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|
>>> os.environ[
"HOME"
]
'C:\\Users\\Administrator'
>>> os.getcwd()
#获得当前的目录
'D:\\new'
>>> os.getenv(
"QTDIR"
)
#获取环境变量的值
'D:\\vs2010-qt-src-4.7.4\\qt-src-4.7.4'
os.putenv(varname, value)
#设置环境变量的值
os.mkdir(path[, mode])
>>> os.mkdir(
"aa"
)
>>> os.rmdir(
"aa"
)
>>>os.makedirs(
"aa\\bb\\cc"
) 多级目录
os.removedirs(path)¶
os.remove(
"d:\\new\\hello.txt"
)
#删除文件,如果是目录的话,出错
os.rename(
"test.txt"
,
"a.txt"
)
random.randint(a, b)
Return a random integer N such that a <
=
N <
=
b.
random.choice(seq)
Return a random element
from
the non
-
empty sequence seq. If seq
is
empty, raises IndexError.
random.random()
Return the
next
random floating point number
in
the
range
[
0.0
,
1.0
).
random.shuffle(x[, random]) 随机排序序列
random.uniform(a, b)¶返回a<
=
N<
=
b之间的浮点数
random.randrange([start], stop[, step])想当于choice(
range
(start, stop, step))
>>> random.random()
# Random float x, 0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646
>>> random.uniform(
1
,
10
)
# Random float x, 1.0 <= x < 10.0
1.1800146073117523
>>> random.randint(
1
,
10
)
# Integer from 1 to 10, endpoints included
7
>>> random.randrange(
0
,
101
,
2
)
# Even integer from 0 to 100
26
>>> random.choice(
'abcdefghij'
)
# Choose a random element
'c'
>>> items
=
[
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
]
>>> random.shuffle(items)
>>> items
[
7
,
3
,
2
,
5
,
6
,
4
,
1
]
>>> random.sample([
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
],
3
)
# Choose 3 elements
[
4
,
1
,
5
]
>>> datetime.MAXYEAR
9999
>>> datetime.MINYEAR
1
>>> a
=
datetime.date(
2011
,
2
,
1
)
>>> a.today()
datetime.date(
2011
,
11
,
26
)
>>> a.year
2011
>>> a.month
2
>>> a.day
1
>>>
import
time
>>>
from
datetime
import
date
>>> today
=
date.today()
>>> today
datetime.date(
2007
,
12
,
5
)
>>> my_birthday
=
date(today.year,
6
,
24
)
>>>
if
my_birthday < today:
... my_birthday
=
my_birthday.replace(year
=
today.year
+
1
)
>>> my_birthday
datetime.date(
2008
,
6
,
24
)
>>> time_to_birthday
=
abs
(my_birthday
-
today)
#计算日期之差
>>> time_to_birthday.days
202
>>> datetime.now()
#当前时间
datetime.datetime(
2011
,
11
,
26
,
10
,
40
,
10
,
283000
)
>>> datetime.utcnow()
datetime.datetime(
2011
,
11
,
26
,
2
,
40
,
34
,
809000
)
>>> a
=
date(
2005
,
7
,
14
)
#日期和时间进行合并
>>> t
=
time(
12
,
30
,
12
)
>>> datetime.combine(a,t)
datetime.datetime(
2005
,
7
,
14
,
12
,
30
,
12
)
>>> dt
=
datetime.strptime(
"21/11/06 16:30"
,
"%d/%m/%y %H:%M"
)
>>> dt
datetime.datetime(
2006
,
11
,
21
,
16
,
30
)
>>>
from
datetime
import
timedelta, datetime, tzinfo
>>>
class
GMT1(tzinfo):
...
def
__init__(
self
):
# DST starts last Sunday in March
... d
=
datetime(dt.year,
4
,
1
)
# ends last Sunday in October
...
self
.dston
=
d
-
timedelta(days
=
d.weekday()
+
1
)
... d
=
datetime(dt.year,
11
,
1
)
...
self
.dstoff
=
d
-
timedelta(days
=
d.weekday()
+
1
)
...
def
utcoffset(
self
, dt):
...
return
timedelta(hours
=
1
)
+
self
.dst(dt)
...
def
dst(
self
, dt):
...
if
self
.dston <
=
dt.replace(tzinfo
=
None
) <
self
.dstoff:
...
return
timedelta(hours
=
1
)
...
else
:
...
return
timedelta(
0
)
...
def
tzname(
self
,dt):
...
return
"GMT +1"
...
>>>
class
GMT2(tzinfo):
...
def
__init__(
self
):
... d
=
datetime(dt.year,
4
,
1
)
...
self
.dston
=
d
-
timedelta(days
=
d.weekday()
+
1
)
... d
=
datetime(dt.year,
11
,
1
)
...
self
.dstoff
=
d
-
timedelta(days
=
d.weekday()
+
1
)
...
def
utcoffset(
self
, dt):
...
return
timedelta(hours
=
1
)
+
self
.dst(dt)
...
def
dst(
self
, dt):
...
if
self
.dston <
=
dt.replace(tzinfo
=
None
) <
self
.dstoff:
...
return
timedelta(hours
=
2
)
...
else
:
...
return
timedelta(
0
)
...
def
tzname(
self
,dt):
...
return
"GMT +2"
...
>>> gmt1
=
GMT1()
>>>
# Daylight Saving Time
>>> dt1
=
datetime(
2006
,
11
,
21
,
16
,
30
, tzinfo
=
gmt1)
>>> dt1.dst()
datetime.timedelta(
0
)
>>> dt1.utcoffset()
datetime.timedelta(
0
,
3600
)
>>> dt2
=
datetime(
2006
,
6
,
14
,
13
,
0
, tzinfo
=
gmt1)
>>> dt2.dst()
datetime.timedelta(
0
,
3600
)
>>> dt2.utcoffset()
datetime.timedelta(
0
,
7200
)
>>>
# Convert datetime to another time zone
>>> dt3
=
dt2.astimezone(GMT2())
>>> dt3
# doctest: +ELLIPSIS
datetime.datetime(
2006
,
6
,
14
,
14
,
0
, tzinfo
=
<GMT2
object
at
0x
...>)
>>> dt2
# doctest: +ELLIPSIS
datetime.datetime(
2006
,
6
,
14
,
13
,
0
, tzinfo
=
<GMT1
object
at
0x
...>)
>>> dt2.utctimetuple()
=
=
dt3.utctimetuple()
True
class
datetime.time(hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[, tzinfo]]]])
>>> a
=
time(
10
,
46
,
12
)
>>> a.
min
datetime.time(
0
,
0
)
>>> a.
max
datetime.time(
23
,
59
,
59
,
999999
)
>>> a.hour
10
>>> a.minute
46
>>> a.second
12
>>> a.microsecond
0
class
collections.Counter([iterable
-
or
-
mapping])
A Counter
is
a
dict
subclass
for
counting hashable objects.
>>>
# Tally occurrences of words in a list
>>> cnt
=
Counter()
>>>
for
word
in
[
'red'
,
'blue'
,
'red'
,
'green'
,
'blue'
,
'blue'
]:
... cnt[word]
+
=
1
>>> cnt
Counter({
'blue'
:
3
,
'red'
:
2
,
'green'
:
1
})
>>>
# Find the ten most common words in Hamlet
>>>
import
re
>>> words
=
re.findall(
'\w+'
,
open
(
'hamlet.txt'
).read().lower())
>>> Counter(words).most_common(
10
)
[(
'the'
,
1143
), (
'and'
,
966
), (
'to'
,
762
), (
'of'
,
669
), (
'i'
,
631
),
(
'you'
,
554
), (
'a'
,
546
), (
'my'
,
514
), (
'hamlet'
,
471
), (
'in'
,
451
)]
>>> c
=
Counter([
'eggs'
,
'ham'
])
>>> c[
'bacon'
]
# count of a missing element is zero
0
>>> c[
'sausage'
]
=
0
# counter entry with a zero count
>>>
del
c[
'sausage'
]
# del actually removes the entry
>>> c
=
Counter(a
=
4
, b
=
2
, c
=
0
, d
=
-
2
)
>>>
list
(c.elements())
[
'a'
,
'a'
,
'a'
,
'a'
,
'b'
,
'b'
]
most_common([n])
#出现次数最多的n个
>>> Counter(
'abracadabra'
).most_common(
3
)
[(
'a'
,
5
), (
'r'
,
2
), (
'b'
,
2
)]
>>> c
=
Counter(a
=
4
, b
=
2
, c
=
0
, d
=
-
2
)
>>> d
=
Counter(a
=
1
, b
=
2
, c
=
3
, d
=
4
)
>>> c.subtract(d)
Counter({
'a'
:
3
,
'b'
:
0
,
'c'
:
-
3
,
'd'
:
-
6
})
>>> c
=
Counter(a
=
4
, b
=
2
, c
=
0
, d
=
-
2
)
>>>
sum
(c.values())
# total of all counts
4
>>>
list
(c)
[
'a'
,
'c'
,
'b'
,
'd'
]
>>>
set
(c)
set
([
'a'
,
'c'
,
'b'
,
'd'
])
>>>
dict
(c)
{
'a'
:
4
,
'c'
:
0
,
'b'
:
2
,
'd'
:
-
2
}
>>> c.items()
[(
'a'
,
4
), (
'c'
,
0
), (
'b'
,
2
), (
'd'
,
-
2
)]
>>> c.most_common()[:
-
2
:
-
1
]
# c.most_common()[:-n:-1] n least #common elements
[(
'd'
,
-
2
)]
>>> c
+
=
Counter()
>>> c
Counter({
'a'
:
4
,
'b'
:
2
})
>>> c.clear()
>>> c
Counter()
>>> c
=
Counter(a
=
3
, b
=
1
)
>>> d
=
Counter(a
=
1
, b
=
2
)
>>> c
+
d
# add two counters together: c[x] + d[x]
Counter({
'a'
:
4
,
'b'
:
3
})
>>> c
-
d
# subtract (keeping only positive counts)
Counter({
'a'
:
2
})
>>> c & d
# intersection: min(c[x], d[x])
Counter({
'a'
:
1
,
'b'
:
1
})
>>> c | d
# union: max(c[x], d[x])
Counter({
'a'
:
3
,
'b'
:
2
})
>>>
from
collections
import
deque
>>> d
=
deque(
'ghi'
)
# make a new deque with three items
>>>
for
elem
in
d:
# iterate over the deque's elements
...
print
elem.upper()
G
H
I
>>> d.append(
'j'
)
# add a new entry to the right side
>>> d.appendleft(
'f'
)
# add a new entry to the left side
>>> d
# show the representation of the deque
deque([
'f'
,
'g'
,
'h'
,
'i'
,
'j'
])
>>> d.pop()
# return and remove the rightmost item
'j'
>>> d.popleft()
# return and remove the leftmost item
'f'
>>>
list
(d)
# list the contents of the deque
[
'g'
,
'h'
,
'i'
]
>>> d[
0
]
# peek at leftmost item
'g'
>>> d[
-
1
]
# peek at rightmost item
'i'
>>>
list
(
reversed
(d))
# list the contents of a deque in reverse
[
'i'
,
'h'
,
'g'
]
>>>
'h'
in
d
# search the deque
True
>>> d.extend(
'jkl'
)
# add multiple elements at once
>>> d
deque([
'g'
,
'h'
,
'i'
,
'j'
,
'k'
,
'l'
])
>>> d.rotate(
1
)
# right rotation
>>> d
deque([
'l'
,
'g'
,
'h'
,
'i'
,
'j'
,
'k'
])
>>> d.rotate(
-
1
)
# left rotation
>>> d
deque([
'g'
,
'h'
,
'i'
,
'j'
,
'k'
,
'l'
])
>>> deque(
reversed
(d))
# make a new deque in reverse order
deque([
'l'
,
'k'
,
'j'
,
'i'
,
'h'
,
'g'
])
>>> d.clear()
# empty the deque
>>> d.pop()
# cannot pop from an empty deque
Traceback (most recent call last):
File
"<pyshell#6>"
, line
1
,
in
-
toplevel
-
d.pop()
IndexError: pop
from
an empty deque
>>> d.extendleft(
'abc'
)
# extendleft() reverses the input order
>>> d
deque([
'c'
,
'b'
,
'a'
])
def
tail(filename, n
=
10
):
'Return the last n lines of a file'
return
deque(
open
(filename), n)
def
moving_average(iterable, n
=
3
):
# moving_average([40, 30, 50, 46, 39, 44]) --> 40.0 42.0 45.0 43.0
it
=
iter
(iterable)
d
=
deque(itertools.islice(it, n
-
1
))
d.appendleft(
0
)
s
=
sum
(d)
for
elem
in
it:
s
+
=
elem
-
d.popleft()
d.append(elem)
yield
s
/
float
(n)
def
delete_nth(d, n):
d.rotate(
-
n)
d.popleft()
d.rotate(n)
class
collections.defaultdict([default_factory[, ...]])
>>> s
=
[(
'yellow'
,
1
), (
'blue'
,
2
), (
'yellow'
,
3
), (
'blue'
,
4
), (
'red'
,
1
)]
>>> d
=
defaultdict(
list
)
>>>
for
k, v
in
s:
... d[k].append(v)
...
>>> d.items()
[(
'blue'
, [
2
,
4
]), (
'red'
, [
1
]), (
'yellow'
, [
1
,
3
])]
>>> d
=
{}
>>>
for
k, v
in
s:
... d.setdefault(k, []).append(v)
...
>>> d.items()
[(
'blue'
, [
2
,
4
]), (
'red'
, [
1
]), (
'yellow'
, [
1
,
3
])]
>>> s
=
'mississippi'
>>> d
=
defaultdict(
int
)
>>>
for
k
in
s:
... d[k]
+
=
1
...
>>> d.items()
[(
'i'
,
4
), (
'p'
,
2
), (
's'
,
4
), (
'm'
,
1
)]
>>> s
=
[(
'red'
,
1
), (
'blue'
,
2
), (
'red'
,
3
), (
'blue'
,
4
), (
'red'
,
1
), (
'blue'
,
4
)]
>>> d
=
defaultdict(
set
)
>>>
for
k, v
in
s:
... d[k].add(v)
...
>>> d.items()
[(
'blue'
,
set
([
2
,
4
])), (
'red'
,
set
([
1
,
3
]))]
>>>
def
heapsort(iterable):
...
'Equivalent to sorted(iterable)'
... h
=
[]
...
for
value
in
iterable:
... heappush(h, value)
...
return
[heappop(h)
for
i
in
range
(
len
(h))]
...
>>> heapsort([
1
,
3
,
5
,
7
,
9
,
2
,
4
,
6
,
8
,
0
])
[
0
,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
]
>>> h
=
[]
>>> heappush(h, (
5
,
'write code'
))
>>> heappush(h, (
7
,
'release product'
))
>>> heappush(h, (
1
,
'write spec'
))
>>> heappush(h, (
3
,
'create tests'
))
>>> heappop(h)
(
1
,
'write spec'
)
#coding=utf-8
#堆的实例
from
heapq
import
heappush, heappop, heappushpop, heapify, heapreplace, nlargest,\
nsmallest
heap
=
[]
heappush(heap,
"A"
);
heappush(heap,
"C"
);
heappush(heap,
"B"
);
print
heap
heappop(heap)
#弹出堆中最小的元素
print
heap
var
=
heappushpop(heap,
"D"
)
#返回并弹出堆中最小的元素,并且将D压入堆
print
var
print
heap
var
=
heapreplace(heap,
"E"
)
#返回并弹出堆中最小的元素,并且将D压入堆,
print
var
print
heap
list
=
[
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
0
]
heapify(
list
);
print
list
print
nlargest(
3
,
list
)
#返回堆中最大的3个
print
nsmallest(
3
,
list
)
#返回堆中最小的3个
|