46.3. nginx 配置文件

配置 gzip_proxied any; 后CDN才能识别 gzip

	server_tokens off;
    gzip  on;
    gzip_types text/plain text/css application/javascript text/javascript application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss application/json;
    gzip_proxied any;
			

绑定IP地址

listen 80; 相当于0.0.0.0:80监听所有接口上的IP地址
listen 192.168.0.1 80;
listen 192.168.0.1:80;
			

配置默认主机 default_server

server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  acc.example.net;
    ...
}

server {
    listen       80  default_server;
    server_name  www.example.org;
    ...
}
			

# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/images.conf
server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  images.example.com;

    #charset koi8-r;
    access_log  /var/log/nginx/images.access.log  main;

    location / {
        root   /www/images;
        index  index.html index.htm;
    }

    #error_page  404              /404.html;

    # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
    #
    error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
    location = /50x.html {
        root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
    }

    # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
    #
    #location ~ \.php$ {
    #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
    #}

    # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
    #
    #location ~ \.php$ {
    #    root           html;
    #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
    #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
    #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
    #    include        fastcgi_params;
    #}

    # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
    # concurs with nginx's one
    #
    #location ~ /\.ht {
    #    deny  all;
    #}
}
			

绑定多个域名

server_name  images.example.com img1.example.com img2.example.com;
			

使用通配符匹配

server_name  *.example.com
server_name  www.*;
			

正则匹配

server_name ~^(.+)\.example\.com$;
server_name ~^(www\.)?(.+)$;
			

mkdir /etc/nginx/ssl
			

cp your_ssl_certificate to /etc/nginx/ssl

# HTTPS server
#
server {
	listen 443;
	server_name localhost;

	root html;
	index index.html index.htm;

	ssl on;
	#ssl_certificate cert.pem;
	ssl_certificate ssl/example.com.pem;
	ssl_certificate_key ssl/example.com.key;

	ssl_session_timeout 5m;

	ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1;
	ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv3:+EXP;
	ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

	location / {
		try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
	}
}
			

configtest

$ sudo service nginx configtest
Testing nginx configuration: nginx.
			

443 port test

$ openssl s_client -connect www.example.com:443
			

匹配所有域名

server_name  _;			
			

泛解析主机

			
server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  example.org  www.example.org;
    ...
}

server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  *.example.org;
    ...
}

server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  mail.*;
    ...
}

server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  ~^(?<user>.+)\.example\.net$;
    ...
}			
			
			

为每个host创建一个目录太麻烦，

server {
    listen       80;
    server_name www.netkiller.cn news.netkiller.cn bbs.netkiller.cn;

    charset utf-8;
    access_log  /var/log/nginx/test.access.log  main;

    location / {
        root   /www/netkiller.cn/$host;
        index  index.html index.htm;
    }
}
			

处理主机名中的域

server {
	listen       80;
	server_name  *.example.com example.com;
	if ($host = 'example.com' ) {
		rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 permanent;
	}

	if ( $host ~* (.*)\.(.*)\.(.*)) {
		set $subdomain $1;
		set $domain $2.$3;
	}

	root  /www/$domain/$subdomain;
	index index.html index.php;

	location ~ .*\.(php|shtml)?$ {
		fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:9000;
		fastcgi_index index.php;
		include fcgi.conf;
	}
}
			

或者采用这种格式 /www/example.com/www.example.com

root  /www/$domain/$host;
			

更简洁的方法，只需在 /www/下面创建 域名目录即可例如/www/www.example.com

server {
	listen       80;
	server_name  *.example.com example.com;
	if ($host = 'example.com' ) {
		rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 permanent;
	}

	root  /www/$host;
	index index.html index.php;

	location ~ .*\.(php|shtml)?$ {
		fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:9000;
		fastcgi_index index.php;
		include fcgi.conf;
	}
}
			

    location / {
        root   /www;
        index  index.html index.htm;
    }
			

    location ~ ^/(config|include)/ {
        deny all;
        break;
    }
			

引用document_root之外的资源

    location / {
		root /www/example.com/m.example.com;
		try_files $uri $uri/ @proxy;
    }
    location ^~ /module/ {
        root /www/example.com/www.example.com;
    }
    
    # 下面的写法是错误的，通过error_log 我们可以看到被定为到/www/example.com/m.example.com/module
	location /module/ {
    	root /www/example.com/www.example.com;
	}
			

expires 格式

expires 1 January, 1970, 00:00:01 GMT;
expires 60s;
expires 30m;
expires 24h;
expires 1d;
expires max;
expires off;

expires       24h;
expires       modified +24h;
expires       @15h30m;
expires       0;
expires       -1;
expires       epoch;
add_header    Cache-Control  private;
				

单个文件匹配

    location ~* \.css$ {
       expires 30d;
    }
			

扩展名匹配

#图片类资源缓存5天，并且不记录请求日志
location ~ .*\.(ico|gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$
{
        expires      5d;
        access_log off;
}

#css/js 缓存一天，不记录请求日志
location ~ .*\.(js|css)$
{
        access_log off;
        expires      1d;
        add_header Pragma public;
        add_header Cache-Control "public";
}
			

location ~ .*\.(htm|html|gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf|ioc|rar|zip|txt|flv|mid|doc|ppt|pdf|xls|mp3|wma)$
{
    expires      30d;
}
location ~ .*\.(js|css)$
{
    expires      1h;
}
			

location ~* \.(js|css|jpg|jpeg|gif|png|swf)$ {
	if (-f $request_filename) {
	   expires    1h;
	   break;
	}
}

location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|gif|css|png|js|ico)$ {
	expires max;
}

#cache control: all statics are cacheable for 24 hours
location / {
        if ($request_uri ~* \.(ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png)$) {
                expires 72h;
                break;
        }
}
			

location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf|ico)$ {
    expires      1d;
    access_log   off;
}

location ~ .*\.(js|css)$ {
    expires      1d;
    access_log   off;
}
location ~ .*\.(html|htm)$
{
    expires      1d;
    access_log off;
}
				

location ~* \.(?:ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png)$ {
    expires 30d;
    add_header Pragma public;
    add_header Cache-Control "public";
}
				

location ~ \.(ico|pdf|flv|jp?g|png|gif|js|css|webp|swf)(\.gz)?(\?.*)?$ {
           more_set_headers 'Cache-Control: max-age=86400';
           ...
           proxy_cache_valid 200 2592000;
           ...
}
				

location ~ \.(ico|pdf|flv|jp?g|png|gif|js|css|webp|swf)(\.gz)?(\?.*)?$ {
           more_set_headers 'Cache-Control: s-maxage=86400';
}
				

if ($request_uri ~* "\.(ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png)\?[0-9]+$") {
    expires max;
    break;
}
				

if ($request_uri ~ ^/detail/html/[0-9]+/[0-9]/[^0][0-9]+\.html ) {
    expires 1d;
}
				

if (-f $request_filename) {
     expires 1d;         
}				
				

#防止access文件被下载
location ~ /\.ht {
    deny  all;
}
			

location ~ ^/upload/.*\.php$
{
        deny all;
}

location ~ ^/static/images/.*\.php$
{
        deny all;
}
			

location ~ /\.ht {
    deny all;
}

location ~ .*\.(sqlite|sq3)$ {
    deny all;
}
			

IP 地址

location / {
	deny  192.168.0.1;
	allow 192.168.1.0/24;
	allow 10.1.1.0/16;
	allow 2001:0db8::/32;
	deny  all;
}			
			

限制IP访问*.php文件

    
location ~ ^/private/.*\.php$
{
    allow   222.222.22.35;
    allow   192.168.1.0/249;
    deny    all;
}			
			

开启目录浏览

# vim /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default

location  /  {
  autoindex  on;
}
			

# /etc/init.d/nginx reload
Reloading nginx configuration: nginx.
			

server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  www.example.com example.com;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?/$request_uri;
    }

    location /example {
        alias /www/example/;
        index index.php index.html;
    }

    error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
    location = /50x.html {
        root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
    }

    location ~ \.php$ {
        root           html;
        fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        fastcgi_index  index.php;
        fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /www/example$fastcgi_script_name;
        include        fastcgi_params;
    }

    location ~ /\.ht {
        deny  all;
    }
}
			

# 相关页面设置Cache-Control头信息

      if ($request_uri ~* "^/$|^/news/.+/|^/info/.+/") {
        add_header    Cache-Control  max-age=3600;
      }

      if ($request_uri ~* "^/suggest/|^/categories/") {
        add_header    Cache-Control  max-age=86400;
      }
			

				
add_header     Nginx-Cache     "HIT  from  www.example.com";
or
add_header     Nginx-Cache     "$upstream_cache_status  from  www.example.com";
				
				

location ~* \.(eot|ttf|woff)$ {
    add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin *;
}

location /js/ {
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin https://www.mydomain.com/;
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods GET,OPTIONS;
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Headers *;
}
				

location / {
    if ($request_method = OPTIONS ) {
        add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin "http://example.com";
        add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods "GET, OPTIONS";
        add_header Access-Control-Allow-Headers "Authorization";
        add_header Access-Control-Allow-Credentials "true";
        add_header Content-Length 0;
        add_header Content-Type text/plain;
        return 200;
    }
}
				

创建自颁发证书，SSL有两种证书模式，单向认证和双向认证，下面是单向认证模式。

			
mkdir /etc/nginx/ssl
cd /etc/nginx/ssl
openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout /etc/nginx/ssl/api.netkiller.cn.key -out /etc/nginx/ssl/api.netkiller.cn.crt

Generating a 4096 bit RSA private key
..........++
..............................................++
writing new private key to '/etc/nginx/ssl/api.netkiller.cn.key'
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:Guangdong
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Shenzhen
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:CF
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:CF
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:api.netkiller.cn
Email Address []:netkiller@msn.com

			
			

注意: Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:api.netkiller.cn 要跟你的 nginx server_name api.netkiller.cn 一样。

Nginx 配置 spdy

upstream api.netkiller.cn {
    #server api1.netkiller.cn:7000;
    #server api2.netkiller.cn backup;
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl spdy;
    server_name api.netkiller.cn;

    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/api.netkiller.cn.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/api.netkiller.cn.key;
    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:20m;
    ssl_session_timeout 60m;
    ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;

    charset utf-8;
    access_log  /var/log/nginx/api.netkiller.cn.access.log;
    error_log  /var/log/nginx/api.netkiller.cn.error.log;

    location / {  
        proxy_pass http://api.netkiller.cn;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header    Host    $host;
        proxy_set_header    X-Real-IP   $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header    X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_ignore_client_abort  on;
    }

    #location / {
    #    proxy_pass      http://127.0.0.1:7000;
    #}

}
			

spdy 是google提出的标准，现在已经归入 http2 标准，Nginx 1.10 之后建议使用 http2 替代 spdy.

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;

    ssl_certificate server.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key server.key;
}			
			

497 - normal request was sent to HTTPS

#让http请求重定向到https请求   

server {
    listen 80;
	error_page 497  https://$host$uri?$args;
	rewrite ^(.*)$  https://$host$1 permanent;
}

			

server {
    listen 80
    listen 443 ssl http2;

    ssl_certificate server.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key server.key;

	error_page  497              https://$host$uri?$args;

    if ($scheme = http) {
        return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
    }
}	
			

需求如下

			
原理地址：
http://www.netkiller.cn/redirect/index.html?skuid=133

目的地址：
http://www.netkiller.cn/to/133.html
			
			

注意：nginx rewrite 并不支持http get 参数处理，也就是说“?”之后的内容rewrite根部获取不到。

下面的例子是行不通的

			
rewrite ^/redirect/index\.html\?skuid=(\d+)$ /to/$1.html permanent ;
			
			

我们需要通过正在查出参数，然后赋值一个变量，再将变量传递给rewrite。具体做法是：

			
server {
    listen       80;
    server_name www.netkiller.cn;

    #charset koi8-r;
    access_log  /var/log/nginx/test.access.log  main;

    location / {
        root   /www/test;
        index  index.html;

		if ($request_uri ~* "^/redirect/index\.html\?skuid=([0-9]+)$") {
                set $argv1 $1;
                rewrite .* /to/$argv1.html? permanent;
        }
    }
}
			
			

测试结果

			
[neo@netkiller conf.d]$ curl -I http://www.netkiller.cn/redirect/index.html?skuid=133
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Server: nginx
Date: Tue, 12 Apr 2016 06:59:33 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 178
Location: http://www.netkiller.cn/to/133.html
Connection: keep-alive
			
			

需求如下，除了2015年保留，其他所有页面重定向到新页面

rewrite ^/promotion/(?!2015\/)(.*) https://www.netkiller.cn/promotion.html permanent;
			

    upstream myapp1 {
        server srv1.example.com weight=3;
        server srv2.example.com;
        server srv3.example.com;
    }			
			

upstream backend {
    server backend1.example.com       weight=5;
    server backend2.example.com:8080;
    server unix:/tmp/backend3;

    server backup1.example.com:8080   backup;
    server backup2.example.com:8080   backup;
}

server {
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }
}	
			

config php fastcgi

		
sudo vim /etc/nginx/sites-available/default

        location ~ \.php$ {
                fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
                fastcgi_index  index.php;
                fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
                include fastcgi_params;
        }
		
		

Spawn-fcgi

We still need a script to start our fast cgi processes. We will extract one from Lighttpd. and then disable start script of lighttpd

$ sudo apt-get install lighttpd
$ sudo chmod -x /etc/init.d/lighttpd
		

$ sudo touch /usr/bin/php-fastcgi
$ sudo vim /usr/bin/php-fastcgi

#!/bin/sh
/usr/bin/spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 9000 -u www-data -f /usr/bin/php5-cgi
		

fastcgi daemon

		
$ sudo touch /etc/init.d/nginx-fastcgi
$ sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/php-fastcgi
$ sudo vim /etc/init.d/nginx-fastcgi

This is also a new empty file, add the following and save:

#!/bin/bash
PHP_SCRIPT=/usr/bin/php-fastcgi
RETVAL=0
case "$1" in
start)
$PHP_SCRIPT
RETVAL=$?
;;
stop)
killall -9 php
RETVAL=$?
;;
restart)
killall -9 php
$PHP_SCRIPT
RETVAL=$?
;;
*)
echo "Usage: nginx-fastcgi {start|stop|restart}"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit $RETVAL

We need to change some permissions to make this all work.
$ sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/nginx-fastcgi
		
		

create a test file

		
sudo vim /var/www/nginx-default/index.php
<?php echo phpinfo(); ?>
		
		

抽取域名中的域，例如www.netkiller.cn 返回netkiller.cn

if ($host ~* ^www\.(.*)) {       
    set $domain $1;
    rewrite ^(.*) http://user.$domain permanent;
}
		

提取主机

if ($host ~* ^(.+)\.example\.com$) { 
    set $subdomain $1;
    rewrite ^(.*) http://www.example.com/$subdomain permanent;
}		
		

提取 domain 例如 www.netkiller.cn 提取后 netkiller.cn

只处理二级域名 example.com 不处理三级域名

	if ($host ~* ^([^\.]+)\.([^\.]+)$) {
	   set $domain $1.$2;
	}
		

处理三级域名

		
	set $domain $host;
	if ($host ~* ^([^\.]+)\.([^\.]+)\.([^\.]+)$) {
	    set $domain $2.$3;
	}
		
		

## Block http user agent - wget ##
if ($http_user_agent ~* (Wget|Curl) ) {
   return 403;
}

## Block Software download user agents ##
if ($http_user_agent ~* LWP::Simple|BBBike|wget) {
       return 403;
}

if ($http_user_agent ~ (msnbot|scrapbot) ) {
    return 403;
}


if ($http_user_agent ~ (Spider|Robot) ) {
    return 403;
}

if ($http_user_agent ~ MSIE) {
    rewrite ^(.*)$ /msie/$1 break;
}
		

if ($http_user_agent ~ ^$) {
	return 412;
}
			

tail -f /var/log/nginx/www.mydomain.com.access.log
			

telnet 192.168.2.10 80
GET /index.html HTTP/1.0
Host: www.mydomain.com
			

	if ($http_user_agent = "") { return 403; }
			

			
curl -A ""  http://www.example.com/xml/data.json

<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx</center>
</body>
</html>
			
			

if ($http_referer ~* "PHP/5.2.14"){return 403;}
		

valid_referers none blocked *.example.com example.com;
if ($invalid_referer) {
	#rewrite ^(.*)$  http://www.example.com/cn/$1;
	return 403;
}
			

    location / {
        root   /www/mydomain.com/info.mydomain.com;
        index  index.html;

		rewrite ^/$  http://www.mydomain.com/;

		valid_referers none blocked *.mydomain.com;
		if ($invalid_referer) {
			return 403;
		}

        proxy_intercept_errors  on;
	    proxy_set_header  X-Real-IP  $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header  X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header  Host            $host;


        if (!-f $request_filename) {
          proxy_pass http://old.mydomain.com;
          break;
        }
    }
		

server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  quote.mydomain.com;

    charset utf-8;
    access_log  /var/log/nginx/quote.mydomain.com.access.log  main;

    location / {
        root   /www/mydomain.com/info.mydomain.com;
        index  index.html ;

		rewrite ^/$  http://www.mydomain.com/;

		valid_referers none blocked *.mydomain.com;
		if ($invalid_referer) {
			#rewrite ^(.*)$  http://www.mydomain.com/cn/$1;
			return 403;
		}

        proxy_intercept_errors  on;
	    proxy_set_header  X-Real-IP  $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header  X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header  Host            $host;

		if ( $request_uri ~ "^/xml/(sge|cgse|futures|stock|bonds)\.xml$") {
              proxy_pass http://21.16.22.12/$request_uri;
		break;
        }

        if (!-f $request_filename) {
	          proxy_pass http://cms.mydomain.com;
	          break;
        }

    }

    location ~ \.xml$ {
        proxy_pass http://21.16.22.12/public/datas$request_uri;
        break;
    }

    location ~* ^/public/datas/\w+\.xml$ {
        proxy_pass http://21.16.22.12/$request_uri;
        break;
    }
}
		

#add for yiiframework
        if (!-e $request_filename){
                   rewrite (.*) /index.php break;
        }

        location ~ .*\.php?$
        {
                  #fastcgi_pass  unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
                  include fcgi.conf;
                  fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:10080;
                  fastcgi_index index.php;

                  set $path_info $request_uri;

                  if ($request_uri ~ "^(.*)(\?.*)$") {
                        set $path_info $1;
                  }
                  fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $path_info;
        }
#end for yiiframework
		

location /name/(match) {
    if ($remote_addr !~ ^10.10.20) {
        limit_rate 10k;
    }

    proxy_buffering off;
    proxy_pass http://10.10.20.1/${1}.html;
}

if ($remote_addr ~* "192.168.0.50|192.168.0.51|192.168.0.56") {
	proxy_pass http://www.netkiller.cn/error;
}
		

location ~ /(\d+) {
    if ($remote_addr ~ (\d+)\.\d+\.) {

    }

    echo $1;
}
		

$ curl 127.0.0.1/134
127

$ curl 192.168.0.1/134
192
		

if ($http_cookie ~* "id=([^;]+)(?:;|$)") {
    set $id $1;
}
		

location ~* /restful {
	if ($request_method = PUT ) {
	return 403;
	}
	if ($request_method = DELETE ) {
	return 403;
	}
	if ($request_method = POST ) {
	return 403;
	}
	proxy_method GET;
	proxy_pass http://backend;
}		
		

if ($request_method = POST) {
    return 405;
}
		

if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST)$) {
	return 403;
}
		

limit_except GET {
	allow 192.168.1.1;
	deny all;
}
		

if ($invalid_referer) {
    return 403;
}
		

if ( $host ~* (.*)\.(.*)\.(.*)) {
	set $subdomain $1;
}
location / {
    root  /www/$subdomain;
    index index.html index.php;
}
		

if ( $host ~* (\b(?!www\b)\w+)\.\w+\.\w+ ) {
    set $subdomain /$1;
}

location / {
    root /www/public_html$subdomain;
    index index.html index.php;
}
		

判断相等

if ($query_string = "") {
   	set $args "";
}
		

正则匹配

if ( $host ~* (.*)\.(.*)\.(.*)) {
	set $subdomain $1;
}
location / {
    root /var/www/$subdomain;
    index index.html index.php;
}
		

		
if ($remote_addr ~ "^(172.16|192.168)" && $http_user_agent ~* "spider") {
    return 403;
}

set $flag 0;
if ($remote_addr ~ "^(172.16|192.168)") {
    set $flag "1";
}
if ($http_user_agent ~* "spider") {
    set $flag "1";
}
if ($flag = "1") {
    return 403;
}
		
		

		
if ($request_method = POST ) {
	return 405;
}
if ($args ~ post=140){
	rewrite ^ http://example.com/ permanent;
}		
		
		

		
location /only-one-if {
    set $true 1;

    if ($true) {
        add_header X-First 1;
    }

    if ($true) {
        add_header X-Second 2;
    }

    return 204;
}