}<span class="token punctuation">;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></code>
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在上面的代码示例中，我们首先检查MYAPP是否已经被定义（是否在同一文件中或在另一文件）。如果是的话，那么使用现有的MYAPP全局对象，否则，创建一个名为MYAPP的空对象用来封装方法，函数，变量和对象。
我们也可以创建子命名空间：
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<code class=" language-js"><span class="token comment">// 子命名空间
MYAPP<span class="token punctuation">.event <span class="token operator">= <span class="token punctuation">{<span class="token punctuation">}<span class="token punctuation">;</span></span></span></span></span></span></code>
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下面是用于创建命名空间和添加变量，函数和方法的代码写法：
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<code class=" language-js"><span class="token comment">// 给普通方法和属性创建一个叫做MYAPP.commonMethod的容器
MYAPP<span class="token punctuation">.commonMethod <span class="token operator">= <span class="token punctuation">{
regExForName<span class="token punctuation">: <span class="token string">""<span class="token punctuation">,<span class="token comment"> // 定义名字的正则验证
regExForPhone<span class="token punctuation">: <span class="token string">""<span class="token punctuation">,<span class="token comment"> // 定义电话的正则验证
validateName<span class="token punctuation">: <span class="token keyword">function<span class="token punctuation">(name<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token comment"> // 对名字name做些操作，你可以通过使用“this.regExForname”
<span class="token comment"> // 访问regExForName变量
<span class="token punctuation">}<span class="token punctuation">,
validatePhoneNo<span class="token punctuation">: <span class="token keyword">function<span class="token punctuation">(phoneNo<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token comment"> // 对电话号码做操作
<span class="token punctuation">}
<span class="token punctuation">}
<span class="token comment">
// 对象和方法一起申明MYAPP<span class="token punctuation">.event <span class="token operator">= <span class="token punctuation">{
addListener<span class="token punctuation">: <span class="token keyword">function<span class="token punctuation">(el<span class="token punctuation">, type<span class="token punctuation">, fn<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token comment"> // 代码
<span class="token punctuation">}<span class="token punctuation">,
removeListener<span class="token punctuation">: <span class="token keyword">function<span class="token punctuation">(el<span class="token punctuation">, type<span class="token punctuation">, fn<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token comment"> // 代码
<span class="token punctuation">}<span class="token punctuation">,
getEvent<span class="token punctuation">: <span class="token keyword">function<span class="token punctuation">(e<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token comment"> // 代码
<span class="token punctuation">}
<span class="token comment"> // 还可以添加其他的属性和方法
<span class="token punctuation">}
<span class="token comment">
//使用addListner方法的写法:MYAPP<span class="token punctuation">.event<span class="token punctuation">.<span class="token function">addListener<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">"yourel"<span class="token punctuation">, <span class="token string">"type"<span class="token punctuation">, callback<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></code>
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标准内置对象
JavaScript有包括在其核心的几个对象，例如，Math，Object，Array和String对象。下面的例子演示了如何使用Math对象使用其随机（）方法来获得一个随机数。
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<code class=" language-js">console<span class="token punctuation">.<span class="token function">log<span class="token punctuation">(Math<span class="token punctuation">.<span class="token function">random<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></code>
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注意：T这里和接下来的例子都假设名为
console.log 的方法全局有定义。console.log 实际上不是 JavaScript 自带的。查看 JavaScript 参考：全局对象 了解 JavaScript 内置对象的列表。
JavaScript 中的每个对象都是 Object 对象的实例且继承它所有的属性和方法。
自定义对象
类
JavaScript是一种基于原型的语言，它没类的声明语句，比如C+ +或Java中用的。这有时会对习惯使用有类申明语句语言的程序员产生困扰。相反，JavaScript可用方法作类。定义一个类跟定义一个函数一样简单。在下面的例子中，我们定义了一个新类Person。
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<code class=" language-js"><span class="token keyword">function <span class="token function">Person<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">{ <span class="token punctuation">} <span class="token comment">
// 或<span class="token keyword">var Person <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">function<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">{ <span class="token punctuation">}</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></code>
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对象（类的实例）
我们使用 new obj 创建对象 obj 的新实例, 将结果（obj 类型）赋值给一个变量方便稍后调用。
在下面的示例中，我们定义了一个名为Person的类，然后我们创建了两个Person的实例(person1 and person2).
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<code class=" language-js"><span class="token keyword">function <span class="token function">Person<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">{ <span class="token punctuation">}
<span class="token keyword">var person1 <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">new <span class="token class-name">Person<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token keyword">var person2 <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">new <span class="token class-name">Person<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></code>
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有两种为对象创建实例，请参考 Object.create 。
构造器
在实例化时构造器被调用 (也就是对象实例被创建时)。构造器是对象中的一个方法。 在JavaScript,中函数就可以作为构造器使用,因此不需要特别地定义一个构造器方法. 每个声明的函数都可以在实例化后被调用执行
构造器常用于给对象的属性赋值或者为调用函数做准备。 在本文的后面描述了类中方法既可以在定义时添加，也可以在使用前添加。
在下面的示例中, Person类实例化时构造器调用一个 alert函数。
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<code class=" language-js"><span class="token keyword">function <span class="token function">Person<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">'Person instantiated'<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token punctuation">}
<span class="token keyword">var person1 <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">new <span class="token class-name">Person<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token keyword">var person2 <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">new <span class="token class-name">Person<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></code>
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属性 (对象属性)
属性就是 类中包含的变量;每一个对象实例有若干个属性. 为了正确的继承，属性应该被定义在类的原型属性 (函数)中。
可以使用 关键字 this调用类中的属性, this是对当前对象的引用。 从外部存取(读/写)其属性的语法是: InstanceName.Property; 这与C++，Java或者许多其他语言中的语法是一样的 (在类中语法 this.Property 常用于set和get属性值)
在下面的示例中，我们为定义Person类定义了一个属性 firstName 并在实例化时赋初值。
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<code class=" language-js"><span class="token keyword">function <span class="token function">Person<span class="token punctuation">(firstName<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token keyword">this<span class="token punctuation">.firstName <span class="token operator">= firstName<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">'Person instantiated'<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token punctuation">}
<span class="token keyword">var person1 <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">new <span class="token class-name">Person<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">'Alice'<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token keyword">var person2 <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">new <span class="token class-name">Person<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">'Bob'<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token comment">
// Show the firstName properties of the objects<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">'person1 is ' <span class="token operator">+ person1<span class="token punctuation">.firstName<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;<span class="token comment"> // alerts "person1 is Alice"
<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">'person2 is ' <span class="token operator">+ person2<span class="token punctuation">.firstName<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;<span class="token comment"> // alerts "person2 is Bob"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></code>
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方法
方法与属性很相似， 不同的是：一个是函数，另一个可以被定义为函数。 调用方法很像存取一个属性, 不同的是add () 在方法名后面很可能带着参数. 为定义一个方法, 需要将一个函数赋值给类的 prototype 属性; 这个赋值给函数的名称就是用来给对象在外部调用它使用的。
在下面的示例中，我们给Person类定义了方法 sayHello()，并调用了它.
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<code class=" language-js"><span class="token keyword">function <span class="token function">Person<span class="token punctuation">(firstName<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token keyword">this<span class="token punctuation">.firstName <span class="token operator">= firstName<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token punctuation">}
Person<span class="token punctuation">.prototype<span class="token punctuation">.sayHello <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">function<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">"Hello, I'm " <span class="token operator">+ <span class="token keyword">this<span class="token punctuation">.firstName<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token punctuation">}<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token keyword">var person1 <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">new <span class="token class-name">Person<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">"Alice"<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token keyword">var person2 <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">new <span class="token class-name">Person<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">"Bob"<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token comment">
// call the Person sayHello method.person1<span class="token punctuation">.<span class="token function">sayHello<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;<span class="token comment"> // alerts "Hello, I'm Alice"
person2<span class="token punctuation">.<span class="token function">sayHello<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;<span class="token comment"> // alerts "Hello, I'm Bob"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></code>
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在JavaScript中方法通常是一个绑定到对象中的普通函数, 这意味着方法可以在其所在context之外被调用。 思考下面示例中的代码:
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<code class=" language-js"><span class="token keyword">function <span class="token function">Person<span class="token punctuation">(firstName<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token keyword">this<span class="token punctuation">.firstName <span class="token operator">= firstName<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token punctuation">}
Person<span class="token punctuation">.prototype<span class="token punctuation">.sayHello <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">function<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">"Hello, I'm " <span class="token operator">+ <span class="token keyword">this<span class="token punctuation">.firstName<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token punctuation">}<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token keyword">var person1 <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">new <span class="token class-name">Person<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">"Alice"<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token keyword">var person2 <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">new <span class="token class-name">Person<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">"Bob"<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token keyword">var helloFunction <span class="token operator">= person1<span class="token punctuation">.sayHello<span class="token punctuation">;
person1<span class="token punctuation">.<span class="token function">sayHello<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">; <span class="token comment"> // alerts "Hello, I'm Alice"
person2<span class="token punctuation">.<span class="token function">sayHello<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">; <span class="token comment"> // alerts "Hello, I'm Bob"
<span class="token function">helloFunction<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">; <span class="token comment"> // alerts "Hello, I'm undefined" (or fails
<span class="token comment"> // with a TypeError in strict mode)
<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">(helloFunction <span class="token operator">=== person1<span class="token punctuation">.sayHello<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">; <span class="token comment"> // alerts true
<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">(helloFunction <span class="token operator">=== Person<span class="token punctuation">.prototype<span class="token punctuation">.sayHello<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;<span class="token comment"> // alerts true
helloFunction<span class="token punctuation">.<span class="token function">call<span class="token punctuation">(person1<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">; <span class="token comment"> // alerts "Hello, I'm Alice"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></code>
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如上例所示, 所有指向sayHello函数的引用 ，包括 person1, Person.prototype, 和 helloFunction 等， 均引用了相同的函数.
在调用函数的过程中，this的值取决于我们怎么样调用函数. 在通常情况下，我们通过一个表达式person1.sayHello()来调用函数：即从一个对象的属性中得到所调用的函数。此时this被设置为我们取得函数的对象（即person1）。这就是为什么person1.sayHello() 使用了姓名“Alice”而person2.sayHello()使用了姓名“bob”的原因。
然而我们使用不同的调用方法时, this的值也就不同了。当从变量 helloFunction()中调用的时候， this就被设置成了全局对象 (在浏览器中即window)。由于该对象 (非常可能地) 没有firstName 属性, 我们得到的结果便是"Hello, I'm undefined". (这是松散模式下的结果， 在 严格模式中，结果将不同（此时会产生一个error）。 但是为了避免混淆，我们在这里不涉及细节) 。另外，我们可以像上例末尾那样，使用Function#call (或者Function#apply)显式的设置this的值。
更多有关信息请参考 Function#call and Function#apply
继承
创建一个或多个类的专门版本类方式称为继承（Javascript只支持单继承）。 创建的专门版本的类通常叫做子类，另外的类通常叫做父类。 在Javascript中，继承通过赋予子类一个父类的实例并专门化子类来实现。在现代浏览器中你可以使用 Object.create 实现继承.
JavaScript 并不检测子类的 prototype.constructor (见 Object.prototype), 所以我们必须手动申明它.
在下面的例子中, 我们定义了 Student类作为 Person类的子类. 之后我们重定义了sayHello() 方法并添加了 sayGoodBye() 方法.
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<code class=" language-js"><span class="token comment">// 定义Person构造器
<span class="token keyword">function <span class="token function">Person<span class="token punctuation">(firstName<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token keyword">this<span class="token punctuation">.firstName <span class="token operator">= firstName<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token punctuation">}
<span class="token comment">
// 在Person.prototype中加入方法Person<span class="token punctuation">.prototype<span class="token punctuation">.walk <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">function<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">"I am walking!"<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token punctuation">}<span class="token punctuation">;
Person<span class="token punctuation">.prototype<span class="token punctuation">.sayHello <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">function<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">"Hello, I'm " <span class="token operator">+ <span class="token keyword">this<span class="token punctuation">.firstName<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token punctuation">}<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token comment">
// 定义Student构造器<span class="token keyword">function <span class="token function">Student<span class="token punctuation">(firstName<span class="token punctuation">, subject<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token comment"> // 调用父类构造器, 确保(使用Function#call)"this" 在调用过程中设置正确
Person<span class="token punctuation">.<span class="token function">call<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token keyword">this<span class="token punctuation">, firstName<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token comment"> // 初始化Student类特有属性
<span class="token keyword">this<span class="token punctuation">.subject <span class="token operator">= subject<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token punctuation">}<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token comment">
// 建立一个由Person.prototype继承而来的Student.prototype对象.<span class="token comment">// 注意: 常见的错误是使用 "new Person()"来建立Student.prototype.
<span class="token comment">// 这样做的错误之处有很多, 最重要的一点是我们在实例化时
<span class="token comment">// 不能赋予Person类任何的FirstName参数
<span class="token comment">// 调用Person的正确位置如下，我们从Student中来调用它
Student<span class="token punctuation">.prototype <span class="token operator">= Object<span class="token punctuation">.<span class="token function">create<span class="token punctuation">(Person<span class="token punctuation">.prototype<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;<span class="token comment"> // See note below
<span class="token comment">
// 设置"constructor" 属性指向StudentStudent<span class="token punctuation">.prototype<span class="token punctuation">.constructor <span class="token operator">= Student<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token comment">
// 更换"sayHello" 方法Student<span class="token punctuation">.prototype<span class="token punctuation">.sayHello <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">function<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">"Hello, I'm " <span class="token operator">+ <span class="token keyword">this<span class="token punctuation">.firstName <span class="token operator">+ <span class="token string">". I'm studying " <span class="token operator">+ <span class="token keyword">this<span class="token punctuation">.subject <span class="token operator">+ <span class="token string">"."<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token punctuation">}<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token comment">
// 加入"sayGoodBye" 方法Student<span class="token punctuation">.prototype<span class="token punctuation">.sayGoodBye <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">function<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">"Goodbye!"<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token punctuation">}<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token comment">
// 测试实例:<span class="token keyword">var student1 <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">new <span class="token class-name">Student<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token string">"Janet"<span class="token punctuation">, <span class="token string">"Applied Physics"<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
student1<span class="token punctuation">.<span class="token function">sayHello<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">; <span class="token comment"> // "Hello, I'm Janet. I'm studying Applied Physics."
student1<span class="token punctuation">.<span class="token function">walk<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">; <span class="token comment"> // "I am walking!"
student1<span class="token punctuation">.<span class="token function">sayGoodBye<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;<span class="token comment"> // "Goodbye!"
<span class="token comment">
// Check that instanceof works correctly<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">(student1 <span class="token keyword">instanceof <span class="token class-name">Person<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">; <span class="token comment"> // true
<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">(student1 <span class="token keyword">instanceof <span class="token class-name">Student<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;<span class="token comment"> // true</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></code>
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对于“Student.prototype = Object.create(Person.prototype);”这一行，在不支持 Object.create方法的老JavaScript引擎中，可以使用一个"polyfill"（又名"shim"，查看文章链接），或者使用一个function来获得相同的返回值，就像下面：
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<code class=" language-js"><span class="token keyword">function <span class="token function">createObject<span class="token punctuation">(proto<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">{
<span class="token keyword">function <span class="token function">ctor<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">{ <span class="token punctuation">}
ctor<span class="token punctuation">.prototype <span class="token operator">= proto<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token keyword">return <span class="token keyword">new <span class="token class-name">ctor<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token punctuation">}
<span class="token comment">
// Usage:Student<span class="token punctuation">.prototype <span class="token operator">= <span class="token function">createObject<span class="token punctuation">(Person<span class="token punctuation">.prototype<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></code>
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更多相关信息请参考 Object.create，连接中还有一个老JavaScript引擎的兼容方案（shim）。
封装
在上一个例子中，Student类虽然不需要知道Person类的walk()方法是如何实现的，但是仍然可以使用这个方法；Student类不需要明确地定义这个方法，除非我们想改变它。 这就叫做封装，对于所有继承自父类的方法，只需要在子类中定义那些你想改变的即可。
抽象
抽象是允许模拟工作问题中通用部分的一种机制。这可以通过继承（具体化）或组合来实现。
JavaScript通过继承实现具体化，通过让类的实例是其他对象的属性值来实现组合。
JavaScript Function 类继承自Object类（这是典型的具体化） 。Function.prototype的属性是一个Object实例（这是典型的组合）。
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<code class=" language-js"><span class="token keyword">var foo <span class="token operator">= <span class="token keyword">function<span class="token punctuation">(<span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">{<span class="token punctuation">}<span class="token punctuation">;
<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">( <span class="token string">'foo is a Function: ' <span class="token operator">+ <span class="token punctuation">(foo <span class="token keyword">instanceof <span class="token class-name">Function<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">; <span class="token comment"> // alerts "foo is a Function: true"
<span class="token function">alert<span class="token punctuation">( <span class="token string">'foo.prototype is an Object: ' <span class="token operator">+ <span class="token punctuation">(foo<span class="token punctuation">.prototype <span class="token keyword">instanceof <span class="token class-name">Object<span class="token punctuation">) <span class="token punctuation">)<span class="token punctuation">;<span class="token comment"> // alerts "foo.prototype is an Object: true"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></code>
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多态
就像所有定义在原型属性内部的方法和属性一样，不同的类可以定义具有相同名称的方法;方法是作用于所在的类中。并且这仅在两个类不是父子关系时成立（继承链中，一个类不是继承自其他类）。
注意
本文中所展示的面向对象编程技术不是唯一的实现方式，在JavaScript中面向对象的实现是非常灵活的。
同样的，文中展示的技术没有使用任何语言hacks，它们也没有模仿其他语言的对象理论实现。
JavaScript中还有其他一些更加先进的面向对象技术，但这些都超出了本文的介绍范围。
文章出处：https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Web/JavaScript/Introduction_to_Object-Oriented_JavaScript
