Class create, device create, device create file【转】

简介: 来自:http://www.hovercool.com/en/Class_create,_device_create,_device_create_file 开始写Linux设备驱动程序的时候,很多时候都是利用mknod命令手动创建设备节点(包括ldd3中不少例子也是这样),实际上现在Linux内核为我们提供了一组函数,可以用来在模块加载的时候自动在/dev目录下创建相应设备节点,并在卸载模块时删除该节点。

来自:http://www.hovercool.com/en/Class_create,_device_create,_device_create_file

开始写Linux设备驱动程序的时候,很多时候都是利用mknod命令手动创建设备节点(包括ldd3中不少例子也是这样),实际上现在Linux内核为我们提供了一组函数,可以用来在模块加载的时候自动在/dev目录下创建相应设备节点,并在卸载模块时删除该节点。

内核中定义了struct class结构体,顾名思义,一个struct class结构体类型变量对应一个类,内核同时提供了class_create(…)函数,可以用它来创建一个类,这个类存放于sysfs下面,一旦创建好了这个类,再调用device_create(…)函数来在/dev目录下创建相应的设备节点。这样,加载模块的时候,用户空间中的udev会自动响应device_create(…)函数,去/sysfs下寻找对应的类从而创建设备节点。

此外,利用device_create_file函数可以在/sys/class/下创建对应的属性文件,从而通过对该文件的读写实现特定的数据操作。

一、class_create

官方说明:

/* This is a #define to keep the compiler from merging different
 * instances of the __key variable */
#define class_create(owner, name) \ ({ \ static struct lock_class_key __key; \ __class_create(owner, name, &__key); \ }) /** * class_create - create a struct class structure * @owner: pointer to the module that is to "own" this struct class * @name: pointer to a string for the name of this class. * @key: the lock_class_key for this class; used by mutex lock debugging * * This is used to create a struct class pointer that can then be used * in calls to device_create(). * * Returns &struct class pointer on success, or ERR_PTR() on error. * * Note, the pointer created here is to be destroyed when finished by * making a call to class_destroy(). */ struct class *__class_create(struct module *owner, const char *name, struct lock_class_key *key)

关键的一句是:

 * This is used to create a struct class pointer that can then be used
 * in calls to device_create().
 -->这个函数用来创建一个struct class的结构体指针,这个指针可用作device_create()函数的参数。

也就是说,这个函数主要是在调用device_create()前使用,创建一个struct class类型的变量,并返回其指针。

 

二、device_create

官方说明:

/**
 * device_create - creates a device and registers it with sysfs
 * @class: pointer to the struct class that this device should be registered to
 * @parent: pointer to the parent struct device of this new device, if any
 * @devt: the dev_t for the char device to be added
 * @drvdata: the data to be added to the device for callbacks
 * @fmt: string for the device's name
 *
 * This function can be used by char device classes.  A struct device
 * will be created in sysfs, registered to the specified class.
 *
 * A "dev" file will be created, showing the dev_t for the device, if
 * the dev_t is not 0,0.
 * If a pointer to a parent struct device is passed in, the newly created
 * struct device will be a child of that device in sysfs.
 * The pointer to the struct device will be returned from the call.
 * Any further sysfs files that might be required can be created using this
 * pointer.
 *
 * Returns &struct device pointer on success, or ERR_PTR() on error.
 *
 * Note: the struct class passed to this function must have previously
 * been created with a call to class_create().
 */
struct device *device_create(struct class *class, struct device *parent, dev_t devt, void *drvdata, const char *fmt, ...)

首先解释一下"sysfs":sysfs是linux2.6所提供的一种虚拟档案系统;在设备模型中,sysfs文件系统用来表示设备的结构,将设备的层次结构形象的反应到用户空间中,从而可以通过修改sysfs中的文件属性来修改设备的属性值;sysfs被挂载到根目录下的"/sys"文件夹下。

 

三、device_create_file

官方说明:

/**
 * device_create_file - create sysfs attribute file for device.
 * @dev: device.
 * @attr: device attribute descriptor.
 */
int device_create_file(struct device *dev, const struct device_attribute *attr)

使用这个函数时要引用 device_create所返回的device*指针,作用是在/sys/class/下创建一个属性文件,从而通过对这个属性文件进行读写就能完成对应的数据操作。

如:

a.在驱动程序中使用 device_create_file创建属性文件

static DEVICE_ATTR(val, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, hello_val_show, hello_val_store); /*读取寄存器val的值到缓冲区buf中,内部使用*/ static ssize_t __hello_get_val(struct xxx_dev* dev, char* buf) { int val = 0; /*同步访问*/ if(down_interruptible(&(dev->sem))) { return -ERESTARTSYS; } val = dev->val; up(&(dev->sem)); return snprintf(buf, PAGE_SIZE, "%d/n", val); } /*把缓冲区buf的值写到设备寄存器val中去,内部使用*/ static ssize_t __hello_set_val(struct xxx_dev* dev, const char* buf, size_t count) { int val = 0; /*将字符串转换成数字*/ val = simple_strtol(buf, NULL, 10); /*同步访问*/ if(down_interruptible(&(dev->sem))) { return -ERESTARTSYS; } dev->val = val; up(&(dev->sem)); return count; } /*读取设备属性val*/ static ssize_t hello_val_show(struct device* dev, struct device_attribute* attr, char* buf) { struct xxx_dev* hdev = (struct xxx_dev*)dev_get_drvdata(dev); return __hello_get_val(hdev, buf); } /*写设备属性val*/ static ssize_t hello_val_store(struct device* dev, struct device_attribute* attr, const char* buf, size_t count) { struct xxx_dev* hdev = (struct xxx_dev*)dev_get_drvdata(dev); return __hello_set_val(hdev, buf, count); } /*模块加载方法*/ static int __init xxx_init(void){ ... /*在/sys/class/xxx/xxx目录下创建属性文件val*/ err = device_create_file(temp, &dev_attr_val); if(err < 0) { printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to create attribute val."); goto destroy_device; } ... }

b.在用户空间读取属性

...
read(dev->fd, val, sizeof(*val)); ... write(dev->fd, &val, sizeof(val)); ...

四、使用示例

    /*在/sys/class/目录下创建设备类别目录xxx*/ 
    g_vircdev_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, VIRCDEV_CLASS_NAME); if(IS_ERR(g_vircdev_class)) { err = PTR_ERR(g_vircdev_class); printk(KERN_ALERT "Failed to create class.\n"); goto CLASS_CREATE_ERR; } /*在/dev/目录和/sys/class/xxx目录下分别创建设备文件xxx*/ dev = device_create(g_vircdev_class, NULL, devt, NULL, VIRCDEV_DEVICE_NAME); if(IS_ERR(dev)) { err = PTR_ERR(dev); printk(KERN_ALERT "Failed to create device.\n"); goto DEVICE_CREATE_ERR; } /*在/sys/class/xxx/xxx目录下创建属性文件val*/ err = device_create_file(dev, attr); if(err < 0) { printk(KERN_ALERT"Failed to create attribute file."); goto DEVICE_CREATE_FILE_ERR; }


参考资料:

sysfs:

http://blog.csdn.net/dianhuiren/article/details/6928500

http://tech.ccidnet.com/art/302/20080304/1379211_1.html


http://blog.csdn.net/chchchdx123/article/details/6248486

【作者】 张昺华
【新浪微博】 张昺华--sky
【twitter】 @sky2030_
【facebook】 张昺华 zhangbinghua
本文版权归作者和博客园共有,欢迎转载,但未经作者同意必须保留此段声明,且在文章页面明显位置给出原文连接,否则保留追究法律责任的权利.
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